Visa requirements for EFTA nationals

Visa requirements for EFTA nationals are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states.

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Location of the EFTA (green)

in Europe (green & dark grey)

Member states
Website
efta.int

Current member states of EFTA are Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

Member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories in accordance with the EFTA convention.[1] EFTA nationals also enjoy freedom of movement in the European Union (EU). EFTA nationals and EU citizens and are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. The Citizens’ Rights Directive[2] (also sometimes called the "Free Movement Directive") defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the three EFTA members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein and the member states of the EU. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on free movement with the EU.

Visa requirements maps

Visa free access

This table lists all countries, as of this date with source information as it is cited inline, for which citizens of at least one EFTA member state may enter without a visa on an ordinary passport. Information regarding visas on arrival and on exit fees is not listed in the table, regarding which, see the relevant section below.

Africa
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Botswana All states.[3][4][5][6] 90 days within 12 months.
 Cape Verde All states.[7] 30 days.
 Eswatini Norway, Switzerland.[8] Iceland, Liechtenstein 30 days.
 Gambia All states.[9][10][11][12] 90 days.
 Lesotho All others. Liechtenstein [13] 14 days.
 Mauritius All states.[14][15][16][17] 90 days.
 Morocco All states.[18][19][20][21] 90 days.
 Namibia All states. 3 months within a calendar year.
 Senegal All states.[22] 90 days.
 Seychelles All states.[23] 3 months.
 South Africa All states. 90 days.
 Tunisia All states. 3 months
Caribbean
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda All states.[24] 3 months.
 Bahamas All states.[25] 3 months.
 Barbados All states.[26] 3 months.
 Dominica All states.[27][28][29] 21 days (90 days for Norway).
 Dominican Republic All states.[30] 90 days (30-day tourist cards required).
 Grenada All states.[31][32] 3 months.
 Haiti All states.[33] 3 months.
 Jamaica All states. 90 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis All states.[34] 3 months.
 Saint Lucia All states. 6 weeks.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines All states. 1 month.
 Trinidad and Tobago All states. 90 days within any 180 day period.
Central and North America
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Belize All states.[35] 1 month for Switzerland.
 Canada All states. 6 months, eTA required if arriving by air.[36]
 Costa Rica All states.[37] 90 days.
 El Salvador All states.[38] 90 days.
 Guatemala All states.[39] 90 days.
 Honduras All states.[40] 90 days.
 Mexico All states.[41] 180 days.
 Nicaragua All states.[42] 90 days (30-day tourist cards required).
 Panama All states.[43] 180 days.
 United States All states (VWP) 90 days on every arrival from overseas, ESTA (issued for 2 years) required when arriving by air and cruise ship.
South America
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Argentina All states.[44] 90 days.
 Bolivia All states. 90 days.
 Brazil All states.[45] 90 days.
 Chile All states.[46] 90 days.
 Colombia All states.[47] 90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period.
 Ecuador All states.[48] 90 days.
 Guyana Norway, Switzerland.[49] Iceland, Liechtenstein 3 months.
 Paraguay All states.[50] 90 days.
 Peru All states. 90 days.
 Uruguay All states.[51] 90 days, extendable once.
 Venezuela All states.[52] 90 days, extendable once.
Asia
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Brunei All states.[53] 90 days.
 Indonesia All states.[54] 30 days.
 Japan All states.[55] 90 days.
 Kazakhstan All others.[56] Liechtenstein 30 days.
 Kyrgyzstan All states 60 days.
 Laos Switzerland All others. 15 days.
 Malaysia All states.[57] 90 days.
 Philippines All states.[58] 30 days.
 South Korea All states.[59] 90 days.
 Singapore All states.[60] 90 days (30 days for Iceland and Liechtenstein).
 Thailand All states. 30 days, extendable once.
 Timor-Leste All states 90 days.
 United Arab Emirates All states. 90 days.
 Uzbekistan All states.[61][62][63][64] 30 days.
 Vietnam Norway.[65][66] All others. 15 days.
Middle East and Caucasus
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Armenia All states.[67][68] 180 days.
 Georgia All states.[69][70] 1 year.
 Israel All states.[71][72] 3 months.
Europe
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Albania All states.[73] 90 days.
 Andorra All states.[74]
 Belarus All states.[75][76] 5 days. Must enter through the Minsk National Airport.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina All states.[77] 90 days within 180 days.
All states. Freedom of movement.
 Moldova All states.[78] 90 days within 180 days.
 Montenegro All states.[79] 90 days within 180 days.
 North Macedonia All states.[80] 90 days within 180 days.
 Monaco All states.[81]
 San Marino All states.[82]
 Serbia All states.[83] 90 days within 180 days.
 Turkey All states.[84] 90 days within 180 days.
 Ukraine All states.[85] 90 days within 180 days.
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland All states.[86] Freedom of movement.[86]
  Vatican City All states.
Oceania
Country Visa not required Visa required Notes
 Australia All states (eVisitor).[87] 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted.
 Fiji All states.[88] 4 months.
 Kiribati All states.[89] 90 days.
 Marshall Islands All others[90] Liechtenstein 90 days within 180 days.
 Micronesia All states.[91] 90 days within 180 days.
 New Zealand All states.[92] 90 days.
 Palau All states.[93] 90 days.
 Samoa All states.[94] 90 days within any 180 day period.
 Solomon Islands Norway, Switzerland Iceland, Liechtenstein 90 days.
 Tonga All states 90 days.
 Tuvalu All states. 90 days.
 Vanuatu All others. Iceland 90 days.

All EFTA nationals can visit the following partially recognised countries or territories with autonomous immigration policies without a visa:

Reciprocity

  Schengen Area
  Countries with open borders
  Legally obliged to join

The EFTA member states are all part of the Schengen Area, an area comprising 26 European states that have eliminated border controls with other Schengen members and strengthened border controls with non-Schengen countries. The Schengen area mostly functions as a single country for international travel purposes, with a common visa policy. Since 2001, the European Union has issued two lists regarding visas for the Schengen Area: a white list of countries whose nationals do not require visas (Annex II)[105] and a black list of countries whose nationals do require visas (Annex I).[106] As per Regulation No 539/2001 (amended by Regulation No 1289/2013)[107] reciprocity is required from all Annex II countries and territories. That means that these countries must offer visa-free access for 90 days to citizens of the 26 Schengen member states.

When this is not the case, the affected Schengen member state is expected to notify the European Commission. Starting six months after the notification, the Commission may adopt an implementing act to suspend the visa-free regime for certain categories of nationals of the third country concerned, for a period of up to six months, with a possible prolongation by further periods of up to six months. If the Commission decides not to adopt such an act, it has to present a report explaining the reasons why it did not propose the measure. If after two years from the notification the third country is still requiring visas from citizens of one or more Member States, the Commission shall adopt a delegated act to re-impose the visa obligation on all citizens of the third country, for a period of 12 months. Either the European Parliament or the Council could oppose the entry into force of the delegated acts.[107] All of the states that implement the common visa rules – including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Romania – may notify the European Commission about non-compliant third states.[108]

According to a report from April 2015,[109] the Commission dismissed notifications by both Bulgaria and Romania of a general visa requirement by Australia.[110] It concluded that the Australian electronic visa 'manual processing' treatment should not be considered as equivalent to the Schengen visa application procedures and consequently will not be covered by the reciprocity mechanism.[109] In its previous report,[111] the Commission also committed to assessing certain provisions of the US electronic visa system — such as the application fee. In its previous report,[111] the Commission also committed to assessing certain provisions of the US ESTA system — such as the application fee — and the Australian eVisitor system.

Special requirements

The following countries require electronic registrations for all EFTA nationals:

  • Australia requires EFTA nationals to obtain an eVisitor, which is issued free of charge.
  • Canada requires EFTA nationals to obtain an eTA. The application fee is 7 CAD.
  • New Zealand requires EFTA nationals to obtain an NZeTA and IVL if arriving by air. The application fee is NZD 9 or 12 and NZD 35.
  • United States requires EFTA nationals to obtain an ESTA. The application fee is US$14.

Visa on arrival

The following countries provide visa on arrival to EFTA nationals. Some countries may not provide visa on arrival facilities at all entry points.

Visa on arrival
for citizens
of all EFTA states
Notes
 Bahrain[112] 14 days. BD 25.[113]
 Bangladesh[114][115] 30 days. Fees vary per country.
Extensions are possible.
[116]
 Burkina Faso 1 month, extension possible.
XOF 47,000 to XOF 61,000.
[117]
 Cambodia[118] 30 days. USD 20.[118]
 Cape Verde[119][120] EUR 25.[120]
 Comoros[121][122] 50 USD. EUR 30.[122]
 Djibouti[123][124] 1 month. EUR 75.[124]
 Egypt[125][126] 30 days. USD 25.[125]
 Guinea Bissau[127] 90 days. EUR 85.[127]
 Indonesia 30 days. USD 35.[128]
 Iran[129] 30 days. EUR 30–80.[130]
 Jordan[131][132] 30 days. Free of charge.[133][134]
 Kenya[135] 3 months, extendable once. USD 50.[136]
 Kuwait 3 months. KWD 3.[137]
 Laos[138][139] 30 days. USD 30.[140]
 Lebanon[141][142] 1 month extendable for 2 additional months.[143]
 Madagascar[144] 30 days. Free of charge.[145]
 Malawi[146] 30 days. Extendable up to 90 days. Fees vary.
 Maldives[147] 30 days. Free of charge. Extendable up to 90 days, MVR 750.[148]
 Mauritania[149]
 Mozambique[150] 30 days, extendable up to 60 days.
   Nepal[151][152] 90 days. USD 25-100.[153]
 Oman[154] 3 months. OMR 5-20.[155]
 Papua New Guinea 60 days. Free of charge.[156][157]
 Philippines 59 days. USD 50.[158]
 Qatar[159] 1 month. QAR 50-150.[160]
 Sri Lanka[161][162] 30 days, extendable up to 150 days. Fees vary.[161]
 Suriname[163] 90 days. USD 20.[164]
 Tanzania[165] USD 50 - USD 100.[166]
 Togo[167] 7 days, extendable for 90 days.
XOF 10,000-90,000.
[167]
 Uganda[168] USD 100.[169]
 Zambia[170] 90 days. USD 50 - USD 80.[167]
 Zimbabwe 3 months. USD 30 - USD 70.[171]
Visa on arrival available to the citizens of some EFTA countries. Some countries may not provide visa on arrival facilities at all entry points.
Country Visa on arrival available to citizens of Notes
 Ethiopia[172] Norway, Switzerland[173] USD 20.[174]

Limited visa on arrival

  •  Burundi - Visas are issued on arrival if an Entry Authorisation letter was issued by the authorities of Burundi.[175]
  •  Iraq – Holders of ordinary passports of all EFTA member states except Switzerland may obtain a visa on arrival for Iraqi Kurdistan valid for 15 days when arriving through the Erbil International Airport or Sulaimaniyah International Airport.[176]
  •  Pakistan - Nationals from Norway and Switzerland may obtain visa on arrival when travelling on business. They must have a local sponsor who must obtain an approval from the immigration authorities at the port of arrival (Islamabad, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta or Karachi airports) and a recommendation letter from country of residence or invitation letter from Pakistan.[177] Nationals of Iceland and Norway may obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 30 days, if they are travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator.[178]
  •  Somalia - Visas are issued on arrival for 30 days (extendable once) provided an invitation letter issued by the sponsor has been submitted to the Airport Immigration Department at least 2 days before arrival.[179]
  •  Vietnam - Visitors can obtain a visa on arrival for a maximum stay of 1 or 3 months if they are holders of an approval letter issued and stamped by the Vietnamese Immigration Department (obtainable online through travel agencies for a fee) and if arriving only at airports in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang.[180] All travellers can visit Phú Quốc without a visa for up to 30 days.[181][182]

Online visas

The following countries provide electronic visas to EFTA nationals.

Electronic visas available to
citizens of the EFTA states
Notes
 Azerbaijan[183] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 Bahrain[184] Available to all EFTA nationals.Visa on arrival also available.
 Cambodia[185] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Gabon[186] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 India[187] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 Ivory Coast[188] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 Kenya[189] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Kuwait[190] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Malawi[191][192][193][194] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Myanmar[195] Available to citizens of Iceland, Norway and Switzerland.
   Nepal[196] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Oman[197] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Rwanda[195][198] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 São Tomé and Príncipe[199] Available to all EFTA nationals.
 Sri Lanka[200] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Tajikistan[201] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Uganda[202] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Vietnam[203] Available to the citizens of Norway. However, Norwegian citizens do not require a visa for visits up to 15 days.
 Zambia[204] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.
 Zimbabwe[205] Available to all EFTA nationals. Visa on arrival also available.

Prearranged visa required

All EFTA citizens must always arrange the visa prior to travel to (as of March 2017) the following countries.

Prearranged visa required
for citizens
of all EFTA states
Notes
 Afghanistan
 Algeria
 Angola
 Benin
 Bhutan
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 China Except short term visits in transit and Hainan.
 Republic of the Congo
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Cuba Can be obtained in travel agencies or airlines.
 Equatorial Guinea
 Eritrea
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Iraq Outside Iraqi Kurdistan
 Ivory Coast
 North Korea
 Liberia
 Libya
 Mali
 Mongolia
 Nauru
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Russia 15 days visa-free within the territory covered by the agreement for holders of a border traffic permit. (Eligible inhabitants of the border regions in Norway and Russia).[206][207][208]
 Saudi Arabia
 Sierra Leone
 South Sudan
 Sudan
 Syria
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
 Yemen

Other

Non-ordinary passports

In addition to visa requirements for normal passport holders certain countries have specific visa requirements towards diplomatic and various official passport holders:

Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Mali and Zimbabwe grant visa-free access to holders of diplomatic or service passports issued to nationals of any country. Mauritania and Senegal grant visa-free access to holders of diplomatic passports issued to nationals of any country (except Italy for Mauritania). Bahrain, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Cambodia and South Sudan allow holders of diplomatic, official, service and special passports issued to nationals of any country to obtain a visa on arrival.

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[220] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[221]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[222]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[223] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[224] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[225]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[226][227] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[228]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[229] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[230] Lebanon,[231] Libya,[232] Sudan,[233] Syria,[234] and Yemen[235] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel. Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza. Also, passports are still stamped (as of 22 June 2017) at the Jordan Valley/Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin/Arava land borders with Jordan.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[236]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[237][238]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[239] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[240] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[241] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[242]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[243][244] Argentina,[245] Brunei, Cambodia,[246] China,[247] Ethiopia,[248] Ghana, Guinea,[249] India, Japan,[250][251] Kenya (fingerprints and photo),[252] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[253] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[254] Singapore, South Korea,[255] Taiwan, Thailand,[256] Uganda[257] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[258] [259] [260] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[261]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[262] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[263][264] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[265] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[266][267]

Passport rankings

Passport rankings by the number of countries and territories their holders could visit without a visa or by obtaining visa on arrival in 2020 were as follows: Swiss — 185 countries and territories (ranked 7th) Norwegian — 184 (8th); Icelandic — 180 (11th), and Liechtenstein — 178 (13th), according to the Henley Passport Index.[268]


Freedom of movement within EFTA and the EEA

Members of the EU (blue) and EFTA (green)

EFTA member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories in accordance with the EFTA convention.[1] EFTA nationals also enjoy freedom of movement in the European Union (EU). EFTA nationals and EU citizens and are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. The Citizens’ Rights Directive[2] (also sometimes called the "Free Movement Directive") defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the three EFTA members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein and the member states of the EU. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on free movement with the EU.

As a result, de facto, a citizen of an EFTA country can live and work in all the other EFTA countries and in all the EU countries, and a citizen of an EU country can live and work in all the EFTA countries (but for voting and working in sensitive fields, such as government / police / military, citizenship is often required, and non-citizens may not have the same rights to welfare and unemployment benefits as citizens).[269]

Citizens of all European Economic Area (EEA) member states and Switzerland holding a valid passport or national identity card enjoy freedom of movement rights in each other's territory and can enter and reside in the each other's territory without a visa. Travellers should still bring a passport or national identity card, as one may be required. As an alternative to holding a passport, a valid national identity card can also be used to exercise the right of free movement within the EEA and Switzerland.[270] Strictly speaking, it is not necessary for an EEA or Swiss citizen to possess a valid passport or national identity card to enter the EEA or Switzerland. In theory, if an EEA or Swiss citizen outside of both the EEA and Switzerland can prove his/her nationality by any other means (e.g. by presenting an expired passport or national identity card, or a citizenship certificate), he/she must be permitted to enter the EEA or Switzerland. An EEA or Swiss citizen who is unable to demonstrate his/her nationality satisfactorily must nonetheless be given 'every reasonable opportunity' to obtain the necessary documents or to have them delivered within a reasonable period of time or corroborate or prove by other means that he/she is covered by the right of free movement.[271][272][273]

However, EEA member states and Switzerland can refuse entry to an EEA/Swiss national on public policy, public security or public health grounds where the person presents a "genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society".[274] If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he/she seeks entry (a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence), the member state can only expel him/her on serious grounds of public policy or public security. Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor, the member state can only expel him/her on imperative grounds of public security (and, in the case of minors, if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child).[275] Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with 'epidemic potential' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person's the date of arrival in the Member State where he/she seeks entry.[276]

A family member of an EEA/Swiss citizen who is in possession of a residence permit indicating their status is exempt from the requirement to hold a visa when entering the European Economic Area or Switzerland when they are accompanying their EEA/Swiss family member or are seeking to join them.[277] However the UK requires family members to obtain a special permit in order to enter the United Kingdom.[278] Non-EEA family members will need a Schengen Visa before they travel to Switzerland even if they possess a UK residence permit that clearly mentions that they are the family member of an EEA citizen.

Consular protection of EFTA nationals abroad

When in a foreign country, Norwegian and Icelandic citizens can seek help from the mission of any of the Nordic countries if their own country does not have a diplomatic mission in the country they are visiting. This is according to the Helsinki Treaty, which state that public officials in the foreign services of any of the Nordic countries are to assist citizens of another Nordic country if that country is not represented in the territory concerned.[279]

The Principality of Liechtenstein maintains a very small network of diplomatic missions. Switzerland is representing Liechtenstein in those countries wherein Liechtenstein itself does not maintain consular representation.[280]

See also

References

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