List of English monarchs

Royal coat of arms of the Kings of England, 1399–1603

This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the seven petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.^[1] The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707.

The seven main Anglo-Saxon petty kingdoms to be unified as the early Kingdom of England

Arguments are made for a few different kings deemed to control enough of the seven ancient kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons to be deemed the first King of England. For example, Offa, king of Mercia, and Egbert, king of Wessex, are sometimes described as kings of England by popular writers, but it is no longer the majority view of historians that their wide dominions are part of a process leading to a unified England, as highlighted by historian Simon Keynes stating, for example, that "Offa was driven by a lust for power, not a vision of English unity; and what he left was a reputation, not a legacy."^[2] This refers to a period in the late eighth century when Offa achieved a dominance over many of the kingdoms of southern England, but this did not survive his death in 796. In 829 Egbert of Wessex conquered Mercia, but he soon lost control of it. It was not until the late ninth century that one kingdom, Wessex, had become the dominant Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Its king, Alfred the Great, was overlord of western Mercia and used the title King of the Angles and Saxons, but he never ruled eastern and northern England, which was then known as the Danelaw, having earlier been conquered by the Danes from Scandinavia. His son Edward the Elder conquered the eastern Danelaw, but Edward's son Æthelstan became the first king to rule the whole of England when he conquered Northumbria in 927, and he is regarded by some modern historians as the first true king of England.^[3][4] The title "King of the English" or Rex Anglorum in Latin, was first used to describe Æthelstan by one of his charters in 928.

The Principality of Wales was incorporated into the Kingdom of England under the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284, and in 1301 King Edward I invested his eldest son, the future King Edward II, as Prince of Wales. Since that time, except for King Edward III, the eldest sons of all English monarchs have borne this title. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I without issue, in 1603, King James VI of Scotland also became James I of England, joining the crowns of England and Scotland in personal union. By royal proclamation, James styled himself "King of Great Britain", but no such kingdom was actually created until 1707, when England and Scotland united to form the new Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single British parliament sitting at Westminster, during the reign of Queen Anne.

House of Wessex

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Alfred the Great 23 April 871 – 26 October 899 (28 years, 187 days)		849 Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburh	Ealhswith Gainsborough 868 5 children	26 October 899 Aged about 50	Son of Æthelwulf of Wessex Treaty of Wedmore	[5] [6] [7]
Edward the Elder 26 October 899 – 17 July 924 (24 years, 266 days)		c. 874 Son of Alfred and Ealhswith	(1) Ecgwynn c. 893 2 children (2) Ælfflæd c. 900 8 children (3) Eadgifu c. 919 4 children	17 July 924 Aged about 50	Son of Alfred	[8]

Disputed

There is some evidence that Ælfweard of Wessex may have been king for up to four weeks in 924 (timing itself is unclear, as he died 16 days, not 28 days, after his father), between his father Edward the Elder and his brother Æthelstan, although he was not crowned.^[9] However, this is not accepted by all historians. Also, it is unclear whether—if Ælfweard was declared king—it was over the whole kingdom or of Wessex only: one interpretation of the ambiguous evidence is that when Edward died, Ælfweard was declared king in Wessex and Æthelstan in Mercia.^[10]

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
Ælfweard c. 17 July 924 – 2 August 924[11] (16 days)	Does not appear	c. 901[12] Son of Edward the Elder and Ælfflæd[12]	Does not appear Unmarried? No children	2 August 924[10] Aged about 23[lower-roman 1]	Son of Edward the Elder

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Æthelstan 924 King of the Anglo-Saxons (924–927) – King of the English (927–939) 27 October 939 (14–15 years)		894 Son of Edward the Elder and Ecgwynn	Does not appear Unmarried	27 October 939 Aged about 45	Son of Edward the Elder	[14] [15]
Edmund I 27 October 939 – 26 May 946 (6 years, 212 days)		c. 921 Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent	(1) Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 2 sons (2) Æthelflæd of Damerham 944 No children	26 May 946 Pucklechurch Killed in a brawl aged about 25	Son of Edward the Elder	[16] [17] [18]
Eadred 26 May 946 – 23 November 955 (9 years, 182 days)		c. 923 Son of Edward the Elder and Eadgifu of Kent	Does not appear Unmarried	23 November 955 Frome Aged about 32	Son of Edward the Elder	[19] [20] [21]
Eadwig 23 November 955 – 1 October 959 (3 years, 313 days)		c. 940 Son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury	Ælfgifu No verified children	1 October 959 Aged about 19	Son of Edmund I	[22] [23] [24]
Edgar the Peaceful 1 October 959 – 8 July 975 (15 years, 281 days)		c. 943 Wessex Son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury	(1) Æthelflæd c. 960 1 son (2) Ælfthryth c. 964 2 sons	8 July 975 Winchester Aged 31	Son of Edmund I	[25] [26] [27]
Edward the Martyr 8 July 975 – 18 March 978 (2 years, 254 days)		c. 962 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Æthelflæd	Does not appear Unmarried	18 March 978 Corfe Castle Murdered aged about 16	Son of Edgar the Peaceful	[28] [29]
(1st reign)[lower-roman 2] Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 18 March 978 – 1013 (34–35 years)		c. 968 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth	(1) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children (2) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children	23 April 1016 London Aged about 48	Son of Edgar the Peaceful	[31] [30] [32]

House of Denmark

England came under the control of Sweyn Forkbeard, a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Sweyn Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 – 3 February 1014 (41 days)		c. 960 Denmark Son of Harald Bluetooth and Gyrid Olafsdottir of Sweden	(1) Gunhild of Wenden c. 990 7 children (2) Sigrid the Haughty c. 1000 1 daughter	3 February 1014 Gainsborough Aged about 54	Right of conquest	[33] [34] [35]

House of Wessex (restored, first time)

Following the death of Sweyn Forkbeard, Æthelred the Unready returned from exile and was again proclaimed king on 3 February 1014. His son succeeded him after being chosen king by the citizens of London and a part of the Witan,^[36] despite ongoing Danish efforts in wresting the crown from the West Saxons.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(2nd reign) Æthelred Æthelred the Unready 3 February 1014 – 23 April 1016 (2 years, 81 days)		c. 968 Son of Edgar the Peaceful and Ælfthryth	(1) Ælfgifu of York 991 9 children (2) Emma of Normandy 1002 3 children	23 April 1016 London Aged about 48	Son of Edgar the Peaceful	[31] [30] [32]
Edmund Ironside 23 April 1016 – 30 November 1016 (222 days)		c. 990 Son of Æthelred and Ælfgifu of York	Edith of East Anglia 2 children	30 November 1016 Glastonbury Aged 26	Son of Æthelred	[36] [37] [38]

House of Denmark (restored)

Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut (Canute) in which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.^[39] Upon Edmund's death just over a month later on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king for almost twenty years.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Canute Cnut the Great 18 October 1016 – 12 November 1035 (19 years, 26 days)		c. 995 Son of Sweyn Forkbeard and Gunhilda of Poland	(1) Ælfgifu of Northampton 2 sons (2) Emma of Normandy 1017 2 children	12 November 1035 Shaftesbury Aged about 40	Son of Sweyn Treaty of Deerhurst	[40] [41]
Harold Harefoot 12 November 1035 – 17 March 1040[lower-roman 3] (4 years, 127 days)		c. 1016 Son of Canute and Ælfgifu of Northampton	Ælfgifu? 1 son?	17 March 1040 Oxford Aged about 24	Son of Canute	[43] [42] [44]
Harthacnut 17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042 (2 years, 84 days)		1018 Son of Canute and Emma of Normandy	Does not appear Unmarried	8 June 1042 Lambeth Aged about 24	Son of Canute	[45] [46] [47]

House of Wessex (restored, second time)

After Harthacnut, there was a brief Saxon Restoration between 1042 and 1066.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 – 5 January 1066 (23 years, 212 days)		c. 1003 Islip Son of Æthelred and Emma of Normandy	Edith of Wessex 23 January 1045 No children	5 January 1066 Westminster Palace Aged about 63	Son of Æthelred	[48]

House of Godwin

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Harold Godwinson 6 January 1066 – 14 October 1066 (282 days)		c. 1022 Son of Godwin of Wessex and Gytha Thorkelsdóttir	(1) Edith Swannesha 5 children (2) Ealdgyth c. 1064 2 sons	14 October 1066 Hastings Died in battle aged 44	Supposedly named heir by Edward the Confessor Elected by the Witenagemot	[49]

Disputed claimants (House of Wessex)

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(Title disputed) Edgar Ætheling 15 October 1066 – 17 December 1066[lower-roman 4] (64 days)		c. 1051 Son of Edward the Exile and Agatha	Does not appear Unmarried	c. 1126 Aged about 75	Grandson of Edmund Ironside Elected by the Witenagemot	[50] [51]

House of Normandy

In 1066, several rival claimants to the English throne emerged. Among them were Harold Godwinson, elected king by the Witenagemot after the death of Edward the Confessor, as well as Harald Hardrada, King of Norway who claimed to be the rightful heir of Harthacnut, and Duke William II of Normandy, vassal to the King of France, and first cousin once-removed of Edward the Confessor. Harald and William both invaded separately in 1066. Godwinson successfully repelled the invasion by Hardrada, but ultimately lost the throne of England in the Norman conquest of England. After the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William the Conqueror made permanent the recent removal of the capital from Winchester to London. Following the death of Harold Godwinson at Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon Witenagemot elected as king Edgar the Ætheling, the son of Edward the Exile and grandson of Edmund Ironside, but the young monarch was unable to resist the invaders and was never crowned. William was crowned King William I of England on Christmas Day 1066, in Westminster Abbey, and is today known as William the Conqueror, William the Bastard or William I.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
William I William the Conqueror[52] 25 December 1066 – 9 September 1087 (20 years, 259 days)		c. 1028 Falaise Castle Son of Robert the Magnificent and Herleva	Matilda of Flanders Normandy 1053 9 children	9 September 1087 Rouen Aged about 59[lower-roman 5]	Supposedly named heir in 1052 by Edward the Confessor First cousin once removed of Edward the Confessor Right of conquest	[53] [54]
William II William Rufus 26 September 1087[lower-alpha 1] – 2 August 1100 (12 years, 311 days)		c. 1056 Normandy Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	Does not appear Unmarried	2 August 1100 New Forest Shot with an arrow aged 44	Son of William I Granted the Kingdom of England over elder brother Robert Curthose	[55] [56]
Henry I Henry Beauclerc 5 August 1100[lower-alpha 2] – 1 December 1135 (35 years, 119 days)		September 1068 Selby Son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders	(1) Matilda of Scotland Westminster Abbey 11 November 1100 2 children (2) Adeliza of Louvain Windsor Castle 29 January 1121 No children	1 December 1135 Saint-Denis-en-Lyons Aged 67[lower-roman 6]	Son of William I Seizure of the Crown	[57] [56]

House of Blois

Henry I left no legitimate male heirs, his son William Adelin having died in the White Ship disaster. This ended the direct Norman line of kings in England. Henry named his eldest daughter, the dowager Empress Matilda as his heir. Before naming Matilda as heir, however, he had been in negotiations to name his nephew Stephen of Blois as his heir. When Henry died, Stephen invaded England, and in a coup d'etat had himself crowned instead of Matilda. The period which followed is known as The Anarchy, as parties supporting each side fought in open warfare on both Britain and on the continent for the better part of two decades.

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Stephen Stephen of Blois 22 December 1135[lower-alpha 3] – 25 October 1154 (18 years, 308 days)		c. 1096 Blois Son of Stephen II of Blois and Adela of Normandy	Matilda of Boulogne Westminster 1125 6 children	25 October 1154 Dover Castle Aged about 58	Grandson of William I Appointment / usurpation	[56] [58]

Disputed claimants

Empress Matilda was declared heir presumptive by her father, Henry I, after the death of her brother on the White Ship, and acknowledged as such by the barons. However, upon Henry I's death, the throne was seized by Matilda's cousin, Stephen of Blois. During the ensuing Anarchy, Matilda controlled England for a few months in 1141—the first woman so to do—but was never crowned and is rarely listed as a monarch of England.^{[lower-roman 7]}

Name	Portrait	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(Title disputed) Matilda Empress Matilda 7 April 1141 – 1 November 1141 (209 days)		7 February 1102 Sutton Courtenay Daughter of Henry I and Edith of Scotland	(1) Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire Mainz 6 January 1114 No children (2) Geoffrey Plantagenet Le Mans Cathedral 22 May 1128 3 sons	10 September 1167 Rouen Aged 65	Daughter of Henry I Seizure of the Crown	[59] [58]

Count Eustace IV of Boulogne (c. 1130 – 17 August 1153) was appointed co-king of England by his father, King Stephen, on 6 April 1152, in order to guarantee his succession to the throne (as was the custom in France, but not in England). However, the Pope and the Church would not agree to this, and Eustace was not crowned. Eustace died the next year aged 23, during his father's lifetime, and so never became king in his own right.^[60]

House of Anjou

King Stephen came to an agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, where Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, as the designated heir. The royal house descended from Matilda and Geoffrey is widely known by two names, the House of Anjou (after Geoffrey's title as Count of Anjou) or the House of Plantagenet, after his sobriquet. Some historians prefer to group the subsequent kings into two groups, before and after the loss of the bulk of their French possessions, although they are not different royal houses.

The Angevins ruled over the Angevin Empire during the 12th and 13th centuries, an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland. They did not regard England as their primary home until most of their continental domains were lost by John. Though the Angevin dynasty was short-lived, their male line descendants included the House of Plantagenet, the House of Lancaster and the House of York.

The Angevins formulated England's royal coat of arms, which usually showed other kingdoms held or claimed by them or their successors, although without representation of Ireland for quite some time. Dieu et mon droit has generally been used as the motto of English monarchs since being adopted by Edward III,^[61] but it was first used as a battle cry by Richard I in 1198 at the Battle of Gisors, when he defeated the forces of Philip II of France, after which, he made it his motto.^[61][62]

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Henry II Henry Curtmantle 19 December 1154[lower-alpha 4] – 6 July 1189 (34 years, 200 days)			5 March 1133 Le Mans Son of Geoffrey V of Anjou and Matilda	Eleanor of Aquitaine Bordeaux Cathedral 18 May 1152 8 children	6 July 1189 Chinon Aged 56[lower-roman 8]	Grandson of Henry I Treaty of Wallingford	[63] [64]
Richard I Richard the Lionheart 3 September 1189[lower-alpha 5] – 6 April 1199 (9 years, 216 days)			8 September 1157 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	Berengaria of Navarre Limassol 12 May 1191 No children	6 April 1199 Châlus Shot by an arrow aged 41[lower-roman 9]	Son of Henry II Primogeniture	[65] [64]
John John Lackland 27 May 1199[lower-alpha 6] – 19 October 1216 (17 years, 146 days)			24 December 1166 Beaumont Palace Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine	(1) Isabel of Gloucester Marlborough Castle 29 August 1189 No children (2) Isabella of Angoulême Bordeaux Cathedral 24 August 1200 5 children	19 October 1216 Newark-on-Trent Aged 49[lower-roman 10]	Son of Henry II Proximity of blood	[66] [67]

Henry II named his son, another Henry (1155–1183), as co-ruler with him. But this was a Norman custom of designating an heir, and the younger Henry did not outlive his father and rule in his own right, so he is not counted as a monarch on lists of kings.

Disputed claimant

Louis VIII of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's cathedral. Many nobles, including Alexander II of Scotland for his English possessions, gathered to give homage to him. However, in signing the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217, Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim
(Title disputed) Louis Louis VIII the Lion 1216 – 22 September 1217 (1 year)			5 September 1187 Paris Son of Philip II of France and Isabella of Hainault	Blanche of Castile Port-Mort 23 May 1200 13 children	8 November 1226 Montpensier Aged 39	Right of conquest

House of Plantagenet

Main article: House of Plantagenet

The House of Plantagenet takes its name from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, husband of the Empress Matilda and father of Henry II. The name Plantagenet itself was unknown as a family name per se until Richard of York adopted it as his family name in the 15th century. It has since been retroactively applied to English monarchs from Henry II onward. It is common among modern historians to refer to Henry II and his sons as the "Angevins" due to their vast continental Empire, and most of the Angevin kings before John spent more time in their continental possessions than in England. It is from the time of Henry III, after the loss of most of the family's continental possessions, that the Plantagenet kings became more English in nature. The Houses of Lancaster and York are cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Henry III Henry of Winchester 28 October 1216[lower-alpha 7] – 16 November 1272 (56 years, 20 days)			1 October 1207 Winchester Castle Son of John and Isabella of Angoulême	Eleanor of Provence Canterbury Cathedral 14 January 1236 5 children	16 November 1272 Westminster Palace Aged 65	Son of John Primogeniture	[68] [67]
Edward I Edward Longshanks 20 November 1272[lower-alpha 8] – 7 July 1307 (34 years, 230 days)			17 June 1239 Palace of Westminster Son of Henry III and Eleanor of Provence	(1) Eleanor of Castile Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas 18 October 1254 16 children (2) Margaret of France Canterbury 10 September 1299 3 children	7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands Aged 68	Son of Henry III Primogeniture	[69] [70]
Edward II Edward of Caernarfon 8 July 1307[lower-alpha 9] – 20 January 1327 (19 years, 197 days)			25 April 1284 Caernarfon Castle Son of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile	Isabella of France Boulogne Cathedral 24 January 1308 4 children	21 September 1327 Berkeley Castle Murdered aged 43[lower-roman 11]	Son of Edward I Primogeniture	[72] [73]
Edward III 25 January 1327[lower-alpha 10] – 21 June 1377 (50 years, 148 days)			13 November 1312 Windsor Castle Son of Edward II and Isabella of France	Philippa of Hainault York Minster 25 January 1328 14 children	21 June 1377 Sheen Palace Aged 64	Son of Edward II Primogeniture	[74] [73]
Richard II 22 June 1377[lower-alpha 11] – 29 September 1399 (22 years, 100 days)			6 January 1367 Bordeaux Son of Edward the Black Prince and Joan of Kent	(1) Anne of Bohemia 14 January 1382 No children (2) Isabella of Valois Calais 4 November 1396 No children	14 February 1400 Pontefract Castle Aged 33	Grandson of Edward III Primogeniture	[75] [76]

House of Lancaster

Main article: House of Lancaster

This house descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. Henry IV seized power from Richard II (and also displaced the next in line to the throne, Edmund Mortimer (then aged 7), a descendant of Edward III's second son, Lionel of Antwerp).

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Henry IV Henry of Bolingbroke 30 September 1399[lower-alpha 12] – 20 March 1413 (13 years, 172 days)			3 April 1367 Bolingbroke Castle Son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster	(1) Mary de Bohun Arundel Castle 27 July 1380 7 children (2) Joanna of Navarre Winchester Cathedral 7 February 1403 No children	20 March 1413 Westminster Abbey Aged 45	Grandson / heir male of Edward III Usurpation / agnatic primogeniture	[77] [78] [76]
Henry V 21 March 1413[lower-alpha 13] – 31 August 1422 (9 years, 164 days)			16 September 1386 Monmouth Castle Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun	Catherine of Valois Troyes Cathedral 2 June 1420 1 son	31 August 1422 Château de Vincennes Aged 36	Son of Henry IV Agnatic primogeniture	[79] [80] [81]
(1st reign) Henry VI 1 September 1422[lower-alpha 14] – 4 March 1461 (38 years, 185 days)			6 December 1421 Windsor Castle Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son	21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49	Son of Henry V Agnatic primogeniture	[82] [81]

House of York

Main article: House of York

The House of York inherited its name from the fourth surviving son of Edward III, Edmund of Langley, first Duke of York, but claimed the right to the throne through Edward III's second surviving son, Lionel of Antwerp.

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) saw the throne pass back and forth between the rival houses of Lancaster and York.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(1st reign) Edward IV 4 March 1461[lower-alpha 15] – 3 October 1470 (9 years, 214 days)			28 April 1442 Rouen Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40	Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III Seizure of the Crown Cognatic primogeniture	[83]

House of Lancaster (restored)

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(2nd reign) Henry VI 3 October 1470 – 11 April 1471 (191 days)			6 December 1421 Windsor Castle Son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois	Margaret of Anjou Titchfield Abbey 22 April 1445 1 son	21 May 1471 Tower of London Allegedly murdered aged 49	Son of Henry V Seizure of the Crown	[82]

House of York (restored)

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(2nd reign) Edward IV 11 April 1471 – 9 April 1483 (11 years, 364 days)			28 April 1442 Rouen Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville	Elizabeth Woodville Grafton Regis 1 May 1464 10 children	9 April 1483 Westminster Palace Aged 40	Great-great-grandson / heir general of Edward III Seizure of the Crown Cognatic primogeniture	[83]
Edward V 9 April 1483 – 25 June 1483[lower-roman 12] (78 days)			2 November 1470 Westminster Son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville	Does not appear Unmarried	Disappeared mid-1483 London Allegedly murdered aged 12	Son of Edward IV Cognatic primogeniture	[84] [85] [81]
Richard III 26 June 1483[lower-alpha 16] – 22 August 1485 (2 years, 58 days)			2 October 1452 Fotheringhay Castle Son of Richard of York and Cecily Neville	Anne Neville Westminster Abbey 12 July 1472 1 son	22 August 1485 Bosworth Field Killed in battle aged 32[lower-roman 13]	Great-great-grandson of Edward III Titulus Regius	[86] [87]

House of Tudor

The Tudors descended in the female line from John Beaufort, one of the illegitimate children of John of Gaunt (third surviving son of Edward III), by Gaunt's long-term mistress Katherine Swynford. Those descended from English monarchs only through an illegitimate child would normally have no claim on the throne, but the situation was complicated when Gaunt and Swynford eventually married in 1396 (25 years after John Beaufort's birth). In view of the marriage, the church retroactively declared the Beauforts legitimate via a papal bull the same year,^[88] and Parliament did the same in an Act in 1397.^[89] A subsequent proclamation by John of Gaunt's legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognised the Beauforts' legitimacy, but declared them ineligible ever to inherit the throne.^[90] Nevertheless, the Beauforts remained closely allied with Gaunt's other descendants, the Royal House of Lancaster.

John Beaufort's granddaughter Lady Margaret Beaufort was married to Edmund Tudor. Tudor was the son of Welsh courtier Owain Tudur (anglicised to Owen Tudor) and Catherine of Valois, the widow of the Lancastrian King Henry V. Edmund Tudor and his siblings were either illegitimate, or the product of a secret marriage, and owed their fortunes to the goodwill of their legitimate half-brother King Henry VI. When the House of Lancaster fell from power, the Tudors followed. By the late 15th century, the Tudors were the last hope for the Lancaster supporters. Edmund Tudor's son became king as Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, winning the Wars of the Roses. King Henry married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, thereby uniting the Lancastrian and York lineages.

With Henry VIII's break from the Roman Catholic Church, the monarch became the Supreme Head of the Church of England and of the Church of Ireland. Elizabeth I's title became the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Henry VII 22 August 1485[lower-alpha 17] – 21 April 1509 (23 years, 243 days)			28 January 1457 Pembroke Castle Son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort	Elizabeth of York Westminster Abbey 18 January 1486 8 children	21 April 1509 Richmond Palace Aged 52	Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III Right of conquest	[91]
Henry VIII 22 April 1509[lower-alpha 18] – 28 January 1547 (37 years, 282 days)			28 June 1491 Greenwich Palace Son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York	(1) Catherine of Aragon Greenwich 11 June 1509 1 daughter (2) Anne Boleyn Westminster Palace 25 January 1533[lower-roman 14] 1 daughter (3) Jane Seymour Whitehall Palace 30 May 1536 1 son 3 further marriages No more children	28 January 1547 Whitehall Palace Aged 55	Son of Henry VII Primogeniture	[92] [93]
Edward VI 28 January 1547[lower-alpha 19] – 6 July 1553 (6 years, 160 days)			12 October 1537 Hampton Court Palace Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour	Does not appear Unmarried	6 July 1553 Greenwich Palace Aged 15	Son of Henry VIII Primogeniture	[94]

Disputed claimant

Edward VI named Lady Jane Grey as his heir in his will, overruling the order of succession laid down by Parliament in the Third Succession Act. Four days after his death on 6 July 1553, Jane was proclaimed queen—the first of three Tudor women to be proclaimed queen regnant. Nine days after the proclamation, on 19 July, the Privy Council switched allegiance and proclaimed Edward VI's Catholic half-sister Mary queen. Jane was executed for treason in 1554, aged 16.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(Title disputed) Jane 10 July 1553 – 19 July 1553 (Overthrown after 9 days)			October 1537 Bradgate Park Daughter of the 1st Duke of Suffolk and Frances Brandon	Guildford Dudley The Strand 21 May 1553 No children	12 February 1554 Tower of London Executed aged 16	Great-granddaughter of Henry VII Devise for the Succession	[95] [96]

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Mary I Bloody Mary 19 July 1553[lower-alpha 20] – 17 November 1558 (5 years, 122 days)			18 February 1516 Greenwich Palace Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon	Philip II of Spain Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children	17 November 1558 St James's Palace Aged 42	Daughter of Henry VIII Third Succession Act	[97]
(Jure uxoris) Philip 25 July 1554[lower-roman 15] – 17 November 1558 (4 years, 116 days)			21 May 1527 Valladolid Son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and Isabella of Portugal	Mary I of England Winchester Cathedral 25 July 1554 No children 3 other marriages 7 children	13 September 1598 El Escorial Aged 71	Husband of Mary I Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain	N/A

Under the terms of the marriage treaty between Philip I of Naples (Philip II of Spain from 15 January 1556) and Queen Mary I, Philip was to enjoy Mary's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. An Act of Parliament gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness … in the happy administration of her Grace's realms and dominions"^[98] (although elsewhere the Act stated that Mary was to be "sole queen"). Nonetheless, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.^[99] As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.^{[99][100][101]} Coins were minted showing the heads of both Mary and Philip, and the coat of arms of England (pictured right) was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.^[102][103] Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in England (see Treason Act 1554) and Ireland.^[104] In 1555, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull recognising Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
Elizabeth I 17 November 1558[lower-alpha 21] – 24 March 1603 (44 years, 128 days)			7 September 1533 Greenwich Palace Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn	Does not appear Unmarried	24 March 1603 Richmond Palace Aged 69	Daughter of Henry VIII Third Succession Act	[105]

House of Stuart

Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 without issue, her first cousin twice removed, King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the English throne as James I in the Union of the Crowns. James was descended from the Tudors through his great-grandmother, Margaret Tudor, the eldest daughter of Henry VII and wife of James IV of Scotland. In 1604, he adopted the title King of Great Britain. However, the two parliaments remained separate until the Acts of Union 1707.^[106]

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
James I 24 March 1603[lower-alpha 22] – 27 March 1625 (22 years, 4 days)			19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle Son of Lord Darnley and Mary I of Scotland	Anne of Denmark Oslo 23 November 1589 7 children	27 March 1625 Theobalds House Aged 58	Great-great-grandson / heir general of Henry VII	[107]
Charles I 27 March 1625[lower-alpha 23] – 30 January 1649 (23 years, 310 days)			19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace Son of James I and Anne of Denmark	Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Abbey 13 June 1625 9 children	30 January 1649 Whitehall Palace Executed aged 48	Son of James I Cognatic primogeniture	[108]

Interregnum

Main articles: Commonwealth of England and Interregnum (1649–1660)

No monarch reigned between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Between 1649 and 1653, there was no single English head of state, as England was ruled directly by the Rump Parliament with the English Council of State acting as executive power during a period known as the Commonwealth of England. After a coup d'etat in 1653, Oliver Cromwell forcibly took control of England from Parliament. He dissolved the Rump Parliament at the head of a military force and England entered a period known as The Protectorate, under the direct control of a single individual known as the Lord Protector. While not officially monarchs, the holder of the office of Lord Protector passed from Oliver Cromwell to his son Richard. Richard lacked both the ability to rule and confidence of the Army, and he was forcibly removed by the English Committee of Safety under the leadership of Charles Fleetwood in May 1659. England again lacked any single head of state during several months of conflict between Fleetwood's party and that of George Monck. Monck took control of the country in December 1659, and after almost a year of anarchy, the monarchy was formally restored when Charles II returned from France to accept the throne of England following the Declaration of Breda and an invitation to reclaim the throne from the Convention Parliament of 1660.

Lords Protector

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death
Oliver Cromwell 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658[109] (4 years, 262 days)			25 April 1599 Huntingdon[109] Son of Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward[110]	Elizabeth Bourchier St Giles[111] 22 August 1620 9 children[109]	3 September 1658 Whitehall Aged 59[109]
Richard Cromwell 3 September 1658 – 7 May 1659[112] (247 days)			4 October 1626 Huntingdon Son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier[112]	Dorothy Maijor May 1649 9 children[112]	12 July 1712 Cheshunt Aged 85[113]

House of Stuart (restored)

Main article: Restoration (England)

After the Monarchy was restored, England came under the rule of Charles II, whose reign was relatively peaceful domestically, given the tumultuous time of the Interregnum years. Tensions still existed between Catholics and Protestants, however, and with the ascension of Charles's brother, the openly Catholic James II, England was again sent into a period of political turmoil. James II was ousted by Parliament less than three years after ascending to the throne, replaced by his daughter Mary II and her husband (also his nephew) William III during the Glorious Revolution. While James and his descendants would continue to claim the throne, all Catholics (such as James and his son Charles) were barred from the throne by the Act of Settlement 1701, enacted by Anne, another of James's Protestant daughters. After the Acts of Union 1707, England as a sovereign state ceased to exist, replaced by the new Kingdom of Great Britain.

Name	Portrait	Arms	Birth	Marriages	Death	Claim	Ref.
(Recognised by Royalists in 1649) Charles II 29 May 1660[lower-alpha 24] – 6 February 1685 (24 years, 254 days)			29 May 1630 St James's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth 21 May 1662 No children	6 February 1685 Whitehall Palace Aged 54	Son of Charles I Cognatic primogeniture English Restoration	[114] [115]
James II 6 February 1685[lower-alpha 25] – 23 December 1688 (Overthrown after 3 years, 321 days)			14 October 1633 St James's Palace Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France	(1) Anne Hyde The Strand 3 September 1660 8 children (2) Mary of Modena Dover 21 November 1673 7 children	16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Aged 67	Son of Charles I Cognatic primogeniture	[116]
Mary II 13 February 1689[lower-alpha 26] – 28 December 1694 (5 years, 319 days)			30 April 1662 St James's Palace Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	William III of England St James's Palace 4 November 1677 No children	28 December 1694 Kensington Palace Aged 32	Daughter of James II Offered the Crown by Parliament	[117]
William III William of Orange 13 February 1689[lower-alpha 26] – 8 March 1702 (13 years, 24 days)			4 November 1650 The Hague Son of William II of Orange and Mary of England	Mary II of England St James's Palace 4 November 1677 No children	8 March 1702 Kensington Palace Aged 51	Grandson of Charles I Offered the Crown by Parliament	[118] [117]
Anne 8 March 1702[lower-alpha 27] – 1 May 1707[119] (5 years, 55 days) (Queen of Great Britain until 1 August 1714) (12 years, 147 days)			6 February 1665 St James's Palace Daughter of James II and Anne Hyde	George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 No surviving children	1 August 1714 Kensington Palace Aged 49	Daughter of James II Cognatic primogeniture Bill of Rights 1689	[120]

Acts of Union

The Acts of Union 1707 were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland to put into effect the Treaty of Union agreed on 22 July 1706. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate sovereign states, with separate legislatures but with the same monarch) into the Kingdom of Great Britain.^[121]

England, Scotland, and Ireland had shared a monarch for more than a hundred years, since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English and Irish thrones from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head. There had been attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689, to unite England and Scotland by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early eighteenth century that the idea had the support of both political establishments behind it, albeit for rather different reasons.

Timeline of English monarchs

Titles

The standard title for all monarchs from Æthelstan until the time of King John was Rex Anglorum ("King of the English"). In addition, many of the pre-Norman kings assumed extra titles, as follows:

• Æthelstan: Rex totius Britanniae ("King of the Whole of Britain")
• Edmund the Magnificent: Rex Britanniæ ("King of Britain") and Rex Anglorum cæterarumque gentium gobernator et rector ("King of the English and of other peoples governor and director")
• Eadred: Regis qui regimina regnorum Angulsaxna, Norþhymbra, Paganorum, Brettonumque ("Reigning over the governments of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons, Northumbrians, Pagans, and British")
• Eadwig the Fair: Rex nutu Dei Angulsæxna et Northanhumbrorum imperator paganorum gubernator Breotonumque propugnator ("King by the will of God, Emperor of the Anglo-Saxons and Northumbrians, governor of the pagans, commander of the British")
• Edgar the Peaceful: Totius Albionis finitimorumque regum basileus ("King of all Albion and its neighbouring realms")
• Canute: Rex Anglorum totiusque Brittannice orbis gubernator et rector ("King of the English and of all the British sphere governor and ruler") and Brytannie totius Anglorum monarchus ("Monarch of all the English of Britain")

In the Norman period Rex Anglorum remained standard, with occasional use of Rex Anglie ("King of England"). The Empress Matilda styled herself Domina Anglorum ("Lady of the English").

From the time of King John onwards all other titles were eschewed in favour of Rex or Regina Anglie.

In 1604 James I, who had inherited the English throne the previous year, adopted the title (now usually rendered in English rather than Latin) King of Great Britain. The English and Scottish parliaments, however, did not recognise this title until the Acts of Union of 1707 under Queen Anne (who was Queen of Great Britain rather than king).^{[lower-roman 16]}

See also

Notes

Coronations

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarchs of England.

• "Archontology – English Kings/Queens from 871 to 1707". archontology.org.
• "Britannia: Monarchs of Britain". britannia.com.
• "British Royal Family History – Kings and Queens". britroyals.com.
• "English Monarchs – A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England". englishmonarchs.co.uk.