Lao alphabet

Lao
Type
Languages Lao, Thai and others
Time period
 c. 1350–present
Parent systems
Sister systems
 Thai
Direction Left-to-right
ISO 15924 Laoo, 356
Unicode alias
 Lao
U+0E80–U+0EFF

Lao script or Akson Lao (Lao: ອັກສອນລາວ [ʔáksɔ̌ːn láːw]) is the primary script used to write the Lao language and other minority languages in Laos. It was also used to write the Isan language, but was replaced by the Thai script. It has 27 consonants (ພະຍັນຊະນະ [pʰāɲánsānā]), 7 consonantal ligatures (ພະຍັນຊະນະປະສົມ [pʰāɲánsānā pá sǒm]), 33 vowels (ສະຫລະ [sálā]), and 4 tone marks (ວັນນະຍຸດ [ván nā ɲūt]).

The Lao alphabet was adapted from the Khmer script, which itself was derived from the Pallava script, a variant of the Grantha alphabet descended from the Brahmi script, which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Akson Lao is a sister system to the Thai script, with which it shares many similarities and roots. However, Lao has fewer characters and is formed in a more curvilinear fashion than Thai.

Lao is written from left to right. Vowels can be written above, below, in front of, or behind consonants, with some vowel combinations written before, over and after. Spaces for separating words and punctuation were traditionally not used, but a space is used and functions in place of a comma or period. The letters have no majuscule or minuscule (upper- and lowercase) differentiation.

History

The Lao script was slowly standardized in the Mekong River valley after the various Tai principalities of the region were merged under Lan Xang in the 14th century. This script, sometimes known as Tai Noi, has changed little since its inception and continued use in the Lao-speaking regions of modern-day Laos and Isan. Conversely, the Thai alphabet continued to evolve, but the scripts still share similarities. This script was derived locally from the Khmer script of Angkor[1] with additional influence from Mon, both of which were ultimately derived from the Brahmic writing systems of India.

Traditionally, only secular literature was written with the Lao alphabet. Religious literature was often written in Tua Tham, a Mon-based script that is still used for the Tai Khün, Tai Lue, and formerly for Kham Mueang. Mystical, magical, and some religious literature was written in a modified version of the Khmer alphabet.

Essentially Thai and Lao are almost typographic variants of each other just as in the Javanese and Balinese scripts. The Lao and Thai alphabets share the same roots, but Lao has fewer characters and is written in a more curvilinear fashion than Thai. However this is less apparent today due to the communist party simplifying the spelling to be phonetic and omitting extra letters used to write words of Pali-Sanskrit origin.

There is speculation that the Lao and Thai script both derive from a common script due to the great similarities between the scripts. When examining older forms of Thai scripts, many letters are almost identical to the Lao alphabet and vice versa.

According to Article 89 of the 2003 Amended Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Lao alphabet, though originally used solely for transcribing the Lao language, is also used to write several minority languages. Some minority languages use separate writing systems; The Hmong have adopted the Roman Alphabet.[2] An older version of the script was also used by the ethnic Lao of Thailand's Isan region before Isan was incorporated into Siam. Its use was banned and supplemented with the very similar Thai alphabet in 1871; however, the region remained culturally and politically distant until further government campaigns and integration into the Thai state (Thaification) were imposed in the 20th century.[3]

In its earlier form, Lao would be considered an abugida, in which certain 'implied' vowels are unwritten. With spelling reforms by the communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party, all vowels are now written. However, many Lao outside of Laos, and some inside Laos, continue to write according to former spelling standards. For example, the old spelling of ສເລີມ[4] 'to hold a ceremony, celebrate' contrasts with the new ສະເຫລີມ.[5]

Consonants

The twenty-seven consonants of the Lao alphabet are divided into three tone classes—high (ສູງ [sǔːŋ]), middle (ກາງ [kaːŋ]), and low (ຕ່ຳ [tām])—which determine the tonal pronunciation of the word in conjunction with the four tone marks and distinctions between short and long vowels. Aside from tone, there are twenty-one distinct consonant sounds that occur in the Lao language. Each letter has an acrophonical name that either begins with or features the letter prominently, and is used to teach the letter and serves to distinguish them from other, homophonous consonants. The letter ອ is a special null consonant used as a mandatory anchor for vowels, which cannot stand alone, and also to serve as a vowel in its own right.

The letter ຣ (r) is a relatively new re-addition to the Lao alphabet. It was dropped as part of a language reform because most speakers pronounced it as "l", and had an ambiguous status for several decades. A 1999 dictionary does not include it when listing the full alphabet, but does use it to spell many country names.[6] A comprehensive dictionary published by a high-ranking official in the Ministry of Information and Culture did not include it.[7] However, as the Lao vocabulary began to incorporate more foreign names (such as Europe, Australia, and America) it filled a need and is now taught in schools.[8] It is generally used as the first consonant of a syllable, or to follow a leading consonant, rarely as a final consonant.

Consonant chart

The table below shows the Lao consonant, its name, its pronunciation according to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), as well as various romanisation schemes, such as the French-based systems in use by both the US Board of Geographic Names and the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (BGN/PCGN), the English-based system in use by the US Library of Congress (LC), Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) used in Thailand, and finally its Unicode name. A slash indicates the pronunciation at the beginning juxtaposed with its pronunciation at the end of a syllable.

LetterNameInitial positionFinal position UnicodeTone Class
IPABGN/PCGNLCRTSG IPABGN/PCGNLCRTSG
ກ ກ ໄກ່ kāi, chicken /k/k /k/k KOMiddle
ຂ ຂ ໄຂ່ kʰāi, egg /kʰ, x/kh –– KHO SUNGHigh
ຄ ຄ ຄວາຍ kʷʰáːj, water buffalo /kʰ, x/kh –– KHO TAMLow
ງ ງ ງົວ or ງູ ŋúə, ox or ŋúː, snake /ŋ/ng /ŋ/ng NGOLow
ຈ ຈ ຈອກ tɕɔ̏ːk, glass /tɕ/ch –– COMiddle
ສ ສ ເສືອ sɯ̌ːə, tiger /s/s –– SO SUNGHigh
ຊ ຊ ຊ້າງ sâːŋ, elephant /s/xs –– SO TAMLow
ຍ ຍ ຍຸງ ɲúŋ, mosquito /ɲ/gnnyy /j/j NYOLow
ດ ດ ເດັກ dék, child /d/d /t/t DOMiddle
ຕ ຕ ຕາ tàː, eye /t/t –– TOMiddle
ຖ ຖ ຖົງ tʰǒŋ, stocking /tʰ/th –– THO SUNGHigh
ທ ທ ທຸງ tʰúŋ, flag /tʰ/th –– THO TAMLow
ນ ນ ນົກ nōk, bird /n/n /n/nen NOLow
ບ ບ ແບ້ bɛ̑ː, goat /b/b /p/p BOMiddle
ປ ປ ປາ paː, fish /p/p –– POMiddle
ຜ ຜ ເຜິ້ງ pʰɤ̏ŋ, bee /pʰ/ph –– PHO SUNGHigh
ຝ ຝ ຝົນ fǒn, rain /f/f –– FO SUNGHigh
ພ ພ ພູ pʰúː, mountain /pʰ/ph –– PHO TAMLow
ຟ ຟ ໄຟ fáj, fire /f/f –– FO TAMLow
ມ ມ ແມວ mɛ́ːw, cat /m/m /m/m MOLow
ຢ ຢ ຢາjaː, medicine /j/y –– YOMiddle
ຣ ຣ ຣົຖ or ຣະຄັງ rōt, car or rākʰáŋ, bell /r/,/l/r /n/nen LO LOOTLow
ລ ລ ລີງ líːŋ, monkey /l/l –– LO LINGLow
ວ ວ ວີ víː, fan /ʋ/,/w/vv,w wvw WOLow
ຫ ຫ ຫ່ານ hāːn, goose /h/h –– HO SUNGHigh
ອ ອ ໂອ ʔòː, bowl /ʔ/– –– OMiddle
ຮ ຮ ເຮືອນ hɯ́ːən, house /h/h –– HO TAMLow

Note that the Unicode names for the characters ຝ (FO TAM) and ຟ (FO SUNG) are reversed. The same is true for ຣ (LO LING) and ລ (LO LOOT). This error was introduced into the Unicode standard and cannot be fixed, as character names are immutable.

Consonantal digraphs and ligatures

Lao also uses digraphs based on combinations of silent ຫ ຫ່ານ with certain other consonants, some of which also have special ligature forms that are optionally used. Because the first silent component is of the 'high' tone class, all the digraphs and ligatures are also of the high tone class. The older versions of the script also included special forms for combinations of ພ (pʰ) + ຍ (ɲ), ສ (s) + ນ (n), and ມ (m) + ລ (l). In addition, consonant clusters that had the second component of ຣ (r) or ລ (l) were written with a special form ຼ underneath the consonant.[9][10] Since these were not pronounced in Lao, they were removed during various spelling reforms, and this symbol only appears in the ligature ຫຼ.[11]

LetterInitial position UnicodeTone Class
IPABGN/PCGNLCRTSG
ຫງ /ŋ/ng ngHigh
ຫຍ /ɲ/gnjny nyHigh
ໜ or ຫນ /n/n nHigh
ໝ or ຫມ /m/m mHigh
ຫຼ or ຫລ /l/l lHigh
ຫວ /ʋ/,/w/vv,w wHigh

Phonetic

Lao characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation).

BilabialLabio-
dental		 AlveolarAlveolo-
palatal		 PalatalVelarGlottal
Nasal [m]
ມ		[n]
ນ		[ɲ]
ຍ		[ŋ]
ງ
Plosivevoiced [b]
ບ		[d]
ດ
voiceless [p]
ປ		[t]
ຕ		[k]
ກ		[ʔ]
ອ
aspirated [pʰ]
ຜ, ພ		[tʰ]
ຖ,ທ		[kʰ]
ຂ, ຄ
Fricative [f]
ຝ, ຟ		[s]
ສ, ຊ		[x]
ຂ, ຄ		[h]
ຫ, ຮ
Affricate [tɕ]
ຈ
Approximant [ʋ]
ວ*		[j]
ຢ		[w]
ວ*
Trill [r]
ຣ
Lateral
approximant		 [l]
ຣ, ລ

* Depends on the dialects.

Lao characters in final position. In the old documents, the letter ຽ could be found in place of ຍ or ຢ.

Bilabial Alveolar PalatalVelarGlottal
Nasal [m]
ມ		[n]
ນ, ຣ, ລ		[ŋ]
ງ
Plosive [p]
ບ, ປ, ພ, ຟ		[t]
ຈ, ສ, ຊ, ດ, ຕ, ຖ, ທ		[k]
ກ, ຂ, ຄ
Approximant [j]
ຍ, ຢ		[w]
ວ

Vowels

Vowels are constructed from only a handful of basic symbols, but they can be combined with other vowel forms and semi-vowels to represent the full repertoire of diphthongs and triphthongs used in the language. Vowels cannot stand alone or begin a syllable, so the silent consonant, ອ, which can function as a vowel in its own right, is used as a base when spelling a word that begins with a vowel sound. The names of the vowels are just as easy as saying sala (ສະຫລະ, [sáʔlāʔ]) before the vowel sign. Some vowels have unique names, and these are ໃ- (ໄມ້ມ້ວນ, mâj muân, rolled stem), ໄ- (ໄມ້ມາຽ, mâj máːj, unwound stem), -ົ (ໄມ້ກົງ, . mâj kòŋ, straight stem), -ັ (ໄມ້ກັນ, . mâj kàn, ear stem), -ຽ (ວິຣາມ, vī ráːm), and -ໍ (ນິກຄະຫິດ, nīk kʰā hǐt). [12] Although a short dash is used on this page to represent the consonant, in standard Lao orthography a small x symbol is used for this purpose.[8] Traditionally this was a simple, stylized, sans-serif x and it was included in Lao fonts before unicode became widespread. Unicode does not make it available as part of the Lao alphabet set, and a lower-case sans-serif x is often used instead. (It should be noted that many of the letters listed below are now considered archaic. [13] [14])

Short vowelsLong vowels
LetterIPABGN/PCGNLCRTSGUnicode LetterIPABGN/PCGNLCRTSGUnicode
◌ະ,- ັ◌/aʔ/, /a/aa _າ/aː /aāaaa
_ິ/i/ii _ີ/iː /iīiii
_ຶ/ɯ/uưuey _ື/ɯː /uư̄ueyy
_ຸ/u/ouuuu _ູ/uː /ouūuuu
ເ-ະ, ເ-ັ/eʔ/, /e/éee ເ-/eː/éēee
ແ-ະ, ແ-ັ/ɛʔ/, /ɛ/èæae ແ-/ɛː/èǣaeei
ໂ-ະ, -ົ/oʔ/, /o/ôoo ໂ-/oː/ôōoo
ເ-າະ, -ັອ-/ɔʔ/, /ɔ/oǫo -ໍ, -ອ-/ɔː/oǭo
ເ-ິ/ɤ/euœoe ເ-ີ/ɤː/euœ̄oe
ເ-ັຍ, -ັຽ-/iə/ia ເ-ຍ, -ຽ-/iːə/iaīaia
ເ-ຶອ/ɯə/uaưauea ເ-ືອ/ɯːə/uaư̄auea
-ົວະ, -ົວ-/uə/ouauaua -ົວ, -ວ- /uːə/ouaūaua
ໄ-, ໃ-*, -ັຍ /aj/aiai or ay -າຍ /aːj/ayāiai
ເ-ົາ/aw/ao
-ຳ/am/am
  • In the Northern (Luang Prabang) dialect of Lao, ໃ- is pronounced as [aɰ] rather than [aj]; similarly, in the Northeastern (Houaphanh) dialect, ໃ- is pronounced as /ɯ/.

As in the neighboring Thai script, ◌ະ is used to represent a glottal stop after a vowel.

Numerals

Hindu-Arabic numerals 012345 67891020
Lao Numerals ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙ ໑໐ ໒໐
Lao Names ສູນ ໜຶ່ງ ສອງ ສາມ ສີ່ ຫ້າ ຫົກ ເຈັດ ແປດ ເກົ້າ ສິບ ຊາວ
Thai Numerals ๐ ๑ ๒ ๓ ๔ ๕ ๖ ๗ ๘ ๙ ๑๐ ๒๐
RTGS sun nueng song sam si ha hok chet paet kao sip sao
Transliteration sounnungsongsamsihahokchetpètkaosipxao

Lao compatible software

Linux has been available in Lao for many years.

Windows did not officially support Lao until Windows Vista.[15] User-generated fonts are freely available online.[16]

In December 2011, the Lao Ministry of Science and Technology, in cooperation with the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, officially[17] authorized the use of Phetsarath OT[18] as the standard national font.

The Phetsarath OT font was already adopted by the government in 2009; however, Lao users were unable to use it, as international software manufactures did not include the font in their software systems. Mobile devices were not able to use or show Lao language. Instead, mobile phone users had to rely on Thai or English as language.

The Laos Ministry of Post and Telecommunications asked local technicians to develop a software system of international standard that would enable the Phetsarath OT font to be like other font systems that local users could access.

In March 2011, the Lao company XY Mobile presented[19] the Phetsarath OT on mobile phones as well as tablet PCs using the mobile device operating system Android.

iOS supports Lao script on iPhones and iPads.

Unicode

The Unicode block for the Lao script is U+0E80–U+0EFF, added in Unicode version 1.0. The first ten characters of the row U+0EDx are the Lao numerals 0 through 9. Throughout the chart, grey (unassigned) code points are shown because the assigned Lao characters intentionally match the relative positions of the corresponding Thai characters. This has created the anomaly that the Lao letter ສ is not in alphabetical order, since it occupies the same code-point as the Thai letter ส.

Lao[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+0E8x ກ ຂ ຄ ງ ຈ ຊ ຍ
U+0E9x ດ ຕ ຖ ທ ນ ບ ປ ຜ ຝ ພ ຟ
U+0EAx ມ ຢ ຣ ລ ວ ສ ຫ ອ ຮ ຯ
U+0EBx ະ ັ າ ຳ ິ ີ ຶ ື ຸ ູ ົ ຼ ຽ
U+0ECx ເ ແ ໂ ໃ ໄ ໆ ່ ້ ໊ ໋ ໌ ໍ
U+0EDx ໐ ໑ ໒ ໓ ໔ ໕ ໖ ໗ ໘ ໙ ໜ ໝ ໞ ໟ
U+0EEx
U+0EFx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 11.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

References

  1. ↑ Benedict, Paul K. "Languages and literatures of Indochina." The Far Eastern Quarterly (1947): 379-389.
  2. ↑ National Assembly No. 25/NA, 6 May 2003. Constitution of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Translation Endorsed by the Law Committee of the National Assembly of the Lao PDR. Retrieved from http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=180175 WIPO Lex.
  3. ↑ Ronnakiat, Nantana (1992). Evidence of the Thai Noi alphabet found in inscriptions. The Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, 1326 - 1334.
  4. ↑ Allen Kerr, with the assistance of Sing Bourommavong, Houmpheng Phetmongkhonh, Samreung Singhavara, and Somsangouane Loungsisomkham, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1972, Catholic University Press, reprinted 1992 by White Lotus Co., Ltd., Bangkok)
  5. ↑ William L. Patterson and Mario E. Severino, "Lao-English Dictionary" (1995, Dunwoody Press)
  6. ↑ Kangpajanpeng, Kiao; Vilaipan, Vilaisat; Vongnaty, Kunlapan (1999). English-Lao, Lao-English Dictionary [ວັດຈະນານຸກົມ ອັງກິດລາວ ລາວອັງກິດ,] (in Lao). Vientiane.
  7. ↑ Konnyvong, Syviengkhek (2005). Dictionary of the Lao Language [ວັດຈະນານຸກົມພາສາລາວ] (in Lao). Vientiane. .
  8. 1 2 Lao Language, level 1 [ພາສາລາວ] (in Lao). Vientiane: Ministry of Education and Sports. 2007.
  9. ↑ Ronnakieat, N.
  10. ↑ Davis, Garry W. (2015). The story of Lao r: Filling in the gaps. Journal of Lao Studies 2, 97–109. Retrieved from http://www.laostudies.org/system/files/subscription/Davis.pdf
  11. ↑ Ivarsson, Søren. (2008). Creating laos: the making of a lao space between indochina and siam, 1860-1945. Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Inst of Asian Studies.
  12. ↑ Southeast asian language resource lao dictionary. (2005). Retrieved from http://sealang.net/lao/dictionary.htm
  13. ↑ "Lao Vowel Sounds". www.seasite.niu.edu. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  14. ↑ "Lao Language - Its history, alphabet and numbers". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  15. ↑ "Microsoft Windows help page". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  16. ↑ "AMERILAO.org site How to "Setup Internet Explorer to read Lao font"". Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "New font drives IT development in Laos"" (PDF). Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  18. ↑ Phetsarath OT Information page"
  19. ↑ "Vientiane Times Laos unveils first Tablet"". Retrieved 27 July 2018.

Further reading

  • Lew, Sigrid. "A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies". Writing Systems Research ahead-of-print (2013): 1-16.Authors’s accepted manuscript
  • Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003), Lao for Beginners. Paiboon Publishing. ISBN 1-887521-28-3
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