Kulitan alphabet

Kulitan (also known as Culitan, Súlat Kapampángan, and Pamagkulit) is one of the various indigenous suyat[1] writing systems in the Philippines. It was used for writing Kapampangan, a language mainly spoken in Central Luzon, until it was succeeded by the usage of the Latin alphabet imposed by Spanish colonialists.

Kulitan
Pamagkulit, Súlat Kapampángan
Type
Languages Kapampangan
Time period
 c. 1300–present
Parent systems
Sister systems

In the Philippines:
Baybayin
Buhid
Hanunó'o
Tagbanwa (Apurahuano)

In other countries:
Balinese
Batak
Javanese
Lontara
Sundanese
Rencong
Rejang

Kulitan is an abugida, or an alphasyllabary — a segmental writing system in wherein consonant–vowel sequences are written as a unit and possess an inherent vowel sound that can be altered with use of diacritical marks. The origins of Kulitan are uncertain. Although some believe it to be an indigenous invention, many of the symbols and writing rules of Kulitan resemble those of Kawi as well as the other Indian scripts of Southeast Asia. Usage of Kulitan has risen and declined many times, with main reasons for anti-propaganda and nationalism.[2]

There is a proposal to encode the script in Unicode by Anshuman Pandey, from the Department of Linguistics at UC Berkeley.[3] There are also proposals to revive the script by teaching it in Kapampangan-majority public and private schools.[4]

Structure

The indigenous characters were recorded as culit by the early 17th and 18th century Spanish lexicographers (Benavente, 1699 and Bergaño, 1732)[5][6] and the whole writing system was therefore called "kulitan". The ordinary folks simply called them Súlat Kapampángan to distinguish them from the Latin script.

Writing samples of the Kulitan script.

Kulitan is basically made up of Indûng Súlat, or the "progenitor" (literally "mother") characters, and the Anak Súlat, or the "offspring" characters. The Indûng Súlat are the base characters with the unaltered inherent vowel sounds. They are the building blocks of Súlat Kapampángan. Indûng súlat gives birth to Anak Súlat or "offspring" characters whenever their inherent vowel sound has been altered by a ligature or a diacritical mark.

The siuálâ or vowels in Kulitan are usually written as garlit[7] or diacritical marks placed above or below an individual Indûng Súlat or "mother" character. Ligatures are also sometimes used to further lengthen these vowel sounds or represent the monophthongized diphthongs AI (E) and AU (O). A glyph with a diacritical mark or ligature attached to it is an Anak Súlat or "offspring" character. A consonant can lose its following vowel if written at the right side of the preceding consonant.

The recital order of the Indûng Súlat characters are A, I, U, E, O, GA, KA, NGA, TA, DA, NA, LA, SA, MA, PA, BA.[8]

Direction of writing

Historic:, Traditional:, Modern:

Kulitan is currently the only indigenous script in the Philippines that is written and read vertically from top to bottom and from right to left. In contrast, the Surat Mangyan, Hanunóo and Buhid scripts are written vertically from bottom to top and from left to right but read in any orientation.

Handwritten samples and signatures found in 17th century land deeds at the University of Santo Tomas Archives indicate that Kulitan was rarely written vertically,[9] but the written form may have changed during that particular period because of colonial influence. Historic catalogues of precolonial Filipino scripts point to a right-to-left and top-to-bottom writing direction, as with sister scripts of Tagalog and Tagbanwa.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress
  2. ↑ https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kulitan.htm
  3. ↑ Pandey, Anshuman (October 5, 2015). "Towards an encoding for Kulitan in Unicode" (PDF).
  4. ↑ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/985669/protect-all-ph-writing-systems-heritage-advocates-urge-congress
  5. ↑ de Benavente, Alvaro (1699). "Arte y Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga". Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & The Spanish Program for Cultural Cooperation, Philippines.
  6. ↑ Bergaño, Diego (1732). "Vocabulario de Pampango en Romance y Diccionario de Romance en Pampango". Juan D. Nepomuceno Center for Kapampangan Studies & National Commission for Culture and the Arts, Philippines.
  7. ↑ Hilario, Zoilo (1962). "Bayung Sunis". Akademyang Kapampangan, Philippines.
  8. ↑ Pangilinan, Michael (2012). "An introduction to Kulitan, the indigenous Kapampangan script". Center for Kapampangan Studies, Philippines.
  9. ↑ Miller, Christopher Ray (2011). "Filipino Cultural Heritage in the UST Archives: Baybayin scripts in 17th century land deeds". University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.

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