List of current pretenders

A pretender is an aspirant or claimant to a monarchy that either has been abolished or suspended, or is occupied by another.[1] It should not be confused with the term impostor, which instead refers to a person who exercises deception under an assumed name or identity.[2] A pretender may assert a claim and the term is also applied to those persons on whose behalf a claim is advanced, regardless of whether that person himself makes the claim.[3]

Entries in this list are governed with respect to their relevant succession laws, whether hereditary or elective. Prominent and reliably sourced claims made on a person's behalf are included regardless of whether that person stakes an active claim, provided that the person possesses a legitimate link to the line of succession. Claimants with no kinship to the dynasty, often distinguished as "false pretenders", are not listed. Monarchies which have earned major sentiment towards its people for their future restorations are those of Romania, Serbia, India, and Nepal.

Africa

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Kingdom of Burundi Rosa Paula Iribagiza [af 1] 1 May 1977NtweroDaughter of Mwami Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).Hereditary1966[4][5]
 Central African Empire Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Crown Prince
of the Central African Empire		 3 November 1996BokassaHeir apparent of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979). [af 2]Hereditary1979[6]
 Kingdom of Egypt Fuad II 18 June 1953 [af 3]Muhammad AliLast reigning King (1952–1953).Hereditary1953[7]
 Ethiopian Empire Zera Yacob Amha Selassie [af 4] 7 February 1997Solomon [af 5]Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974).Hereditary [af 6]1975[8][9]
Girma Yohannes Iyasu [af 7] 1977Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916). [af 8]
Kingdom of Kongo Yves Ñzînga Mvêmb'a October 1962Kilukeni [af 9]Descendant of Manikongo Afonso I (1509–1542).Elective and Hereditary [af 10]1914[15][16]
 Kingdom of Libya Muhammad bin Hasan 18 June 1992SenussiSon of Hasan ar-Rida, heir apparent of King Idris I (1916–1969).Hereditary1969[17]
Idris bin Abdullah
[18]		 May 1989Relative of King Idris I (1916–1969).[19]
 Kingdom of Rwanda Emmanuel Bushayija, Yuhi VI of Rwanda 9 January 2017 [af 11]Abanyiginya [af 12]Nephew of Mwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959–1961).Hereditary and Elective [af 13]1961[24]
 Kingdom of Tunisia Muhammad Al Husain 17 June 2013Al HusainGrandson of Bey Muhammad VI al-Habib (1922–1929).Hereditary1957[25]
 Sultanate of Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah 12 January 1964 [af 14]Al Bu Sa'idLast reigning Sultan (1963–1964).Hereditary1964[26]

Americas

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Brazil Prince Luiz of Orléans-Braganza 5 July 1981Orléans-Braganza [am 1]Great-great-grandsons of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).Hereditary1889[29][30]
Mexico Mexico Maximilian von Götzen-Iturbide November 1949Habsburg-Iturbide [am 2]Descendant of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).Hereditary1867[33]
Miskito Norton Cuthbert Clarence 1977Descendant of Chief Robert Henry Clarence (1890–1894).Hereditary and Elective [am 3]1894[34]

Asia

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Abkhazia Abkhazia Andrew Nikititch Shervashidze 17 July 2008ShervashidzeDescendant of Prince Mikhail (1823–1864).Hereditary1864
Afghanistan Afghanistan Ahmad Shah 23 July 2007BarakzaiHeir apparent of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973). [as 1]Hereditary1973
Burma Taw Phaya 4 April 1956[35]Konbaung [as 2]Descendant of King Thibaw Min (1878–1885).Hereditary1885[36]
 China Jin Yuzhang [as 3] 10 April 2015Aisin Gioro [as 4]Descendant of the Daoguang Emperor (1820–1850)Hereditary1912[37]
Champasak Champhonesak 17 March 1980Champasakti [as 5]Son of Prince Boun Oum (1945–1946), the last reigning prince.Hereditary1946[38]
  Chiang Mai Wongsak Na Chiangmai 1989ThippchakDescendant of Prince Kaew Nawarat (1910–1939).Hereditary1932
Georgia (country) Georgia David Bagration 16 January 2008Mukhrani [as 6]Descendant of King Konstantine II (1478–1505)Hereditary1801[39][40]
Nugzar Bagration 13 August 1984Gruzinsky [as 6]Descendant of King Giorgi XII (1798–1800)
Myanmar Hsipaw [as 7] Sao Oo Kya [as 8] ShanRelative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).Hereditary1962[41]
Iran Iran
(Pahlavi)		 Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 27 July 1980PahlaviHeir apparent of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979). [as 9]Hereditary1979[42]
Iran
(Qajar)		 Mohammad Hassan Mirza II 5 May 1988QajarDescendant of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).Hereditary1925[43]
 Iraq Ra'ad bin Zeid [as 10] 18 October 1970Hāshim [as 11]Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958). [as 12]Hereditary1958[46]
Aryacakravarti Remigius Kanagarajah[47] AryacakravartiDescendant of King Cekaracacekaran IX (1617–1619).Hereditary1619[48]
Dominion of Ceylon Kandy Mokanbabu Rajah 19 March 2004Nayak [as 13]Descendant of King Rajadhi Rajasinha (1782–1798).Hereditary1815[49]
Myanmar Kengtung [as 14] Sao Leng 14 September 1997MangrāiRelative of Saopha Sao Kya Seng (1947–1962).Hereditary1962[50][51]
 Korea Prince Yi Seok
Yi Won		 16 July 2005 [as 15] Yi [as 16]Descendant of Emperor Gojong (1863–1907).Hereditary1910[55][56][57]
Laos Laos Soulivong Savang 19 September 1997 [as 17]Khun LoDescendant of King Savang Vatthana (1959–1975).Hereditary1975[58]
Maldives Muhammad Nooraddeen 27 May 1969HuraaSon of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II (1935–1943).Hereditary1968[59]
  Mohammarah Ali bin Nader 16 June 2008KassibDescendant of Sheikh Khaz'al al-Ka'bi (1863–1936).Hereditary1936[60]
Mongolia Jebtsundamba Khutuktu X TBDN/AReincarnation of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu VIII, the last reigning Khan (1911–1924). [as 18]Theocratic [as 19]1924[61]
Myanmar Mongpawn Hso Hom 2 March 1962 [as 20]ShanLast reigning Saopha (1947–1962).Hereditary1962[62]
 Ottoman Empire Dündar Ali Osman 6 January 2017OsmanGreat-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909). [as 21] Hereditary 1922 [64]
Ryūkyū Kingdom Ryūkyū Mamoru Shō 30 August 1996ShōDescendant of King Shō Tai (1848–1879).Hereditary1879[65]
 Sarawak Jason Desmond Anthony Brooke 27 May 2017BrookeGreat-great-nephew of Rajah Vyner (1917–1946).Hereditary1946[66]
Sikkim Sikkim Wangchuk Namgyal 29 January 1982NamgyelSon of Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975).Hereditary1975
Sulu [as 22] Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram 16 February 1986Kiram Royal House (First Heir-Apparent) Golden Sealer, symbolized as Keris on Sulu flagSon of the last Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Moh. Mahakuttah Kiram (1974–1986)[67]HereditaryN/A[68]
Sultan Aliuddin Haddis Pabila 17 December 2004The Maharaja Adinda royal house (second heir-apparent) bronze sealer-spear symbol on Sulu flag. [as 23]Descendant of Sultan Bantilan Muizuddin (1748–1763) Sultan Mohammad Aranan Puyo (1862*)[69]
Sultan Jamalul Abirin 1950–1980Shakiraullah Royal House (first heir-apparent) silver sealer-symbolized as Barung on Sulu flag. [as 23]Descendant of Sultan Zainul Abidin (1937–1950)
 Tibet Tenzin Gyatso 17 March 1959N/ALast reigning and current recognised Dalai Lama. [as 24]Theocratic [as 19]1964[70]
 Vietnam Bảo Ân 15 March 2017NguyễnSon of Emperor Bảo Đại (1926–1945).Hereditary1949
Myanmar Yawnghwe Haŏ Shwe-Thaike 26 May 1999ShanGrandson of Saopha Sao Shwe Thaik (1927–1962).Hereditary1962[71]

The current pretender to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a rebel Chinese state that existed from 1851 to 1864, is unknown. The many khanates in Asia should have pretenders, however due to the amount of Genghis Khan descendants it is hard. Thus positions remain vacant.

India and Pakistan

Following the Partition of India in 1947, the majority of princely states in the subcontinent acceded to either the Dominion of Pakistan or the Union of India. Official recognition of hereditary royal entitlements and accompanying privy purses was abolished in the Republic of India through a constitutional amendment on 28 December 1971. The same was done in Pakistan on 1 January 1972. In many cases, members of the former ruling families of princely states retain a considerable degree of political influence within their communities. Many leaders continue to be referred to by their claimed titles, including most notably within the Supreme Court.[72][73] Jammu and Kashmir, subject to an ongoing armed conflict between India, Pakistan and China,[74][75] is the last remaining of the British princely states of which sovereignty continues to be disputed.[76][77]

Nepal

Nepal's numerous small monarchies were collectively abolished by the federal government on 7 October 2008. At the time, the thrones of both Salyan and Jajarkot had been vacant since the deaths of rajas Gopendra Bahadur and Prakash Bikram respectively (both in 2003), and have remained vacant.[78][79]

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Nepal Nepal Gyanendra 28 May 2008 [as 25]Shah [as 26]Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).Hereditary2008[80]
Bajhang Binod Bahadur 7 October 2008[as 27]Last reigning Raja (1989–2008).Hereditary [as 28][82][83]
Bhirkot Prakash 7 October 2008 [as 29]Last reigning Raja (2002–2008).Hereditary [as 28][84]
Mustang [as 30] Jigme Singhe Palbar 16 December 2016 [as 31]Bista [as 32]Nephew and adopted son of last reigning Raja (1964–2008).Hereditary [as 28][85]

Yemen

Former states of the British Aden Protectorate were united in the 1960s to form the People's Republic of South Yemen, which became independent on 30 November 1967. South Yemen later merged with its northern counterpart to form the modern state of Yemen in 1990.[86][87]

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Audhali Salih ibn al-Husayn 17 September 1967 [as 33]Al AudhaliLast reigning Sultan (1928–1967).Hereditary1967[87]
Lower Aulaqi Nasir ibn Aidrus 29 November 1967 [as 34]Al AwlaqiLast reigning Sultan (1947–1967).[87]
Upper Aulaqi Awad ibn Salih 29 November 1967 [as 35]Al AwlaqiLast reigning Sultan (1935–1967).[87]
Beihan Talal bin Saleh 15 February 2010Al Habieli [as 11]Heir apparent of Emir Saleh bin al-Husayn (1935–1967).[88]
Dhala Shafaul ibn Ali Shaif 17 August 1967 [as 36]Al AmiriLast reigning Emir (1954–1967).[87]
Fadhli Nasir bin Abdullah 29 November 1967 [as 37]Al FadhliLast reigning Sultan (1964–1967).[87]
Haushabi Faisal bin Surur 29 November 1967 [as 38]Al HaushabiLast reigning Sultan (1955–1967).[87]
Kathiri Husayn ibn Ali 2 October 1967 [as 39]Al KathiriLast reigning Sultan (1949–1967).[87]
Lahej Fadhl VI bin Ali 17 August 1967 [as 40]Al AbdaliLast reigning Sultan (1958–1967). Problem: the last sultan Fadhl VI died in 1987, thus he cannot be anymore a pretender.[87]
Mahra Abdullah ibn Ashur 16 October 1967 [as 41]Al MahriLast reigning Sultan (1966–1967).[87]
Qu'aiti Ghalib II 17 September 1967 [as 42]Al Qu'aitiLast reigning Sultan (1966–1967).[89][90]
Wahidi Balhaf [as 43] Ali ibn Muhammad 17 August 1967 [as 44]Al WahidiLast governing Hakim (1967).[87]
Wahidi Bir Ali Alawi ibn Salih 29 November 1967 [as 45]Last reigning Sultan (1955–1967).[87]
Wahidi Haban Husayn ibn Abdullah 29 November 1967 [as 46]Last reigning Sultan (until 1967).[87]
Lower Yafa Mahmud ibn Aidrus 28 August 1967 [as 47]Al Afifi [as 48]Last reigning Sultan (1954–1967).[87]
Upper Yafa Muhammad ibn Salih 29 November 1967 [as 49]Harharah [as 48]Last reigning Sultan (1948–1967).[87]
Yemen Yemen, North Ageel bin Muhammad 6 August 1996Al QasimiEldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr, the last ruling king. [as 50]1962[92]

Europe

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Albania Albania Leka II, Crown Prince of Albania 30 November 2011ZoguGrandson of King Zog I (1928–1939).Hereditaryde facto 1939
de jure 1944		[93]
 Austria-Hungary Karl von Habsburg[eu 1] 4 July 2011[eu 2]Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).[eu 4]Hereditary1918[94]
 Bulgaria Simeon II 15 September 1946[eu 5]Saxe-Coburg and Gotha [eu 6]Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).Hereditary1946[95]
Courland Courland Ernst-Johann 28 February 1982BironDescendant of Duke Ernst Johann von Biron (1737–1740 and 1763–1769).Hereditary1795[96]
Finland Finland Prince Philipp 18 November 1999HesseDescendant of Frederik Kaarle I.Hereditary1919
France (Jacobite) Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachDescendant of King Edward III (1312–1377).Hereditary1422[97]
France (Legitimist) Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou 30 January 1989Bourbon[eu 7]Descendant of Louis XIII's first surviving child King Louis XIV (1643–1715).Hereditary1830[98][99]
France France (Orléanist) Prince Henri, Count of Paris, Duke of France 19 June 1999Orléans[eu 8]Descendant of Louis XIII's youngest surviving child Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (1661–1701)Hereditary1848[100][101]
France France (Bonapartist) Charles Napoléon 3 May 1997[eu 9]BonaparteDirect descendant of Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme BonaparteHereditary1870[102][103]
Jean Christophe
 Greece Constantine II 1 June 1973[eu 10]Glücksburg[eu 11]Last reigning King (1964–1973).Hereditary1973[104]
Lithuania Kingdom of Lithuania Wilhelm Albert 9 February 1991WürttembergDescendant of King Wilhelm Karl (1918–1928).Hereditary1918
 Montenegro Nikola 24 March 1986Petrović-NjegošDirect descendant of King Nikola I (1910–1918).Hereditary1918[105]
Navarre[eu 12] Pedro 28 March 2017Bourbon-Two Sicilies[eu 8]Descendant of King Louis II (1610–1620).Hereditary1620[106]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Rüdiger 6 October 2012Wettin[eu 13]Descendants of Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, designated to rule in 1812 under the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland based on Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw and previously Constitution of May 3, 1791.Hereditary1815[107]
Alexander 23 July 2012Saxe-Gessaphe
Congress Poland Maria Vladimirovna 21 April 1992RomanovDescendants of Nicholas I of Russia (1825-1831), dethroned by Polish Sejm during November Uprising.Hereditary1832
Andrew Romanov 31 December 2016
Portugal Portugal Duarte Pio 24 December 1976Braganza[eu 14]Descendant of King Miguel I (1828–1834).Hereditary1910[108]
 Romania Margareta[eu 15] 5 December 2017Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 16]Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).Hereditary1947[109]
Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern 27 January 2006 Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940)
Karl Friedrich 5 December 2017 Great-grand-nephew of King Ferdinand I (1914–1927) [eu 17]
Russian Empire Maria Vladimirovna 21 April 1992Romanov[eu 18]Descendant of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).[eu 19]Hereditary1917[110][111]
Andrew Romanov 31 December 2016 Descendant of Nicholas I's fourth son and seventh child Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia.[eu 19][112]
 Serbia Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970KarađorđevićDescendant of King Peter I (1903–1918), of the Karađorđević line of kings.Hereditary1918[113]
Nikola 24 March 1986Petrović-NjegošGrandson of Prince Mirko, the heir designate of King Alexander I (1889–1903), of the Obrenović line of kings.[eu 20][105]
Spain (Carlist) Sixto Enrique (Traditionalist) 7 May 1977Borbón-ParmaDescendant of King Charles IV (1788–1808).Hereditary1830
Carlos Javier (Carlosocialista) 18 August 2010Borbón-ParmaDescendant of King Charles IV (1788–1808).Hereditary1830
Dominic (Carloctavista) 22 October 1987Habsburgo-BorbónDescendant of King Charles IV (1788–1808).Hereditary1830
Pedro 5 October 2015Borbón-Dos SiciliasDescendant of King Charles III (1759–1788).[eu 21]Hereditary1830
Spain (Habsburg) Carlo 28 March 1985Poletti-GalimbertiDescendant of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711-1740), the heir designate of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658-1705).[eu 22]Hereditaryde facto 1700
de jure 1714
Spain (Liberal) Luis Alfonso 30 January 1989BorbónDescendant of King Charles IV (1788–1808).Hereditary1830
Ukraine Alexandra Skoropadska-Ott 4 August 2014[114]SkoropadskyGranddaughter of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi (1873–1945).Hereditary1918
 Yugoslavia Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970KarađorđevićSon of King Peter II (1934–1941).Hereditaryde facto 1941
de jure 1945

Germany

The German Empire was a federation of a score of smaller monarchies, all of which are now abolished under modern republican Germany although a handful never abdicated their titles. As a result, there are a large number of claimants to various German thrones. Since the dissolution of the empire, however, a number of former royal households have become extinct in the male line, and are therefore not represented in the list below. Mecklenburg–Schwerin became extinct in 2001, Saxe-Altenburg in 1991, and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and Schwarzburg-Sondershausen in 1971.

Note: Duchess Donata of Mecklenburg is a maternal great-granddaughter of Ernst II, the last reigning Duke of Saxe-Altenburg and a paternal granddaughter of Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the last Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. So technically, she is the potential heiress to both the thrones of Saxe-Altenburg and Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Empire
 Germany Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918[115][116]
Kingdoms
 Bavaria Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachGreat-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918).Hereditary1918[117]
 Hanover Ernst August 9 December 1987Hanover[eu 23]Great-great grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866).Hereditary1866[118]
 Prussia Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918[115]
 Saxony Rüdiger 6 October 2012Wettin[eu 13]Great-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).Hereditary1918[107]
Alexander 23 July 2012Saxe-GessapheGreat-grandson of King Friedrich August III (1904–1918).
 Westphalia Charles Napoléon 3 May 1997BonaparteGreat-great grandson of King Jérôme Bonaparte (1807–1813).Hereditary1813[119]
 Württemberg Charles 17 April 1975WürttembergGrandnephew of King Wilhelm II (1891–1918).Hereditary1918[107]
Grand Duchies
 Baden Maximilian 27 October 1963ZähringenGreat-great grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).Hereditary1918[107]
Hesse and by Rhine Donatus 23 May 2013Hesse11th cousin twice removed of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).Hereditary1918[107]
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Borwin 26 January 1996Mecklenburg[eu 24]Descendant of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).Hereditary1918[107]
Oldenburg Christian 20 September 2014Holstein-Gottorp[eu 25]Great-grandson of Grand Duke Friedrich August II (1900–1918).Hereditary1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Michael 14 October 1988Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[eu 6]Grandson of Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst (1901–1918).Hereditary1918[120]
Electorate
Hesse-Kassel Donatus 23 May 2013Hesse5th great-grandson of Landgrave Friedrich II (1760–1785).Hereditary1866[107]
Duchies
Anhalt Julius Eduard 9 October 1963AscaniaSon of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).Hereditary1918
 Brunswick Ernst August 9 December 1987Hanover[eu 23]Grandson of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1913–1918).Hereditary1918[107][118]
Nassau Henri 7 October 2000Bourbon-Parma branchGreat-great grandson of Duke Adolf I (1839–1866).Hereditary1866[121]
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Andreas 23 January 1998Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 6]Grandson of Duke Carl Eduard (1900–1918).Hereditary1918[122]
Saxe-Meiningen Konrad 4 October 1984Saxe-Meiningen[eu 6]Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).Hereditary1918[123]
Schleswig-Holstein Christoph 30 September 1980Glücksburg[eu 11]great-great-grandnephew of Duke Frederik VII (1808–1863).Hereditary1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern[eu 26] Karl Friedrich 16 September 2010Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 27]great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).Hereditary1850[107][124]
Lippe Stephan 20 August 2015LippeGrandson of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).Hereditary1918[107]
Friedrich Wilhelm 15 June 1990Grandnephew of Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (1905–1918).
Reuss[eu 28] Heinrich XIV 20 June 2012ReussRelative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).[eu 29]Hereditary1918[107]
Schaumburg-Lippe Alexander 28 August 2003LippeGrandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).Hereditary1918[107][125]
Schwarzenberg Karl 25 October 1979SchwarzenbergDescendant of Prince Johann I (1782–1789).Hereditary1789[126]
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984Schwarzburg-RudolstadtDescendant of Prince Günther Victor (1852–1925).Hereditary1918[127][128]
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen Friedrich Magnus 4 November 1984Schwarzburg-SondershausenDescendant of Prince Günther Victor (1909–1925).1918[127][128]
Waldeck and Pyrmont Wittekind 30 November 1967WaldeckGrandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).Hereditary1918[129]
Wied-Neuwied Maximilian 12 March 2015Wied-NeuwiedDescendant of Prince Friedrich Karl (1741–1809).Hereditary1806
County
Solms-Wildenfels Friedrich Magnus 1945Solms-WildenfelsDescendant of Frederick Magnus II (1801–06).Hereditary1806

Italy

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Italy Amedeo 18 March 1983SavoyGreat-great grandson of King Vittorio Emanuele II (1861–1878).Hereditary1946[130][131]
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples[eu 30] 15 December 1969Heir apparent and son of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
Etruria Carlos 18 August 2010Bourbon-Parma[eu 8]Great-great-great grandson of King Ludovico II (1803–1807).Hereditary1807[133][134]
Mantua Maurizio 18 September 1943GonzagaDescendant of Marquis Federico I (1478–1484).Hereditary1708[135]
Modena Lorenzo 7 February 1996Austria-Este[eu 3]Relative of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francesco V (1846–1859).Hereditary1859[136]
Naples Joachim 20 July 1944MuratDescendant of King Gioacchino I (1808–1815).Hereditary1816[137]
 Parma Carlos 18 August 2010Bourbon-Parma[eu 8]Great-grandson of Duke Roberto I (1854–1859).Hereditary1859[133][134]
Piombino Niccolò 8 February 1988Boncompagni-Ludovisi[eu 31]Descendant of Prince Antonio I (1778–1805).Hereditary1805[138]
Pontecorvo Joachim 20 July 1944MuratDescendant of Prince Lucien Murat (1812–1815).Hereditary1815[137]
Tuscany Sigismondo[eu 32] 18 June 1993Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 3]Great-great grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinando IV (1859).Hereditary1859[139]
 Two Sicilies Pedro of Calabria 5 October 2015Bourbon[eu 33]Descendant of King Ferdinando II (1830–1859).Hereditary1861
Carlo of Castro 20 March 2008
Others
Tavolara Antonio 9 May 1993BertoleoniSon of King Paolo II (1929–1934).Hereditary1934[140]

Croatia

Crown prince Karlo Habsburško-Lotarinški

During the fall of the K.u.K. monarchy in 1918 the Sabor of the Kingdom of Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia with Rijeka declared the unification of all Croatian lands and ended the state union with Austria and Hungary, but never dethroned king Karlo I.(IV.).[141] During the Independent State of Croatia 1941–1945 the Habsburgs were officially dethroned, but since today's Republic of Croatia does not consider itself the successor of the Independent State of Croatia,[142] following the succession rite king Karl's grandson Karl von Habsburg-Lothringen is the first in line to succeed to the Croatian throne.

Crown prince Amedeo Zvonimir of Savoy-Aosta

Upon its independence from the kingdom of Yugoslavia in April 1941 the Independent State of Croatia was created under the protection of Italy and Germany. On the 15 May 1941 three laws on the crown of King Zvonimir were passed, which put the sovereignty of the state on the newly created crown, which made the country a kingdom.[143] Three days later in Rome, Croatia signed the Treaties of Rome with Italy. Under the treaties the head of the House of Savoy appointed Prince Aimone as king. Aimone accepted the nomination, adopting the regal name "Tomislav II" and received the royal regalia.[144] He was forced to abdicate his throne on the orders of the Italian king Vittorio Emanuele III, before been crowned. Aimone formally renounced all claims in October 1943. Since his death on 29 January 1948, his eldest son Amedeo may be argued to be the heir to that throne.

Finland

In 1918, following Finland's independence from Russia, the national parliament made an attempt to establish a monarchy under the reign of a German king. Prince Friedrich Karl, of the House of Hesse, was elected as King of Finland in October 1918. He renounced this throne two months later, without ever having taken up the position, and Finland subsequently adopted a republican constitution. For this reason, there is a dispute as to whether the House of Hesse may lay claim to this title, as many maintain that since the king-elect was never installed, the title was never officially bestowed, and thus no claim has any legal basis. The order of succession to the throne was never established. In 2002 Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat declared Phillipp von Hessen, the great grandson of Friedrich Karl, as the current heir of throne. This was based on the assumption that the Finnish throne would have been separated from the senior line of the Hessen family.

Lithuania

Following the country's independence from Russia in 1918, the Council of Lithuania voted to establish a monarchy, and invited Prince Wilhelm, the Duke of Urach[eu 34], to take the throne as king. Wilhelm accepted the nomination in July 1918, and adopted the regnal name Mindaugas II. During the subsequent German Revolution, however, the Council withdrew its decision in November 1918, and Wilhelm was never crowned. His grandson Wilhelm Albert, Duke of Urach, is the head of the family since 9 February 1991. His marriage in 1992 was morganatic and so in 2009 his brother, Prince Inigo of Urach, visited Lithuania and announced that if offered the throne he would be ready to assume it.[145]

Britain

The thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland have not strictly been abolished but rather unified into the British Crown. The abolition dates given below refer to the acts of union which unified them, the Acts of Union 1707 and the Acts of Union 1800. The Jacobite claim to these thrones predates both Acts, dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

The thrones of Wales were abolished several times, with the Statute of Rhuddlan, and then the Laws in Wales Act where Henry VIII annexed all of Wales without claiming/uniting any of the sub-Welsh Kingdoms.

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 England (Jacobite) Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachDescendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).Hereditary1707[97]
 Scotland (Carlosite) Richard Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch 4 September 2007StuartDescendant of King Charles II (1660–1685).Hereditary1707[97]
 Scotland (Jacobite) Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachDescendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).Hereditary1707[97]
Wales Wales (Tywynist) Evan Vaughan Anwyl 1968 Anwyl of Tywyn Descendant of Owain Gwynedd Agnatic primogeniture
Wales (Coronist) Llywelyn Jones, Coron Tywysog Cymru ("Crown Prince of Wales") 23 May 2016 Cymru Descendant of Royal Welsh Nation Gavelkind[146] [147][148][149][150]

Ireland

Until the 1600's, Ireland was ruled by several Kings of several Kingdoms, and until 1198 (or 1260) they were ruled by a High King of Ireland. King Henry II of England signed the Treaty of Windsor 1175 which upheld Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair's position of High King as long as he paid Henry tribute. Henry did not uphold his end and as such the Irish High Kingship ended with Ruaidrí's death on December 2, 1198.

Irish High Kingship
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Connacht (Connachtian) Desmond Roderic O'Conor Don, The O'Conor Don, Prince of Connacht 10 July 2000Ua Conchobair DonnDescendant of High King Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair (1119–1156).Hereditary1260
Munster (Munstrian) Conor Myles John O'Brien, 18th Baron Inchiquin, Prince of Thomond 20 May 1982Ua Briain Inse Uí ChuinnDescendant of High King Brian Boru (1002–1014) and High King Toirdelbach Ua Briain (1072-1086).Hereditary1260
Kingdom of Ireland
StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
(Jacobite) Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachDescendant of King Charles I (1625–1649).Hereditary1707[97]

The Chiefs of the Name are the hereditary chieftains of the Irish clans, who are directly descended from the Gaelic royal families which ruled in parts of Ireland until the beginning of the seventeenth century. Most prominent among these are:[151]

Oceania

StatePretenderSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Abemama Tem Tokataake[oc 1] Descendant of Tem Binoka (1878–1891).Hereditary1911[161][162]
Australia Cocos Islands[oc 2] Ross V 1 September 1978[oc 3]Clunies-RossLast reigning King (1944–1978).Hereditary1978[164]
Easter Island Valentino Riroroko Tuki July 2011Descendant of King Atamu Tekena (1883–1889).Hereditary1888[166]
Hawaii Hawaiʻi Abigail Kawānanakoa 20 May 1969Kawānanakoa[oc 4]Descendant of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).Hereditary1895[168]
Quentin Kawānanakoa 29 July 1997[169]
Owana Salazar

[oc 5]

 19 September 1988Laʻanui[oc 6]Descendant of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).Hereditary[171]
Tahiti Léopold Pōmare[oc 7] Pōmare Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1827–1877) Hereditary 1880 [174]
Joinville Pōmare[oc 8] 28 May 2009

See also

Notes

Africa

  1. ↑ As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rosa Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household.[4] According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.[5]
  2. ↑ Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.[6]
  3. ↑ Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.[7]
  4. ↑ Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title of crown prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile.[8] He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.[9]
  5. ↑ The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David.[10] Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.[8]
  6. ↑ According to the 1955 Constitution,[11] the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the crown prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.[10]
  7. ↑ Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.[9]
  8. ↑ Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was terminated with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.[8]
  9. ↑ Succession is limited to members of two lineages of the Kilukeni: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu, both descended from Afonso I.[12] It is unclear as to which of the two lines the current pretender belongs.
  10. ↑ During the civil war period beginning in 1669, the line of succession was disputed between two lines of descendants of Afonso I: the Kinlaza and the Kimpanzu.[13] Under Pedro IV (1695–1718), who restored unity to the kingdom in 1709, it was established that the Manikongo was to be elected by a council of six, and that succession would rotate between the two lineages. This system functioned sporadically, with considerable fighting, until the kingship was extinguished by the Portuguese in 1914.[14]
  11. ↑ Emmanuel Bushayija was chosen on 9 January 2017[20] to succeed his paternal uncle Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who was deposed on 28 January 1961.[21]
  12. ↑ The royal Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis.[22]
  13. ↑ The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders.[23]
  14. ↑ Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.[26]

Americas

  1. ↑ The Imperial Family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luiz,[27] and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.[28]
  2. ↑ The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the House of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Succession in the Habsburg line passed to the Iturbide family through Emperor Maximilian I's formal adoption of Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I.[31][32]
  3. ↑ The Hereditary Chief of the Miskito Nation was elected by the Council of State from amongst the closest male blood relatives of the previous ruler.[34]

Asia

  1. ↑ Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
  2. ↑ Also known as the Alaungpaya dynasty.
  3. ↑ Jin Yuzhang is a nephew of Puyi (1908–1912), the last emperor of China, and the eldest son of Jin Youzhi.
  4. ↑ The emperors of the Qing dynasty were from the Manchu clan Aisin Gioro.
  5. ↑ The House of Champasakti is a branch of the Khun Lo dynasty of Laos.
  6. 1 2 A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15th Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.
  7. ↑ Alternatively known as Thibaw, or officially as Dutawadi.
  8. ↑ Sao Oo Kya was imprisoned by the Burmese military regime in 2005.
  9. ↑ Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
  10. ↑ Another claimant to the throne (since 1956) is Sharif Ali bin al-Hussein, of the same family, but his claim is not considered by some to fulfill the requirements of the former monarchy's laws of succession. Furthermore, his reigning Hāshemite relatives in Jordan have supported Ra'ad's claim, rather than Sharif Ali's.[44]
  11. 1 2 The name "Hashimites" refers to members of the Hāshim clan, a sept of the Quraysh tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged.[45]
  12. ↑ Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.[46]
  13. ↑ The Nayakar dynasty of Kandy was descended from the Nayaks of Madurai, who were of Telugu origin.
  14. ↑ Alternatively written as Kyaingtong or Keng Tung.
  15. ↑ The position of head of the royal family and heir to the throne of Korea has been disputed among various claimants since the death of Yi Gu.[52] Under the traditional rules of succession, Yi Chung would be next in line, but Chung has never pursued a claim to the throne. Chung's father Yi Wu was adopted as the heir of a cadet branch of royal family.[53] Yi Hae-won was the eldest living grandchild of Gojong as of 2005, while Yi Seok is the tenth son of Prince Yi Kang.[54]
  16. ↑ The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
  17. ↑ After the monarchy was abolished in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former king, queen, and crown prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late crown prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
  18. ↑ Jampal Namdol Chökyi Gyaltsen was recognised as the 9th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu by the Tibetan government in 1936. He was publicly proclaimed as such by the current Dalai Lama in 1990, and was formally "enthroned" in 1999. His predecessors were the spiritual leaders of the Gelug branch of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. The 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu was enthroned as Khan of Mongolia upon the country's independence from China in 1911. After his death in 1924, the installation of any further Khutuktus was forbidden by the republican government.
  19. 1 2 Succession is neither hereditary nor elective, instead being based on theocratic laws.
  20. ↑ Sao Hso Hom reigned as saopha from 19 July 1947, until the national coup d'état deposed him in 1962.
  21. ↑ The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam, thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924.[63]
  22. ↑ The state of Sulu was abolished under the Carpenter Agreement of 1915. It was restored as a traditional polity in 1962.
  23. 1 2 A branch of the Sulu Sultanate second heir-apparent. The Maharajah Adinda Families. Tausūg Maharajah Adinda dynasty.
  24. ↑ The 14th and current Dalai Lama was recognised as the reincarnation of his predecessor in 1939. He was officially inaugurated on 17 November 1950, from which time he reigned as both spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet until he fled into exile in March 1959. He continues to maintain a government-in-exile, in opposition to the Chinese administration, and remains the seniormost spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhists until August 2011 when he abdicated and released temporal authority to the democratically elected Prime Minister Lobsang Sangay.
  25. ↑ Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
  26. ↑ Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
  27. ↑ Binod is the eldest son of Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (one of the ten people who died in the Nepalese royal massacre). Binod is also the Director of Hotel Sherpa.[81]
  28. 1 2 3 Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
  29. ↑ Prakash reigned as raja from 13 November 2002 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
  30. ↑ A Tibetan kingdom known locally as Lo, the name "Mustang" is actually a Nepalese corruption of Manthang, the state's capital. Its ruler was styled Raja of Mustang by the Nepalese, and Lo rGyal-po (King of Lo) in Tibetan.
  31. ↑ Jigme reigned as raja from 1964 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
  32. ↑ The surname "Bista" was adopted by the last reigning raja and his family.
  33. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 3 September 1928 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  34. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 1947 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  35. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 1935 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  36. ↑ Previously reigned as emir from 1954 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  37. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 10 July 1964 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  38. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 1955 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  39. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 24 April 1949 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  40. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 8 December 1958 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967. Prior to his formal ascension to the throne, he had served as prince regent since 10 July 1958.[87]
  41. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 1966 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  42. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 10 October 1966 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  43. ↑ Known as Balhaf and Azzan from 1881, signifying Balhaf's merge with Wahidi Azzan. Known simply as Wahidi from 1962, when the sultanates of Wahidi Bir Ali and Wahidi Haban were made subordinate.[87]
  44. ↑ Prince Ali held the position of hakim (regent) from 20 February 1967 until the sultanate's abolition in August of the same year. He was never crowned sultan.[87]
  45. ↑ Alawi previously reigned as sultan from 1955 until the monarchy was abolished in 1967. Before his reign ended, he was made subordinate to the Sultan of Balhaf and Azzan on 23 October 1962.[87]
  46. ↑ Husayn had previously reigned as sultan prior to the monarchy's abolition in 1967. Before his reign ended, he was made subordinate to the Sultan of Balhaf and Azzan on 23 October 1962.[87]
  47. ↑ Mahmud previously reigned as sultan from 1954 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967. His reign was not initially recognised by the British government, which continued to recognise his still-living father and predecessor as sultan until 1958.[87]
  48. 1 2 A clan of the Yafa tribe. The Yafai are divided into ten sheikhdoms that were spread across the former sultanates of Lower Yafa and Upper Yafa.[91]
  49. ↑ Previously reigned as sultan from 1948 until the monarchy was deposed in 1967.[87]
  50. ↑ Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.[92]

Europe

  1. ↑ If reigning, he would be known as "Karl II of Austria" and "Károly V of Hungary".
  2. ↑ On 31 May 1961, Karl's father Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. He relinquished his position as head of the House of Habsburg to Karl on 1 January 2007.
  3. 1 2 3 A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
  4. ↑ The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the united crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, and more.
  5. ↑ Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as elected Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
  6. 1 2 3 4 A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
  7. ↑ The House of Bourbon is a branch of the House of Capet.
  8. 1 2 3 4 A branch of the House of Bourbon.
  9. ↑ Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir to the imperial claim in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
  10. ↑ Constantine II reigned as King of the Hellenes from 6 March 1964 until the monarchy's abolition in 1973.
  11. 1 2 Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  12. ↑ The majority of Navarre was annexed by the Spanish in 1522, and the title King of Navarre was henceforth adopted as an additional hereditary title by the kings of Spain. It is one of the many titles held by the present king, Felipe VI. The remainder of Navarre entered a personal union with France under Henry III & IV in 1589. It was formally integrated into France in 1620. The title King of Navarre continued to be used by the kings of France until the French Revolution in 1792. Based on this union, the current heir to the early French throne, Louis, Duke of Anjou, is also a claimant to this title.
  13. 1 2 The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
  14. ↑ A branch of the House of Aviz.
  15. ↑ Margareta's father Michael I reigned as King of the Romanians between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half-brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
  16. ↑ A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
  17. ↑ Heir under the 1923 constitution, which stipulates Salic law.
  18. ↑ The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  19. 1 2 Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar. The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
  20. ↑ The House of Obrenović, who were overthrown as the Royal Family of Serbia in 1903, hold that the rightful heir to the crown of the King of Serbia is a descendant of Prince Mirko of Montenegro, who was the designated successor of Alexander I, the last of the Obrenović line of kings in Serbia.
  21. ↑ Senior legitimate male-line descendant as promulgated by the Pragmatic Sanction of 1776
  22. ↑ Leopold I was married to Margarita Teresa of Spain, sister of Charles II of Spain (1665-1700). Leaving only a daughter, Margarita agreed to pass her claim to the Spanish throne to any future male children born to Leopold.
  23. 1 2 The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
  24. ↑ The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
  25. ↑ A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  26. ↑ The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
  27. ↑ A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
  28. ↑ The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. The elder lineage expired in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXVII, and inheritance passed to the junior line of Köstritz, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
  29. ↑ For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
  30. ↑ Vittorio Emanuele, only son of King Umberto II, was heir presumptive to the throne of Italy from his birth on 12 February 1937 until the monarchy was abolished in 1946. He declared himself King of Italy in 1969, claiming that his father, having agreed to submit to a referendum on his position as head of state, had thereby abdicated his throne. The declaration came after his father called for Amedeo, Duke of Aosta to visit him in Cascais, allegedly to name him his heir.[132] Umberto II died on 18 March 1983.
  31. ↑ Descended from the Houses of Boncompagni and Ludovisi. By matrimonial pact between the two families, the male-line descendants bear the name Boncompagni-Ludovisi.
  32. ↑ Leopold Franz, the previous head of the house, abdicated his right to the throne in favour of his son Sigismund upon the date of the former's second marriage in 1993. Sigismund succeeded as Grand Master of the Tuscan Orders (the Order of Saint Joseph and Order of Saint Stephen) on 12 April 1994.
  33. ↑ This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two branches of the family.
  34. ↑ A branch of the House of Württemberg.

Oceania

  1. ↑ Although his family no longer holds any hereditary political power, Tokataake remains a highly influential member of the community. He has served a number of terms as the member for Abemama in the national parliament,[159][160] and still holds his title for land rights purposes.[161]
  2. ↑ A Crown colony of Great Britain from 1857, the Cocos Islands were granted in perpetuity to the Clunies-Ross family by Queen Victoria in 1886.[163] Its resulting self-proclaimed monarchy, however, was not recognised by the British government. It disbanded in 1978, when John Cecil Clunies-Ross relinquished his official authority as governor.[164]
  3. ↑ John Cecil succeeded as king upon the death of his father, on 14 August 1944. He remained overseas in London until 1946, during which time the islands were overseen by a military administrator. Officially, he served as governor of the territory from 1947. He relinquished authority in 1978.[165]
  4. ↑ The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty.[167] The last queen, Liliʻuokalani, not having had any issue of her own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heir apparent.[168] The House of Kawānanakoa is historically recognised as providing presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived. Because of an early succession dispute within the family, there are currently two claimants from this dynasty.
  5. ↑ Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui.[170] The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His claim on the throne is disputed.[171]
  6. ↑ The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile,[170] the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui.[172] It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the small chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced by the Kalākaua dynasty who ruled till 1893. It claims closer kinship to the kingdom's first dynasty while the Kawānanakoa line claims closer kinship to the kingdom's last dynasty.[173]
  7. ↑ Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently lives in Paris.[174]
  8. ↑ An adopted member of the family. He was "enthroned" as Pomare XI during a ceremony attended by descendants of local chiefs. The enthronement was rejected by other members of the royal family.[174]

References

  1. ↑ "Pretender", American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010
  2. ↑ "Impostor", American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010
  3. ↑ Blackwood, Gary L. (2005). Perplexing People. Marshall Cavendish. p. vi–vii. ISBN 978-0-7614-1890-0.
  4. 1 2 Buyers, Christopher (2010), "Burundi", The Royal Ark, p. 9, retrieved 29 July 2010 |chapter= ignored (help)
  5. 1 2 Remy, Adelin (ed.) (2008). "Burundi". Almanach de Bruxelles. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  6. 1 2 Remy, Adelin (ed.) (2009). "Central African Empire, Central Africa". Almanach de Bruxelles. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  7. 1 2 Buyers, Christopher (2010), "Egypt", The Royal Ark, p. 14, retrieved 28 January 2011 |chapter= ignored (help)
  8. 1 2 3 4 Buyers, Christopher (2009), "Ethiopia", The Royal Ark, pp. 5–7, retrieved 28 January 2011 |chapter= ignored (help)
  9. 1 2 3 Remy, Adelin (ed.) (2009). "Ethiopia". Almanach de Bruxelles. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  10. 1 2 Buyers, Christopher (2009), "Ethiopia", The Royal Ark, retrieved 28 January 2011 |chapter= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Imperial Constitution of Ethiopia (1955): Art. 2–6.
  12. ↑ Remy, Adelin (ed.) (2007). "Kongo, Angola". Almanach de Bruxelles. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  13. ↑ Thornton, John Kelly (2005). The Kongolese Saint Anthony. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-521-59649-7.
  14. ↑ Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). Africa to America: From the Middle Passage Through the 1930s. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-61530-175-1.
  15. ↑ "Liste des Souverains Kôngolais". Kôngo Avenir (in French). Royal Family of Kongo. Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  16. ↑ Lukács, B. "On A Forgotten Kingdom". Matter Evolution Subcommittee, Geonomy Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  17. ↑ Buyers, Christopher (2009), "Libya", The Royal Ark, p. 6, retrieved 28 January 2011 |chapter= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Royal Central
  19. ↑ Buyers, Christopher (2010), "Libya", The Royal Ark, p. 3, retrieved 19 February 2011 |chapter= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Africa highlights: Tuesday 10 January 2017 as it happened". BBC News. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. Ex-Pepsi Cola employee becomes Rwandan king. Posted at 10:22 UTC. A 56-year-old man who lives in the UK and once worked for a soft drinks company in Uganda has been named Rwanda's king-in-exile. Prince Emmanuel Bushayija succeeds his grandfather, King Kigeli V, who died in the US [sic] in October aged 80. In a statement, the Royal House said the new monarch grew up in exile in Uganda, and later worked for Pepsi Cola in the capital, Kampala. 'He then went on to work in the tourism industry in Kenya, before returning to Rwanda between 1994 and 2000. Since then, His Majesty has lived in the United Kingdom, where he is married with two children,' it added.
  21. ↑ Leonhard Praeg (2007). The Geometry of Violence. AFRICAN SUN MEDIA. p. 39.
  22. ↑ "Rwanda: Clan of the dynasty Abanyiginya". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 31 October 2002.
  23. ↑ Pomeray, J.K. (1988). Rwanda. Chelsea House. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-55546-783-8.
  24. ↑ Aimable Twagilimana (2007). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. p. xxx.
  25. ↑ Buyers, Christoper. "Tunisia". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  26. 1 2 Buyers, Christoper. "Zanzibar". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  27. ↑ Pró Monarquia. "Família Imperial". Casa Imperial do Brasil (in Portuguese). Pró Monarquia. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  28. ↑ "South American Colonial Settlements: Brazil". The History Files. Kessler Associates. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  29. ↑ Buyers, Christoper. "Brazil". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  30. ↑ Gutiérrez, Bernardo (9 January 2008). "La familia real brasileña defiende los nuevos ideales". Diario Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  31. ↑ Williamson, David G. "The Emperor Maximiliano". Casa Imperial.org. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  32. ↑ Marek, Miroslav (20 November 2003). "de Iturbide family". Genealogy.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  33. ↑ Buyers, Christoper. "Mexico". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  34. 1 2 Buyers, Christoper. "Mosquitos". The Royal Ark. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
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Further reading

  • Buyers, Christopher (2010). "The Royal Ark".
  • Cahoon, Ben (2010). "World Statesmen.org".
  • McNaughton, Arnold (1973). The Book of Kings: A Royal Genealogy. London: Garnstone Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-0280-8.
  • Raymond, Allan (2009). "Formerly-reigning monarchs and present-day claimants in Europe". Monarchies of Europe, Yahoo! UK Ltd. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012.
  • Remy, Adelin (1996–2010). "Almanach de Bruxelles".
  • Sainty, Guy Stair (2010). "Almanach de la Cour". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.
  • Societe des Amis de l'Almanach de Saxe Gotha (2010). "Almanach de Saxe Gotha".
  • Soszynski, Henry (2010). "Genealogical Gleanings". University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010.
  • Truhart, Peter (2003). Regents of Nations: Systematic Chronology of States and Their Political Representatives in Past and Present. Volume 3: Asia & Pacific Oceania. K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-21545-2.

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