s'

See also: -s' and Appendix:Variations of "s"

Albanian

Alternative terms
  • së (“not, don't”)
  • nuk (“not, don't”)

Etymology
  1. Short for së (“not”) (not to be confused with adjectival article së and conjunction se (“that (as), when”)).
    From Proto-Albanian *tśe, from Proto-Indo-European *kwe (“and”). Cognate to Sanskrit च (ca, “and”) and Gothic nih (nih, “and not”).

Adverb

s' (short for së)

  1. not, don't
  2. Negates the meaning of the modified verb.
  • Unë di. - Unë s'di.
    • I know. - I don't know.
  • Jam, s'jam. Je, s'je.
    • I am, I'm not. You are, you aren't.

Asturian

Pronoun

s'

  1. Apocopic form of se before a vowel

Catalan

Pronoun

s’

  1. Contraction of es.

Declension
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person.		 3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

French

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /s‿/

Conjunction

s’

  1. Elision of si (“if”) before il or ils.
    S’il vous plaît ― Please / Here you are.
    S’il te plaît. ― Please / Here you are.
    Je ne sais pas s’ils viendront demain.
    I don’t know if they will come tomorrow.

Pronoun

s’ (third person)

  1. Elision of se before a word beginning with a vowel.
    Il s’habille. ― He’s dressing (himself).
    Il s’aime. ― He loves himself.
    Ils s’aiment.
    They love themselves. / They love each other.
  2. (informal) Elision of se before a word beginning with a consonant.
    Y s’bouge le cul ou quoi? ― Is he movin’ his ass or what?

Further reading

Italian

Pronoun

s’ (third person)

  1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of si

Usage notes

Elides commonly before i.

See also
Italian personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Reflexive Accusative Dative Locative Genitive Disjunctive
Singularfirst— iomi, m', -mi — me
second— tuti, t', -ti te
thirdm luisi2, s', -silo, l', -logli, -gli ci, c',
vi, v' (formal)		 ne, n'lui, sé
f lei, Lei1la, La1, l', L'1, -la, -La1le3, Le1, -le3, -Le1 lei, Lei1, sé
Pluralfirst— noici, c', -ci — noi
second— voi, Voi4vi, Vi4, v', V'4, -vi, -Vi4 voi, Voi4
thirdm loro, Loro1si, s', -sili, Li1, -li, -Li1gli, -gli, loro (formal),
Loro1		 ci, c',
vi, v' (formal)		 ne, n'loro, Loro1, sé
f le, Le1, -le, -Le1
1Third person pronominal forms used as formal terms of address to refer to second person subjects (with the first letter frequently capitalised as a sign of respect, and to distinguish them from third person subjects). Unlike the singular forms, the plural forms are mostly antiquated terms of formal address in the modern language, and second person plural pronouns are almost always used instead.
2Also used as indefinite pronoun meaning “one”, and to form the passive.
3Often replaced by gli, -gli in informal language.
4Formal (capitalisation optional); in many regions, can refer to just one person (compare with French vous).

Manx

Alternative forms
  • s- (used before a vowel)
  • sh- (used before front vowels)

Etymology

From Old Irish is.

Particle

s'

  1. Present/future copula form
    S'mie lhiam shillishyn.
    I am fond of cherries.
    Shegin dooin goll dy chaggey.
    We have to go to war.
    my saillt ― please (said to one person)
  2. Used to introduce the comparative/superlative form of adjectives
    V'ee yn inneen s'bwaaee 'sy theihll.
    She was the prettiest girl in the world.
    fer s'gilley jeh mooinjey y vadran ― the brightest of the sons of the morning

Usage notes

Only used with adjectives. When nouns are equated with each other, use she.

Neapolitan

Pronoun

s’

  1. (before a vowel) Apocopic form of se

Norman

Etymology

Old French se < Latin sē.

Pronoun

s'

  1. third-person singular reflexive pronoun; oneself
    s'rêjoui ― to enjoy oneself

Old French

Pronoun

s'

  1. his; her; its (elided form of son or sa before a word starting with a vowel)
    s'oreille ― his ear
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