Wasabi

Wasabi
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Brassicales
Family:Brassicaceae
Genus:Eutrema
Species: E. japonicum
Binomial name
Eutrema japonicum
Synonyms
  • Wasabia japonica
  • Alliaria wasabi
  • Cochlearia wasabi
  • Eutrema koreanum
  • Eutrema okinosimense
  • Eutrema wasabi
  • Lunaria japonica
  • Wasabia pungens
  • Wasabia wasabi

Wasabi (ワサビ or わさび(山葵, earlier 和佐比); Eutrema japonicum or Wasabia japonica)[1] or Japanese horseradish[2] is a plant of the Brassicaceae family, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. A paste made from its ground rhizomes is used as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chili peppers in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue.

The plant grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan. The two main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others.[3] The oldest record of wasabi as a food dates to the 8th century CE.[4] The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has tracked that of sushi, growing steadily starting in about 1980.[5]

Uses

Wasabi is generally sold either as a rhizome[6] or stem, which must be very finely grated before use, as dried powder, or as a ready-to-use paste in tubes similar to toothpaste tubes.[7]

The part used for wasabi paste is variously characterized as a rhizome,[8][9] a stem,[10][11] or the "rhizome plus the base part of the stem".[12]

In some high-end restaurants, the paste is prepared when the customer orders, and is made using a grater to grate the stem; once the paste is prepared, it loses flavor in 15 minutes if left uncovered.[13] In sushi preparation, sushi chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice because covering wasabi until served preserves its flavor.

Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten, having the spicy flavor of wasabi stems.

Legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) may be roasted or fried, then coated with wasabi powder mixed with sugar, salt, or oil and eaten as a crunchy snack. in japan, it's called 'wasabi-mame'. 'mame' means bean.

Surrogates

Wasabi favours growing conditions that restrict its wide cultivation. This makes it impossible for growers to fully satisfy commercial demand, which makes wasabi quite expensive.[14][15][16] Therefore, outside Japan, it is rare to find real wasabi plants. Due to its high cost, a common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food coloring or spinach powder.[17] Often packages are labeled as wasabi while the ingredients do not actually include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference between the two is color, with Wasabi being naturally green.[18] In Japan, horseradish is referred to as seiyō wasabi (西洋わさび, "western wasabi").[19] In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants.[20]

Chemistry

The chemical in wasabi that provides for its initial pungency is the volatile allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of natural thioglucosides (conjugates of the sugar glucose, and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant.[21][22][23] The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged, because it is being used as a defense mechanism.[24]

The unique flavor of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates:[13][21][22]

  • 6-MITC
  • 7-methylthioheptyl isothiocyanate
  • 8-methylthiooctyl isothiocyanate

Research has shown that such isothiocyanates inhibit microbe growth, perhaps with implications for preserving food against spoilage and suppressing oral bacterial growth.[25]

Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chili peppers, and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be quite painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapor sprayed into his sleeping chamber.[26] The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency.

Nutritional information

Wasabi grated to paste form

Wasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (46%), water (32%), and fat (11%).[27]

Cultivation

A drawing of a wasabi plant, published in 1828 by Iwasaki Kanen

Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, and cultivation is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:

2016 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)[28]
PrefectureCultivated in waterCultivated in soilTotal
StemLeafstalkStemLeafstalkStemLeafstalkTotal
Nagano226.9611.42.714.7229.6626.1855.7
Iwate8.25.516.0488.424.2493.9518.1
Shizuoka237.9129.2-138.1237.9267.3505.2
Kochi0.10.126.745.826.845.972.7
Shimane3.51.71.842.55.344.249.5
Oita0.10.638.89.538.910.149.0
Others32.959.746.476.379.3136.0215.3
Total509.6808.2132.4815.3642.01,623.52,265.5
2009 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)[29]
PrefectureCultivated in waterCultivated in soilTotal
StemLeafstalkStemLeafstalkStemLeafstalkTotal
Shizuoka 295.1638.24.5232.3299.6870.51,170.1
Nagano 316.8739.27.216.8324.0756.01,080.0
Iwate 8.81.52.4620.511.2622.0633.2
Shimane 2.410.19.0113.011.4123.1134.5
Oita 0.58.9–94.00.5102.9103.4
Yamaguchi 2.52.222.554.225.056.481.4
Others 65.848.161.7108.0127.5156.1283.6
Total691.91,448.2107.31,238.8799.22,687.03,486.2

There are also numerous artificial cultivation facilities as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is very high, Japan imports an amount from Taiwan, Korea, Israel, Thailand and New Zealand.[30] In North America, a handful of companies and small farmers cultivate Wasabia japonica.[31] In Europe wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland[32] and the UK.[33]

Preparation

Wasabi on a metal oroshigane grater

Wasabi is often grated with a metal oroshigane, but some prefer to use a more traditional tool made of dried sharkskin with fine skin on one side and coarse skin on the other. A hand-made grater with irregular teeth can also be used. If a shark-skin grater is unavailable, ceramic is usually preferred.[34]

Etymology

The two kanji characters "山" and "葵" do not correspond to their pronunciation: as such it is an example of gikun (meaning, not sound). The two characters actually refer to the mountain Asarum, as the plant's leaves resemble those of a member of Asarum species, in addition to its ability to grow on shady hillsides. The word, in the form 和佐比, appeared in 918 in The Japanese Names of Medical Herbs (本草和名 Honzō Wamyō). Spelled in this way, the particular kanji are used for their phonetic values only, known as ateji (sound, not meaning – opposite of gikun).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz". The Plant List. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  2. ↑ "Wasabia japonica". Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database, University of Melbourne. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Growing Edge (2005). The Best Of Growing Edge International 2000–2005. New Moon Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-944557-05-1. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  4. ↑ わさびの歴史. Kinjirushi. 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  5. ↑ Frequency of "wasabi" and "sushi" in English-language sources from 1950 to 2008 wasabi vs. sushi in Google Books Ngram Viewer; wasabi tracks sushi, not other Japanese foods
  6. ↑ "Definition of rhizome - Merriam-Webster's Student Dictionary". wordcentral.com.
  7. ↑ Lowry, Dave (2005). The Connoisseur's Guide to Sushi: Everything You Need to Know about Sushi. The Harvard Common Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-55832-307-0. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  8. ↑ "Wasabi – Botanical Notes" in P. N. Ravindran, The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices, 2017, ISBN 1780643152, p. 1048
  9. ↑ Tamanna Sultana et al., "Effects of fertilisation on the allyl isothiocyanate profile of above-ground tissues of New Zealand-grown wasabi", Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82: pp. 1477–1482, 2002 doi:10.1002/jsfa.1218
  10. ↑ "One chefs return home and adventures rediscovering the culinary delights of Tasmania". Tassie Chef. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "Preparing, Using and Storing Fresh Wasabi". Shima Wasabi. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  12. ↑ "Wasabi--Edible Plant Parts and Uses" in Tong Kwee Lim, Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 9:Modified Stems, Roots, Bulbs, 2014, ISBN 9401795118, p. 790
  13. 1 2 "Wasabi: In condiments, horseradish stands in for the real thing | Science & Technology". Chemical & Engineering News. 22 March 2010. p. 48. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  14. ↑ Wasabi is quite picky about its growing conditions. Real Wasabi. retrieved 25 October 2016.
  15. ↑ Botany of the Wasabi plant. p. 161. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science/Experimental Agriculture 1990, Vol 18. retrieved 25 October 2016
  16. ↑ "Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?" BBC News retrieved 25 October 2016
  17. ↑ "The wasabi sushi restaurants serve is pretty much never actual wasabi". Washington Post. October 15, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
  18. ↑ Gazzaniga, Donald A.; Gazzaniga, Maureen A. (2007). The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium International Cookbook. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1466819153. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "The Sushi FAQ – Sushi Items – Wasabi". Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Condiments – Wasabi: real vs. fake". Archived from the original on 2012-07-21.
  21. 1 2 Kazuo Ina; Hiroji Ina; Mikako Ueda; Akihito Yagi; Isao Kishima (1989). "ω-Methylthioalkyl Isothiocyanates in Wasabi". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 53 (2): 537–538. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.53.537. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  22. 1 2 Hideki Masuda; Yasuhiro Harada; Kunio Tanaka; Masahiro Nakajima; Hideki Tabeta (1996). "Characteristic Odorants of Wasabi (Wasabia japonica matum), Japanese Horseradish, in Comparison with Those of Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)". Biotechnology for Improved Foods and Flavors. ACS Symposium Series. 637. American Chemical Society. pp. 67–78. doi:10.1021/bk-1996-0637.ch006. ISBN 9780841234215.
  23. ↑ "Condiments – Wasabi: real vs. fake". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  24. ↑ Atsumi, A; Saito, T (2015). "Volatiles from wasabi inhibit entomopathogenic fungi: implications for tritrophic interactions and biological control". Journal of Plant Interactions. 10 (1). ISSN 1742-9145.
  25. ↑ Zeuthen, P.; Bøgh-Sørensen, Leif (2003). Food preservation techniques. Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-85573-530-9. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  26. ↑ Levenstein, Steve. "Wasabi Silent Fire Alarm Alerts the Deaf with the Power of Scent". InvestorSpot. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  27. ↑ U.S. Agricultural Research Service, "Basic Report: 11990, Wasabi, root, raw", National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy Release
  28. ↑ "特用林産物生産統計調査-平成28年特用林産基礎資料 – 2016年 – 3.平成28年主要品目別生産動向 – (16)わさび(生産量）" [Wasabi production]. e-Stat (Statistics of Japan). 2017-09-13. Excel file u008-28-032.xls
  29. ↑ "(title in Japanese)" [Wasabi (Production)] (xls) (in Japanese). Portal Site of Official Statistics of Japan. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
  30. ↑ "{title}". 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  31. ↑ Kim Gittleson (18 September 2014). "Wasabi: Why invest in 'the hardest plant to grow'?". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  32. ↑ "Nordic Wasabi - Fresh Real Wasabi From Iceland". nordicwasabi.is.
  33. ↑ Leendertz, Lia (21 May 2015). "The UK farm secretly growing wasabi, the world's most costly veg". Telegraph.co.uk.
  34. ↑ Andoh, Elizabeth; Beisch, Leigh (2005). Washoku: Recipes From The Japanese Home Kitchen. Ten Speed Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-58008-519-9. Retrieved 9 August 2016.

Further reading

  • Il Shik Shin; Hideki Masuda; Kinae Naohide (August 2004). "Bactericidal activity of wasabi (Wasabia japonica) against Helicobacter pylori". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 94 (3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00297-6. PMID 15246236.
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