-in

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-in

1. (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
   1. a neutral chemical compound

      albumin, casein, chitin, pepsin, saponin

   2. an enzyme

      renin, pancreatin

   3. an antibiotic

      penicillin, streptomycin

   4. a pharmaceutical product

      cobalamin, niacin, vitamin

Clipping of -ing.

• -in’

-in

1. (proscribed, dialectal or eye dialect) Alternative form of -ing

• N.I., NI, ni

-in

1. of

   Synonym: -en

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

-in f

1. Suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals.

   matčin bratr ― mother's brother

• Hana Prouzová, Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině, Naše řeč, volume 47 (1964), issue 3
• Jaroslava Hlavsová, K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině, Naše řeč, volume 65 (1982)

From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).

-in m inan

1. (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)

   adenin ― adenine

   olomoucin ― olomoucine

• Audio

  (file)

-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)

1. Forms nouns for the female counterpart of something.

   Synonyms: -e, -egge, -es, -ster

-in

1. Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.

From the plural infix + Proto-Finnic *-n (instructive suffix); the instructive singular only exists for a few nouns in modern Finnish (such as jalan from jalka).

-in

1. Instructive case suffix.

   kaksin käsin ― with two hands

   paljain silmin ― with bare eyes

   pitkin askelin ― with long steps

   hyvissä ajoin ― in good time

No distinction is made between singular and plural, the -i- is always present and it is always considered to be grammatically in plural. The suffix is added to the weak grade stem.

-in

1. (poetic) A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.

   rakkaani = rakkain

From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns).

-in

1. (rare) Forms the genitive plural.

• Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
• Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
• Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.

• -den
• -en
• -n
• -ten
• -tten

From Proto-Finnic [Term?]. Related to Karelian -in.

-in

1. Forms superlative adjectives.

   ‎heikko (“weak”) + ‎-in → ‎heikoin (“weakest”)

   ‎matala (“low, shallow”) + ‎-in → ‎matalin (“lowest, shallowest”)

   ‎ruma (“ugly”) + ‎-in → ‎rumin (“ugliest”)

   ‎suuri (“large, big”) + ‎-in → ‎suurin (“largest, biggest”)

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

• -mpi

From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix).

-in

1. Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.

   ‎avata (“to open”) + ‎-in → ‎avain (“key”)

   ‎keittää (“to cook, boil”) + ‎-in → ‎keitin (“appliance for cooking/boiling”)

   ‎puhella (“to chat, chatter”) + ‎-in → ‎puhelin (“telephone”)

Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)

Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)

• -ja
• -ri
• -tär
• -uri

• -ni

From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

• IPA^(key): /ɛ̃/

-in

1. adjectival suffix

   ‎enfant (“child”) + ‎-in → ‎enfantin (“childish”)

2. nominal suffix

   ‎crotte (“animal dropping”) + ‎-in → ‎crottin (“manure”)

• feminine form: -ine

From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, from Proto-Germanic *-injō. Cognate with Dutch -in, Swedish -inna.

• -inn, -inne (both obsolete)

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
• For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may be frail. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a clear distinction.

-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)

1. creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables

   ‎Autor (“author”) + ‎-in → ‎Autorin (“female author”)

   ‎Gott (“god”) + ‎-in → ‎Göttin (“female god, goddess”)

   ‎Hund (“dog”) + ‎-in → ‎Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)

   ‎Katze (“cat”) + ‎-in → ‎Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)

   ‎Sänger (“singer”) + ‎-in → ‎Sängerin (“female singer”)

   ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“female pastor”)

2. (dated) names the wife of a person

   ‎Pastor (“pastor”) + ‎-in → ‎Pastorin (“wife of a pastor”)

3. (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)

   Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)

   • 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, p.2007:

   Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.

• IPA^(key): /-ˈiːn/

-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)

1. (chemistry) -yne; -ine

-in

1. See -in-.

-in f

1. (biochemistry) -in

• "-in" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.

-in

1. Rōmaji transcription of いん

From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.

• IPA^(key): /in/

-in

1. used to form the female versions of agent nouns

From Arabic ين‎ (-īn), oblique case form of ون‎ (-ūn), masculine personal plural suffix.

-in

1. a common plural suffix
   1. used in most nouns and adjectives derived with the native suffix -i

      baħri (“sailor”) → baħrin (“sailors”)

      Malti (“Maltese”) → Maltin

   2. used in participles and some other native adjectives

      maqtugħ (“cut, cut-off”) → maqtugħin

      ħelu (“sweet”) → ħelwin

• -ejn
• -i
• -iet
• -ijiet

From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

-in

1. -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.

• -ijn
• -en

• Dutch: -en

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.

-in

1. The ending of the comitative singular case.

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.

-in

1. The ending of the locative plural case.

This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.

From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.

-īn

1. used to create adjectives from nouns

   ‎stein (“stone”) + ‎-īn → ‎steinīn (“made of stone”)

   ‎gold (“gold”) + ‎-īn → ‎guldīn (“golden”)

• German: -en

• IPA^(key): /ˈĩ/

-in

1. (Internet slang) Nonstandard form of -inho.

• -im, -in'

Verbs that use the -in suffix are in object trigger mode, meaning we focus more on the object rather than the subject of the sentences. These sentences are written in the Passive voice.

Let's consider the word "kain" which is a root word to refer to the act of eating. If we use the actor focus infix -um-, kumain means to eat. However if the object focus suffix -in is used, kainin, actually means to be eaten.

"Kumain ako" means I ate

"Kumain ako ng mansanas" means I ate an apple. In this sentence the object "ng mansanas" can be omitted as we focus more on "who ate" rather than "what was eaten".

"Kinain ko ang mansanas" means The apple was eaten by me or simply I ate the apple. The doer of the action in this sentence can be omitted as we focus more on what was eaten rather than who ate. Therefore, it's possible to just say "Kinain ang mansanas" which means The apple was eaten.

In fact, in a formal context, one can say, "Ang mansanas ay kinain ko" which means The apple was eaten by me.

Aside from the -in suffix-verbs, the object of the sentence is also focused in -an suffix-verbs and i- prefix-verbs.

-in

1. object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something

   Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish. (literally: The fish will be cooked by me.)

   (The fish is focused.)

2. directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of

   Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally: Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.)

   (The grandmother is focused.)

3. actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon

   Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded.

   (His house is focused.)

4. object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there

   Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally: My past is sometimes thought about by me.)

   (My past is focused.)

-in

1. prone to, susceptible to

   ‎lagnat (“fever”) + ‎-in → ‎lagnatin (“prone to fever”)

   ‎sakit (“illness”) + ‎-in → ‎sakitin (“prone to illness”)

-in

1. an object of the action expressed by the root

   ‎awit (“singing, song”) + ‎-in → ‎awitin (“song”)

   ‎aral (“lesson, studying”) + ‎-in → ‎aralin (“studies”)

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word end with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎sabi + ‎-hin → ‎sabihin

  ‎talo + ‎-nin → ‎talunin

• Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.

  ‎sunod + ‎-in → ‎sundin

  ‎kamit + ‎-in → ‎kamtin

-in

1. Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.

   ‎ev (“house”) + ‎-in → ‎evin (“your house”)

   ‎ofis (“office”) + ‎-in → ‎ofisin (“your office”)

2. Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant

   ‎öğretmen (“teacher”) + ‎-in → ‎öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)

• If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n (for the possession suffix)

  ‎kedi + ‎-n → ‎kedin

• It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word. (possession suffix)

  ‎yüz + ‎-ün → ‎yüzün (the last vowel is "ö" or "ü")

  ‎saç + ‎-ın → ‎saçın (the last vowel is "a" or "ı")

  ‎yol + ‎-un → ‎yolun (the last vowel is "o" or "u")

• If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".

  ‎sebep + ‎-in → ‎sebebin

  ‎köpek + ‎-in → ‎köpeğin

  ‎çekiç + ‎-in → ‎çekicin

  ‎senet + ‎-in → ‎senedin

• It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.

  ‎beyin + ‎-in → ‎beynin

• If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n". (for the genitive case suffix)

  ‎peri + ‎-nin → ‎perinin

• It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.

  ‎Canberk + ‎-in → ‎Canberk'in

-in

1. Reflexive suffix

   ‎giy- (“to wear”) + ‎-in → ‎giyin- (“to dress oneself”)

From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.

• IPA^(key): /ɪn/

-in

1. forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
2. forms adjectives from other adjectives

• Angharad Fychan and Ann Parry Owen, editors (2014), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies