-ing

• -in', -in (colloquial)
• -ïng (rare, nonstandard)

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
• (UK) (south North West England, north West Midlands, Kent) IPA^(key): /ɪŋɡ/[1]
• (US and Canada, sometimes) IPA^(key): /iːn/, /ɪ̝ŋ/
• (US, Canada) Homophone: een (some dialects)[2]
• (UK, General Australian) Homophone: ink (some dialects)

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ing (“-ing”) Low German -ink (“-ink”), German -ung (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

-ing

1. Used to form gerunds, a type of verbal nouns, from verbs.

   a making of a film; the forging of the sword took several hours of planning, preparation, and metalwork

2. Used to form uncountable nouns from various parts of speech denoting materials or systems of objects considered collectively.

   Roofing is a material that covers a roof.

   Piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

• Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) verbs with similar meaning: the activating of the weapon must be stopped vs the activation of the weapon.

• (activity): -ery
• (collection): -age, -ery

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

• (collection): work

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration or replacement by the above of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-nt-. Cognate with Dutch -end, German -end, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ον (-on), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

-ing

1. Used to form present participles of verbs.

   Rolling stones gather no moss.

   You are making a mess.

   • a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”

     If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

• Category:English present participles

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr, Gothic -𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 (-iggs).

-ing

1. Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as patronymics or diminutives. No longer productive in either sense.

   Browning, Channing, Ewing

   bunting

   shilling

   farthing

2. Having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of

   sweeting

   whiting

   gelding

• -ed

• GNI, IGN, NGI, gin, nig

From Old Norse -ingr, -angr, -ungr.

• IPA^(key): /enɡ/, [eŋ], IPA^(key): /nenɡ/, [neŋ]

-ing, -ning

1. added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
2. designate a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

Nouns are in the common gender, and inflected -(n)ing -en, -er, -erne.

• (added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

• Category:Danish words suffixed with -ing
• Category:Danish words suffixed with -ning

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

From Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -unga, -onga, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)

1. Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

• -inck, -ink

-ing m

1. (no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

From English -ing.

• IPA^(key): /iŋ(ɡ)/
• (Canada) IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

-ing

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

• Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).

-ing

1. plural marker

   amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

• Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

From English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.

-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)

1. (in English borrowings) -ing
2. (productive, informal, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.

   Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport

   Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle

   • 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155.

     Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.

     Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.

   • 2012, Hans Zippert, Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke, in: Website of Die Welt

     Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.

     In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

• Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

• IPA^(key): [iŋɡ]

-ing

1. (frequentative suffix) Added to a verb to form a verb denoting repetitive action.

   kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

• (frequentative suffix) Harmonic variants:

  -ong is added to back vowel words

  hajol (“to bend”) → hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)

  -eng is added to unrounded front vowel words

  derül (“to clear up”) → dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)

  -öng is added to rounded front vowel words

  őrül (“to go insane”) → őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)

  düh (“fury, rage”) → dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)

  -ang is added to back vowel words (rare)

  lappang (“to lurk”)

  -ing is added to front vowel words (rare)

  kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

-ing

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

-ing

1. (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.

• Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
• The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

• Bläuming
• Bräuding
• Dirning
• Döchting
• fixing
• Körling
• Nahwersching
• nipping

• -ken
• (East Frisian) -je, -tje, -ke

From Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

• -inge, -yng, -ynge, -ingue, -inng, -ung, -unge, -eng, -enge

• (mainly Early ME) IPA^(key): /unɡ/, [uŋɡ]
• IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

-ing

1. Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
2. Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".

• English: -ing, -in'
• Scots: -in, -ing, -in'

• “-ing(e (suf.(1))” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

From Old English -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

• IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

-ing

1. Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
2. (marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".

• English: -ing, -in'
• Scots: -in, -ing, -in'

• “-ing (suf.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f

• IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/
• Rhymes: -ɪŋ

-ing m or f or m (see below)

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

   Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.

• -ning

• “-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f

-ing f or m (see below)

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

The gender is usually f (in Nynorsk) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are f.

See Bokmål above.

• -ning

• “-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

• IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Variant of -ung.

• -ung

-ing f

1. Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

From Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

-ing m

1. Forming derivatives of masculine nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

• -ung

From Proto-Germanic *-ingō.

-ing f

1. Forms gerund nouns from verbs

• -an f
• -ingi m, -ingr m

From English -ing.

-ing

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

• Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).

From Old Norse ingr, lingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

-ing

1. Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing. See also -ning.

-ing (-инг)

1. second-person singular possessive suffix. Used after a noun ending in a consonant. It has the same meaning as sening (“your”) placed before a noun.

   Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.