Cyrillic numerals

Reverse of silver half ruble (left) and copper beard token featuring the year 1705 in Cyrillic numerals (҂АѰЕ).

Cyrillic numerals are a numeral system derived from the Cyrillic script, developed in the First Bulgarian Empire in the late 10th century. It was used in the First Bulgarian Empire and by South and East Slavic peoples.[1] The system was used in Russia as late as the early 18th century, when Peter the Great replaced it with Arabic numerals as part of his civil script reform initiative.[2][3] Cyrillic numbers played a role in Peter the Great's currency reform plans, too, with silver wire kopecks issued after 1696 and mechanically minted coins issued between 1700 and 1722 inscribed with the date using Cyrillic numerals.[4] By 1725, Russian Imperial coins had transitioned to Arabic numerals.[5] The Cyrillic numerals may still be found in books written in the Church Slavonic language.[6]

General description

The system is a quasi-decimal alphabetic system, equivalent to the Ionian numeral system but written with the corresponding graphemes of the Cyrillic script. The order is based on the original Greek alphabet rather than the standard Cyrillic alphabetical order.[7]

A separate letter is assigned to each unit (1, 2, ... 9), each multiple of ten (10, 20, ... 90), and each multiple of one hundred (100, 200, ... 900). To distinguish numbers from text, a titlo (   ҃ ) is sometimes drawn over the numbers, or they are set apart with dots.[8] The numbers are written as pronounced in Slavonic,[9] generally from the high value position to the low value position, with the exception of 11 through 19, which are written and pronounced with the ones unit before the tens; for example, ЗІ (17) is "семнадсять" (literally seven-on-ten, cf. the English seven-teen).[2]

Examples:

  • (҂АѰЅ) – 1706
  • (҂ЗРИІ) – 7118

To evaluate a Cyrillic number, the values of all the figures are added up: for example, ѰЗ is 700 + 7, making 707. If the number is greater than 999 (ЦЧѲ), the thousands sign (҂) is used to multiply the number's value: for example, ҂Ѕ is 6000, while ҂Л҂В is parsed as 30,000 + 2000, making 32,000. To produce larger numbers, a modifying sign is used to encircle the number being multiplied.[10] Two scales existed in such cases (similar to the long and short scales), one (Малый счёт; Lesser count) giving a new name and sign every order of magnitude, the other (Великий счёт; Greater Count), each squaring except for the end (extending to 10 in the 49th power)[11][12]

Modifying signs used to denote values 1000 and greater. For example, А҉ denotes 1 million.

Glagolitic numerals

Tower clock with Cyrillic numerals, in Suzdal

Glagolitic numerals are similar to Cyrillic numerals except that numeric values are assigned according to the native alphabetic order of the Glagolitic alphabet.[13][9] Glyphs for the ones, tens, and hundreds values are combined to form more precise numbers, for example, ⰗⰑⰂ is 500 + 80 + 3 or 583. As with Cyrillic numerals, the numbers 11 through 19 are typically written with the ones digit before the glyph for 10; for example ⰅⰊ is 6 + 10, making 16.[12] Whereas Cyrillic numerals use modifying signs for numbers greater than 999, some documents attest to the use of Glagolitic letters for 1000 through 6000,[14] although the validity of 3000 and greater is questioned.[15]

Table of values

Value Greek Cyrillic Glagolitic
1ΑʹАⰀ
2ΒʹВⰁ
3ΓʹГⰂ
4ΔʹДⰃ
5ΕʹЕⰄ
6Ϛʹ or ϜʹЅⰅ
7ΖʹЗⰆ
8ΗʹИⰇ
9ΘʹѲⰈ
Value Greek Cyrillic Glagolitic
10ΙʹІⰊ or Ⰹ
20ΚʹКⰋ
30ΛʹЛⰌ
40ΜʹМⰍ
50ΝʹНⰎ
60ΞʹѮⰏ
70ΟʹОⰐ
80ΠʹПⰑ
90ϞʹЧ or ҀⰒ
Value Greek Cyrillic Glagolitic
100ΡʹРⰓ
200ΣʹСⰔ
300ΤʹТⰕ
400ΥʹУ or ѴⰖ
500ΦʹФⰗ
600ΧʹХⰘ
700ΨʹѰⰙ
800ΩʹѠⰛ
900ϠʹЦ or ѦⰜ
Cyrillic Modifying Signs
Name (English)[11] Lesser count multiplier Greater count multiplier Sign Example
Тысяча знак (Thousand mark)1,0001,000҂
Тьма (Myriad)10,0001,000,000 ⃝
Легион (Legion)100,0001012 ҈
Леодр (Legion of Legions)1,000,0001024 ҉
Вран (Ворон) (Raven/Crow)10,000,0001048 ꙰
Колода (Trough/Log)100,000,0001049 ꙱
Тьма тем (Many Myriad)1,000,000,000possibly 1050 ꙲
Glagolitic Thousands
Value Glagolitic
1,000Ⱍ
2,000Ⱎ
3,000Ⱏ or Ⱐ
4,000Ⱑ
5,000Ⱓ
6,000Ⱗ

Computing codes

character ҃҂ ⃝ ҈
Unicode nameCOMBINING CYRILLIC
TITLO		CYRILLIC
THOUSANDS SIGN		COMBINING
ENCLOSING CIRCLE
(Cyrillic combining
ten thousands sign)		COMBINING
CYRILLIC HUNDRED
THOUSANDS SIGN
character encodingdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode1155048311540482841320DD11600488
UTF-8210 131D2 83210 130D2 82226 131 157E2 83 9D210 136D2 88
Numeric character reference҃҃҂҂⃝&#20DD;҈҈
character ҉  ꙰ ꙱  ꙲
Unicode nameCOMBINING
CYRILLIC MILLIONS
SIGN		COMBINING
CYRILLIC TEN
MILLIONS SIGN		COMBINING
CYRILLIC HUNDRED
MILLIONS SIGN		COMBINING
CYRILLIC THOUSAND
MILLIONS SIGN
character encodingdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhexdecimalhex
Unicode1161048942608A67042609A67142610A672
UTF-8210 137D2 89234 153 176EA 99 B0234 153 177EA 99 B1234 153 178EA 99 B2
Numeric character reference҉҉꙰꙰꙱꙱꙲꙲

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dejić, Mirko (2013). "How the old Slavs (Serbs) wrote numbers". BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics. 29 (1): 2–17. doi:10.1080/17498430.2013.805559. ISSN 1749-8430.
  2. 1 2 Chrisomalis, Stephen (2010). Numerical Notation: A Comparative History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 978-1-139-48533-3. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
  3. ↑ Yefimov, Vladimir (2002), "Civil Type and Kis Cyrillic", in Berry, John D., Language Culture Type: International Type Design in the Age of Unicode, New York City: Graphis Press, pp. 369–147, ISBN 978-1932026016, retrieved 2017-01-02
  4. ↑ Teplyakov, Sergei (2011). "How To Identify & Interpret Cyrillic Dates on Russian Coins of Peter I The Great". Metal Detecting World. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  5. ↑ Lorković, Tatjana (2003). "Coins and Medals of Imperial Russia". Yale University Library. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  6. ↑ Looijen, Maarten (2015). Over Getallen Gesproken/Talking About Numbers (in Dutch & English) (2nd ed.). Zaltbommel, Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-94-018-0601-5.
  7. ↑ Ager, Simon. "Omniglot: Cyrillic Script". Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  8. ↑ Gesang, Philipp (2013), Typesetting Cyrillic Numerals with ConTEXt MkIV (PDF), p. 3, retrieved 2016-12-29
  9. 1 2 Lunt, Horace Gray (2001). Old Church Slavonic Grammar (7th ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-3-11-016284-4.
  10. ↑ Gamanovich, Alypy (2001). Shaw, John, ed. Grammar of the Church Slavonic Language. Jordanville, New York: Holy Trinity Monastery. ISBN 978-0884650645. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
  11. 1 2 Козловский, Станислав (2007-02-25). "У больших чисел громкие имена" [Big Names of Large Numbers]. Вокруг Света (in Russian). Moscow. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  12. 1 2 A. Kent; H. Lancour; J.E. Daily; W.Z. Nasri, eds. (1979). "Slavic Paleography". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 27. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc. p. 510–520. ISBN 978-0-8247-2027-8. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  13. ↑ Schenker, Alexander M. (1995), The Dawn of Slavic: An Introduction to Slavic Philology, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-05846-2
  14. ↑ Veder, William R. (2004). The Glagolitic Alphabet as a Text. Glagoljica i hrvatski glagolizam. Zbornik radova s međunarodnoga znanstvenog skupa povodom 100. obljetnice Staroslavenske akademije i 50. obljetnice Staroslavenskog instituta. Zagreb, Croatia: Staroslavenski Institut/Krčka Biskupija. pp. 375–387.
  15. ↑ Mathiesen, Robert (2004). A New Reconstruction of the Original Glagolitic Alphabet (M.S.). Brown University.
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