Fieldata
Military primary (1xxxxxx) code, a representative military supervisory (0xxxxxx) code, UNIVAC graphical code. | |
Classification | 7-bit or 6-bit basic Latin encoding |
---|---|
Preceded by | ITA 2 |
Succeeded by | US-ASCII |
FIELDATA (also written as Fieldata) was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard (as defined in MIL-STD-188A/B/C[1][2][3][4]) for collecting and distributing battlefield information. In this respect it could be thought of as a generalization of the US Air Force's SAGE system that was being created at about the same time.
Unlike SAGE, FIELDATA was intended to be much larger in scope, allowing information to be gathered from any number of sources and forms. Much of the FIELDATA system was the specifications for the format the data would take, leading to a character set that would be a huge influence on ASCII a few years later.[1][5] FIELDATA also specified the message formats and even the electrical standards for connecting FIELDATA-standard machines together.
Another part of the FIELDATA project was the design and construction of computers at several different scales, from data-input terminals at one end, to theatre-wide data processing centers at the other. Several FIELDATA-standard computers were built during the lifetime of the project, including the transportable MOBIDIC from Sylvania, and the BASICPAC and LOGICPAC from Philco. Another system, ARTOC, was intended to provide graphical output (in the form of photographic slides),[6][7][8] but was never completed.
Because FIELDATA did not specify codes for interconnection and data transmission control, different systems (like "STANDARD FORM", "COMLOGNET Common language code", "SACCOMNET (465L) Control Code"[9][5]) used different control functions. Intercommunication between them was difficult.[1]
FIELDATA is the original character set used internally in UNIVAC computers of the 1100 series, represented by the sixth of the 36-bit word of that computer. The direct successor to the UNIVAC 1100 is the Unisys 2200 series computers, which use FIELDATA to this day (although ASCII is now also common with each character encoded in 1/4 of a word, or 9 bits). Because some of the FIELDATA characters are not represented in ASCII, the Unisys 2200 uses '^', '"' and '_' characters for codes 004oct, 076oct and 077oct respectively.
The FIELDATA project ran from 1956 until it was stopped during a reorganization in 1962.
FIELDATA characters
Military
Tag Bit (1) | Indicator Bits (2) | Detail Bits (4) | Binary Bits (1+6) | Decimal | Octal | Glyph | Name | Comment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Supervisory code (tag bit 0) | ||||||||
0 | 00 | 0000 | 0:000000 | 0 | 000 | Blank / Idle (IDL) | ||
0 | 00 | 0001 | 0:000001 | 1 | 001 | Control Upper Case (CUC) | ||
0 | 00 | 0010 | 0:000010 | 2 | 002 | Control Lower Case (CLC) | ||
0 | 00 | 0011 | 0:000011 | 3 | 003 | Control Tab (CHT) | ||
0 | 00 | 0100 | 0:000100 | 4 | 004 | Control Carriage Return (CCR) | ||
0 | 00 | 0101 | 0:000101 | 5 | 005 | Control Space (CSP) | ||
0 | 00 | 0110 | 0:000110 | 6 | 006 | a | The first two rows of the supervisory code are not used in all applications, only where "alphabetic supervisory information" is required.[10] COMLOGNET omits them, while SACCOMNET includes additional control characters in place of the supervisory letters.[5] | |
0 | 00 | 0111 | 0:000111 | 7 | 007 | b | ||
0 | 00 | 1000 | 0:001000 | 8 | 010 | c | ||
0 | 00 | 1001 | 0:001001 | 9 | 011 | d | ||
0 | 00 | 1010 | 0:001010 | 10 | 012 | e | ||
0 | 00 | 1011 | 0:001011 | 11 | 013 | f | ||
0 | 00 | 1100 | 0:001100 | 12 | 014 | g | ||
0 | 00 | 1101 | 0:001101 | 13 | 015 | h | ||
0 | 00 | 1110 | 0:001110 | 14 | 016 | i | ||
0 | 00 | 1111 | 0:001111 | 15 | 017 | j | ||
0 | 01 | 0000 | 0:010000 | 16 | 020 | k | ||
0 | 01 | 0001 | 0:010001 | 17 | 021 | l | ||
0 | 01 | 0010 | 0:010010 | 18 | 022 | m | ||
0 | 01 | 0011 | 0:010011 | 19 | 023 | n | ||
0 | 01 | 0100 | 0:010100 | 20 | 024 | o | ||
0 | 01 | 0101 | 0:010101 | 21 | 025 | p | ||
0 | 01 | 0110 | 0:010110 | 22 | 026 | q | ||
0 | 01 | 0111 | 0:010111 | 23 | 027 | r | ||
0 | 01 | 1000 | 0:011000 | 24 | 030 | s | ||
0 | 01 | 1001 | 0:011001 | 25 | 031 | t | ||
0 | 01 | 1010 | 0:011010 | 26 | 032 | u | ||
0 | 01 | 1011 | 0:011011 | 27 | 033 | v | ||
0 | 01 | 1100 | 0:011100 | 28 | 034 | w | ||
0 | 01 | 1101 | 0:011101 | 29 | 035 | x | ||
0 | 01 | 1110 | 0:011110 | 30 | 036 | y | ||
0 | 01 | 1111 | 0:011111 | 31 | 037 | z | ||
0 | 10 | 0000 | 0:100000 | 32 | 040 | β | Dial 0 (D0) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant.[5] |
0 | 10 | 0001 | 0:100001 | 33 | 041 | # | Dial 1 (D1) | |
0 | 10 | 0010 | 0:100010 | 34 | 042 | t | Dial 2 (D2) | |
0 | 10 | 0011 | 0:100011 | 35 | 043 | Dial 3 (D3) | ||
0 | 10 | 0100 | 0:100100 | 36 | 044 | Dial 4 (D4) | ||
0 | 10 | 0101 | 0:100101 | 37 | 045 | @ | Dial 5 (D5) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant. |
0 | 10 | 0110 | 0:100110 | 38 | 046 | % | Dial 6 (D6) | |
0 | 10 | 0111 | 0:100111 | 39 | 047 | ¢ | Dial 7 (D7) | |
0 | 10 | 1000 | 0:101000 | 40 | 050 | Dial 8 (D8) | BEL in COMLOGNET. | |
0 | 10 | 1001 | 0:101001 | 41 | 051 | & | Dial 9 (D9) | Graphical in COMLOGNET variant. |
0 | 10 | 1010 | 0:101010 | 42 | 052 | ∑ | Start of Control Block (SCB, SOC) | |
0 | 10 | 1011 | 0:101011 | 43 | 053 | ≠ | Start of Block (SBK, SOB) | |
0 | 10 | 1100 | 0:101100 | 44 | 054 | ≢ | Spare, SOD | |
0 | 10 | 1101 | 0:101101 | 45 | 055 | ° | Spare | |
0 | 10 | 1110 | 0:101110 | 46 | 056 | Spare | ||
0 | 10 | 1111 | 0:101111 | 47 | 057 | Spare, Stop | ||
0 | 11 | 0000 | 0:110000 | 48 | 060 | Ready to Transmit (RTT) | ||
0 | 11 | 0001 | 0:110001 | 49 | 061 | Ready to Receive (RTR) | ||
0 | 11 | 0010 | 0:110010 | 50 | 062 | Not Ready to Receive (NRR) | ||
0 | 11 | 0011 | 0:110011 | 51 | 063 | End of Blockette (EBE, EOBK) | ||
0 | 11 | 0100 | 0:110100 | 52 | 064 | End of Block (EBK, EOB) | ||
0 | 11 | 0101 | 0:110101 | 53 | 065 | End of File (EOF) | ||
0 | 11 | 0110 | 0:110110 | 54 | 066 | End of Control Block (ECB, EOC) | ||
0 | 11 | 0111 | 0:110111 | 55 | 067 | Acknowledge Receipt (ACK, ACR) | ||
0 | 11 | 1000 | 0:111000 | 56 | 070 | Repeat Block (RPT, RBK) | ||
0 | 11 | 1001 | 0:111001 | 57 | 071 | Spare | Ordered ISN, NISN, CWF, Spare in some variants.[5] | |
0 | 11 | 1010 | 0:111010 | 58 | 072 | Interpret Sign (INS, ISN) | ||
0 | 11 | 1011 | 0:111011 | 59 | 073 | Non-Interpret Sign (NIS, NISN) | ||
0 | 11 | 1100 | 0:111100 | 60 | 074 | Control Word Follows (CWF) | ||
0 | 11 | 1101 | 0:111101 | 61 | 075 | S.A.C. (SAC) | ||
0 | 11 | 1110 | 0:111110 | 62 | 076 | Special Character (SPC) | ASCII ESC.[5] | |
0 | 11 | 1111 | 0:111111 | 63 | 077 | Delete (DEL) | ||
Primary code (tag bit 1) | ||||||||
1 | 00 | 0000 | 1:000000 | 64 | 100 | Master Space (MS) | ||
1 | 00 | 0001 | 1:000001 | 65 | 101 | Upper Case (UC) | ||
1 | 00 | 0010 | 1:000010 | 66 | 102 | Lower Case (LC) | ||
1 | 00 | 0011 | 1:000011 | 67 | 103 | Tab (HT) | ||
1 | 00 | 0100 | 1:000100 | 68 | 104 | Carriage Return (CR) | ||
1 | 00 | 0101 | 1:000101 | 69 | 105 | Blank / Space (SP) | ||
1 | 00 | 0110 | 1:000110 | 70 | 106 | A | ||
1 | 00 | 0111 | 1:000111 | 71 | 107 | B | ||
1 | 00 | 1000 | 1:001000 | 72 | 110 | C | ||
1 | 00 | 1001 | 1:001001 | 73 | 111 | D | ||
1 | 00 | 1010 | 1:001010 | 74 | 112 | E | ||
1 | 00 | 1011 | 1:001011 | 75 | 113 | F | ||
1 | 00 | 1100 | 1:001100 | 76 | 114 | G | ||
1 | 00 | 1101 | 1:001101 | 77 | 115 | H | ||
1 | 00 | 1110 | 1:001110 | 78 | 116 | I | ||
1 | 00 | 1111 | 1:001111 | 79 | 117 | J | ||
1 | 01 | 0000 | 1:010000 | 80 | 120 | K | ||
1 | 01 | 0001 | 1:010001 | 81 | 121 | L | ||
1 | 01 | 0010 | 1:010010 | 82 | 122 | M | ||
1 | 01 | 0011 | 1:010011 | 83 | 123 | N | ||
1 | 01 | 0100 | 1:010100 | 84 | 124 | O | ||
1 | 01 | 0101 | 1:010101 | 85 | 125 | P | ||
1 | 01 | 0110 | 1:010110 | 86 | 126 | Q | ||
1 | 01 | 0111 | 1:010111 | 87 | 127 | R | ||
1 | 01 | 1000 | 1:011000 | 88 | 130 | S | ||
1 | 01 | 1001 | 1:011001 | 89 | 131 | T | ||
1 | 01 | 1010 | 1:011010 | 90 | 132 | U | ||
1 | 01 | 1011 | 1:011011 | 91 | 133 | V | ||
1 | 01 | 1100 | 1:011100 | 92 | 134 | W | ||
1 | 01 | 1101 | 1:011101 | 93 | 135 | X | ||
1 | 01 | 1110 | 1:011110 | 94 | 136 | Y | ||
1 | 01 | 1111 | 1:011111 | 95 | 137 | Z | ||
1 | 10 | 0000 | 1:100000 | 96 | 140 | ) | ||
1 | 10 | 0001 | 1:100001 | 97 | 141 | - | ||
1 | 10 | 0010 | 1:100010 | 98 | 142 | + | ||
1 | 10 | 0011 | 1:100011 | 99 | 143 | < | ||
1 | 10 | 0100 | 1:100100 | 100 | 144 | = | ||
1 | 10 | 0101 | 1:100101 | 101 | 145 | > | ||
1 | 10 | 0110 | 1:100110 | 102 | 146 | _ | & in UNIVAC. | |
1 | 10 | 0111 | 1:100111 | 103 | 147 | $ | ||
1 | 10 | 1000 | 1:101000 | 104 | 150 | * | ||
1 | 10 | 1001 | 1:101001 | 105 | 151 | ( | ||
1 | 10 | 1010 | 1:101010 | 106 | 152 | " | % in UNIVAC. | |
1 | 10 | 1011 | 1:101011 | 107 | 153 | : | ||
1 | 10 | 1100 | 1:101100 | 108 | 154 | ? | ||
1 | 10 | 1101 | 1:101101 | 109 | 155 | ! | ||
1 | 10 | 1110 | 1:101110 | 110 | 156 | , | ||
1 | 10 | 1111 | 1:101111 | 111 | 157 | Stop (ST) | ||
1 | 11 | 0000 | 1:110000 | 112 | 160 | 0 | ||
1 | 11 | 0001 | 1:110001 | 113 | 161 | 1 | ||
1 | 11 | 0010 | 1:110010 | 114 | 162 | 2 | ||
1 | 11 | 0011 | 1:110011 | 115 | 163 | 3 | ||
1 | 11 | 0100 | 1:110100 | 116 | 164 | 4 | ||
1 | 11 | 0101 | 1:110101 | 117 | 165 | 5 | ||
1 | 11 | 0110 | 1:110110 | 118 | 166 | 6 | ||
1 | 11 | 0111 | 1:110111 | 119 | 167 | 7 | ||
1 | 11 | 1000 | 1:111000 | 120 | 170 | 8 | ||
1 | 11 | 1001 | 1:111001 | 121 | 171 | 9 | ||
1 | 11 | 1010 | 1:111010 | 122 | 172 | ' | ||
1 | 11 | 1011 | 1:111011 | 123 | 173 | ; | ||
1 | 11 | 1100 | 1:111100 | 124 | 174 | / | ||
1 | 11 | 1101 | 1:111101 | 125 | 175 | . | ||
1 | 11 | 1110 | 1:111110 | 126 | 176 | Special Character (SPEC) | ||
1 | 11 | 1111 | 1:111111 | 127 | 177 | Backspace (BS) |
UNIVAC
The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]
Indicator Bits (2) | Detail Bits (4) | Binary Bits (6) | Decimal | Octal | Glyph | Name | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
00 | 0000 | 000000 | 0 | 00 | @ | Sometimes switched with Δ[11] | |
00 | 0001 | 000001 | 1 | 01 | [ | ||
00 | 0010 | 000010 | 2 | 02 | ] | ||
00 | 0011 | 000011 | 3 | 03 | # | Line Feed (LF) on 1107 and 1108[11] | |
00 | 0100 | 000100 | 4 | 04 | Δ | Delta | Carriage Return (CR) on 1107 and 1108[11] |
00 | 0101 | 000101 | 5 | 05 | Blank / Space (SP) | ||
00 | 0110 | 000110 | 6 | 06 | A | ||
00 | 0111 | 000111 | 7 | 07 | B | ||
00 | 1000 | 001000 | 8 | 10 | C | ||
00 | 1001 | 001001 | 9 | 11 | D | ||
00 | 1010 | 001010 | 10 | 12 | E | ||
00 | 1011 | 001011 | 11 | 13 | F | ||
00 | 1100 | 001100 | 12 | 14 | G | ||
00 | 1101 | 001101 | 13 | 15 | H | ||
00 | 1110 | 001110 | 14 | 16 | I | ||
00 | 1111 | 001111 | 15 | 17 | J | ||
01 | 0000 | 010000 | 16 | 20 | K | ||
01 | 0001 | 010001 | 17 | 21 | L | ||
01 | 0010 | 010010 | 18 | 22 | M | ||
01 | 0011 | 010011 | 19 | 23 | N | ||
01 | 0100 | 010100 | 20 | 24 | O | ||
01 | 0101 | 010101 | 21 | 25 | P | ||
01 | 0110 | 010110 | 22 | 26 | Q | ||
01 | 0111 | 010111 | 23 | 27 | R | ||
01 | 1000 | 011000 | 24 | 30 | S | ||
01 | 1001 | 011001 | 25 | 31 | T | ||
01 | 1010 | 011010 | 26 | 32 | U | ||
01 | 1011 | 011011 | 27 | 33 | V | ||
01 | 1100 | 011100 | 28 | 34 | W | ||
01 | 1101 | 011101 | 29 | 35 | X | ||
01 | 1110 | 011110 | 30 | 36 | Y | ||
01 | 1111 | 011111 | 31 | 37 | Z | ||
10 | 0000 | 100000 | 32 | 40 | ) | ||
10 | 0001 | 100001 | 33 | 41 | - | ||
10 | 0010 | 100010 | 34 | 42 | + | ||
10 | 0011 | 100011 | 35 | 43 | < | ||
10 | 0100 | 100100 | 36 | 44 | = | ||
10 | 0101 | 100101 | 37 | 45 | > | ||
10 | 0110 | 100110 | 38 | 46 | & | Changed from _ in military version. | |
10 | 0111 | 100111 | 39 | 47 | $ | ||
10 | 1000 | 101000 | 40 | 50 | * | ||
10 | 1001 | 101001 | 41 | 51 | ( | ||
10 | 1010 | 101010 | 42 | 52 | % | Changed from " in military version. | |
10 | 1011 | 101011 | 43 | 53 | : | ||
10 | 1100 | 101100 | 44 | 54 | ? | ||
10 | 1101 | 101101 | 45 | 55 | ! | ||
10 | 1110 | 101110 | 46 | 56 | , | ||
10 | 1111 | 101111 | 47 | 57 | \ | Stop sign (🛑) on 1107 and 1108[11] | |
11 | 0000 | 110000 | 48 | 60 | 0 | ||
11 | 0001 | 110001 | 49 | 61 | 1 | ||
11 | 0010 | 110010 | 50 | 62 | 2 | ||
11 | 0011 | 110011 | 51 | 63 | 3 | ||
11 | 0100 | 110100 | 52 | 64 | 4 | ||
11 | 0101 | 110101 | 53 | 65 | 5 | ||
11 | 0110 | 110110 | 54 | 66 | 6 | ||
11 | 0111 | 110111 | 55 | 67 | 7 | ||
11 | 1000 | 111000 | 56 | 70 | 8 | ||
11 | 1001 | 111001 | 57 | 71 | 9 | ||
11 | 1010 | 111010 | 58 | 72 | ' | ||
11 | 1011 | 111011 | 59 | 73 | ; | ||
11 | 1100 | 111100 | 60 | 74 | / | ||
11 | 1101 | 111101 | 61 | 75 | . | ||
11 | 1110 | 111110 | 62 | 76 | ⌑ | Lozenge | |
11 | 1111 | 111111 | 63 | 77 | ≠ | Not Equal | Idle character (IDLE) on some models[11] |
Character map
Military version
The following table is representative of a reference version of the military set, as described in Leubbert (1960). Various other variants exist, with in some cases dramatic differences in the supervisory code (the first four rows 0-3).[5] The letters in the first two rows are intended for use in "alphabetic supervisory information".[10]
_0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0_ | IDL 0000 0 |
CUC 1 |
CLC 2 |
CHT 0009 3 |
CCR 000D 4 |
CSP 0020 5 |
a 0061 6 |
b 0062 7 |
c 0063 8 |
d 0064 9 |
e 0065 10 |
f 0066 11 |
g 0067 12 |
h 0068 13 |
i 0069 14 |
j 006A 15 |
1_ | k 006B 16 |
l 006C 17 |
m 006D 18 |
n 006E 19 |
o 006F 20 |
p 0070 21 |
q 0071 22 |
r 0072 23 |
s 0073 24 |
t 0074 25 |
u 0075 26 |
v 0076 27 |
w 0077 28 |
x 0078 29 |
y 0079 30 |
z 007A 31 |
2_ | D0 32 |
D1 33 |
D2 34 |
D3 35 |
D4 36 |
D5 37 |
D6 38 |
D7 39 |
D8 40 |
D9 41 |
SCB 42 |
SBK 0001 43 |
44 |
45 |
46 |
47 |
3_ | RTT 48 |
RTR 49 |
NRR 50 |
EBE 51 |
EBK 0017 52 |
EOF 53 |
ECB 54 |
ACK 0006 55 |
RPT 0015 56 |
57 |
INS 58 |
NIS 59 |
CWF 60 |
SAC 61 |
SPC 001B 62 |
DEL 007F 63 |
4_ | MS 64 |
UC 65 |
LC 66 |
HT 0009 67 |
CR 000D 68 |
SP 00A0 69 |
A 0041 70 |
B 0042 71 |
C 0043 72 |
D 0044 73 |
E 0045 74 |
F 0046 75 |
G 0047 76 |
H 0048 77 |
I 0049 78 |
J 004A 79 |
5_ | K 004B 80 |
L 004C 81 |
M 004D 82 |
N 004E 83 |
O 004F 84 |
P 0050 85 |
Q 0051 86 |
R 0052 87 |
S 0053 88 |
T 0054 89 |
U 0055 90 |
V 0056 91 |
W 0057 92 |
X 0058 93 |
Y 0059 94 |
Z 005A 95 |
6_ | ) 0029 96 |
- 002D 97 |
+ 002B 98 |
< 003C 99 |
= 003D 100 |
> 003E 101 |
_ 005F 102 |
$ 0024 103 |
* 002A 104 |
( 0028 105 |
" 0022 106 |
: 003A 107 |
? 003F 108 |
! 0021 109 |
, 002C 110 |
STOP 111 |
7_ | 0 0030 112 |
1 0031 113 |
2 0032 114 |
3 0033 115 |
4 0034 116 |
5 0035 117 |
6 0036 118 |
7 0037 119 |
8 0038 120 |
9 0039 121 |
' 0027 122 |
; 003B 123 |
/ 002F 124 |
. 002E 125 |
SPEC 126 |
BS 0008 127 |
_0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F |
UNIVAC version
The code version used on the UNIVAC was based on the second half (6-bit primary code) of the military version with some changes.[11]
_0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0_ | @ 0040 0 |
[ 005B 1 |
] 005D 2 |
# (LF) 0023/000A 3 |
Δ (CR) 0394/000D 4 |
SP 0020 5 |
A 0041 6 |
B 0042 7 |
C 0043 8 |
D 0044 9 |
E 0045 10 |
F 0046 11 |
G 0047 12 |
H 0048 13 |
I 0049 14 |
J 004A 15 |
1_ | K 004B 16 |
L 004C 17 |
M 004D 18 |
N 004E 19 |
O 004F 20 |
P 0050 21 |
Q 0051 22 |
R 0052 23 |
S 0053 24 |
T 0054 25 |
U 0055 26 |
V 0056 27 |
W 0057 28 |
X 0058 29 |
Y 0059 30 |
Z 005A 31 |
2_ | ) 0029 32 |
- 002D 33 |
+ 002B 34 |
< 003C 35 |
= 003D 36 |
> 003E 37 |
& 0026 38 |
$ 0024 39 |
* 002A 40 |
( 0028 41 |
% 0025 42 |
: 003A 43 |
? 003F 44 |
! 0021 45 |
, 002C 46 |
\ (🛑) 005C/1F6D1 47 |
3_ | 0 0030 48 |
1 0031 49 |
2 0032 50 |
3 0033 51 |
4 0034 52 |
5 0035 53 |
6 0036 54 |
7 0037 55 |
8 0038 56 |
9 0039 57 |
' 0027 58 |
; 003B 59 |
/ 002F 60 |
. 002E 61 |
⌑ 2311 62 |
≠ (IDL) 2260/0000 63 |
_0 | _1 | _2 | _3 | _4 | _5 | _6 | _7 | _8 | _9 | _A | _B | _C | _D | _E | _F |
Footnotes
- 1 2 3 Mackenzie 1980.
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188A, 1958-04-25
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188B, 1964-02-24
- ↑ Military Communication System Technical Standard, MIL-STD-188C, 1969-11-24
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jennings 2016.
- ↑ Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold (1971). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 5 - Circulation to Coordinate Indexing. CRC Press. pp. 395, 398. ISBN 9780824720056.
- ↑ "Army Tactical Operations Central (ARTOC) information system". sr-ix.com.
- ↑ "THE ARTOC". Man in Command Information Processing Systems--A Research Program,. 1963. pp. 1–4.
- ↑ International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation (ITT) (1968). Reference Data for Radio Engineers (5 ed.). Howard W. Sams and Co. pp. Appendix. ISBN 0-672-20678-1. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- 1 2 Leubbert 1960, p. 196.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Walker 1996.
- ↑ Leubbert 1960.
References and further reading
- Fleming, George; James, Nathan L. (2002-12-17). "Univac Fieldata Codes". 1.0. Greenbelt, USA: National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
- Haralambous, Yannis (September 2007). Fonts & Encodings. Translated by Horne, P. Scott (1st ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-596-10242-5. ISBN 0-596-10242-9.
- Jennings, Thomas Daniel (2016-04-20) [1999]. "An annotated history of some character codes or ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Infiltration". World Power Systems (WPS). Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- Leubbert, William F. (1960) [1959-12-01/03 (International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge)]. Written at U.S. Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, USA. "Data Transmission Equipment Concepts for FIELDATA" (PDF). 1959 Proceedings of the Western Joint Computer Conference (WJCC). Boston, USA: American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS): 189–196. doi:10.1109/AFIPS.1959.27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-05-23. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- Leubbert, William F. (September 1960). "Data Processing as a Tool for Generalizing Communications Systems". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE), Part I: Communication and Electronics. 79 (4): 431–436. doi:10.1109/TCE.1960.6367290. ISSN 0097-2452. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
- Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development. The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 61, 64, 86. ISBN 0-201-14460-3. LCCN 77-90165. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
- Walker, John (1996-08-06). "UNIVAC 1100 Series FIELDATA Code". UNIVAC Memories. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22. Retrieved 2016-05-22.