Haplogroup T-L206 (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup T-L206
Possible time of origin 26,800 BP [1]
Possible place of origin the Middle East [2][3][4]
Ancestor T (T-M184)
Descendants T1a (T-M70)

Haplogroup T-L206, also known as haplogroup T1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The SNP that defines the T1 clade is L206. The haplogroup is one two primary branches of T (T-M184), the other subclade being T2 (T-PH110).

T1 is the most common descendant of the T-M184 haplogroup, being the lineage of more than 95% of all T-M184 members in America, Australia, Africa, Asia and Europe. T1 lineages are found at high frequencies among northern Somali clans and at least, T1* could have spread with the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture (PPNB).

The rare basal paragroup T1* has been found in a Berber individual from Tunisia, a male in Syria, and one among ethnic Macedonians in Macedonia.[5][6][7]

T-L206's sole primary branch, T1a (M70), is believed to have originated about 15,900 – 23,900 BP,[8] in the Levant. It appears that individuals bearing T-M70 later migrated south to Africa.[9]

Structure

Phylogenetic T-M184 tree
  • T1 (L206, L490) Found in Syria.
    • T1a (M70/Page46/PF5662, PAGES78) Found in Early Neolithic skeleton found in Karsdorf, Germany, 7200 years old. Also in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Ossetia, England, Italy and Portugal.
      • T1a1 (L162/Page21, L299, L453/PF5617, L454) Found in Eivissa, northern Anatolia and Germany.
        • T1a1a (L208/Page2, L905) Mostly found in Upper Egypt, Horn of Africa, western Europe, eastern Anatolia, Iran and the Arabian Peninsula. Some spots in western Morocco, Sahrawis and Canarias.
          • T1a1a1 (P77) Mostly found in Middle East, western Europe and Ashkenazi Jews.
          • T1a1a2 (P321) Found in Syria and Ashkenazi Jews.
            • T1a1a2a (P317) Found in Syria, Italian Jews and Ashkenazi Jews.
      • T1a2 (L131) Mostly found in northern Europe, eastern Europe, southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Also found in Xinjiang, Lemba, Tunisia, south and east Iberian Peninsula.
        • T1a2a (P322, P328) Found in Scandinavia, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands. Some spots in Yemenite Jews and Palestine(P327).
        • T1a2b (L446) Found in Northwest Europe and eastern Alps.
      • T1a3 (L1255) Found in Kuwait.

Subclade distribution

T1* (T-L206*)

This lineage could have arrived in the Levant through the PPNB expansion from northeastern Anatolia.

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
BerbersSiwi (Berber)Sejenane1/472.1%[5]
SyriansUnspecifiedSyria1/951.1%[6]
MacedoniansMacedonian
(Balto-Slavic)		Macedonia1/2010.5%[7]Orthodox Christians of Macedonian ethnicity

T1a (M70)

Initial research on T1a-M70 (previously K2)
M70 is believed to have originated in Asia after the emergence of the K-M9 polymorphism (45–30 ky) (Underhill et al. 2001a). As deduced from the collective data (Underhill et al. 2000; Cruciani et al. 2002; Semino et al. 2002; present study), K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. While these chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, they are especially prominent in the Fulbe 18%( [Scozzari et al. 1997, 1999])

J. R. Luis et al. 2004, [10]

Three genetically different populations in the Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain
The population of the Pityusic Islands does present a clear genetic divergence in relation to the Mallorcan and Menorcan populations. Neither [does it show] a confluence with the Catalan and Valencian populations ... [T]he data provided by the Pityusic population [compared] with other circumediterranean populations surprises [in] that practically there is no convergence with any of these populations, not even with ... North African populations. The Pityusic case is paradigmatic: ... some markers shows affinities with [Middle Eastern] ... mtDNA variables ... but [the Pityusic population] diverges from these populations when considering other markers. [It] is a separate case, a island, not [just] in the geographical sense but [also a] genetical [island].

Misericòrdia Ramon Juanpere et al., 1998-2004

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Pityusic IslandsEivissenc (Ibizan) (Romance)Ibiza, Balearic Islands, Catalonia, Spain9/5416.7%[11][12]L454+. All individuals carry typical Ibizan surnames and had paternal grandfathers born in Ibiza.
Pityusic IslandsEivissencIbiza7/967.3%[13]L454+
Pityusic IslandsEivissencIbiza3/456.7%[14]L454+

Mendez et al. (2011) points to an ancient presence for T1a-M70 in Europe may reflect early exiles between the ancient lands of Israel and Babylon. The subclade probably arrived with the very first farmers.[6] This is supported by the recent findings of Haak et al. who discovered several T1a1-CTS880 members in a 7000 years old settlement in Karsdorf, Germany.[15][16] Autosomal analysis of these skeletal remains show an unusual relationship with modern Southwest Asian populations, reaching close to 10%.

The T1a1 skeletal remains from this settlement were also found to belong to the H mtdna haplogroup, this settlement have the highest frequency of this mtDNA haplogroup 30.4% (7/23) that have been found in any early Neolithic Europe population until now.[15]

T1a1 (L162; xL208)

T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.

Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker. T1a1 formed 17,400-14,600 BP, is the largest lineage downstream from T1a-M70 and became widespread across Eurasia and Africa before the modern era.

This extremely rare subclade has been found in Ibizan (Eivissan) islanders and Pontic Greeks from Giresun. The first Y-STR haplotype belonging to this lineage appeared in the paper of Tomas et al in 2006 among a sample of Eivissan individuals but is not until August 2009 when the first T1a1-L162(xL208) individual was reported in a 23andMe customer of Pontic Greek background and Metaxopoulos surname, thanks to the public Adriano Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project.

Pontic Greeks from Giresun descend from Sinope colonists and Sinope was colonised by Ionians from Miletus. Is interesting to note that there exist an Ionian colony known as Pityussa just like the known Greek name for Eivissa Pityuses. In Eivissa, where is found the famous bust of Demeter that have been confused with the punic Tanit for decades, is known the cult to Demeter. The bust belonging to Demeter have been analysed and is found to contains black particles of volcanic sand origin from the Etna, is thought to be made in Sicily with red clays typical of the eastern Trinacria, which was colonized by the Ionians. The Ionians could be arrived to Eivissa c.2700 YBP. This lineage could be an Ionian marker.

T1a1a (L208)

This lineage, formed 14,200-11,000 BP, is the largest branch downstream T1a1-L162. Firstly discovered and reported at August 2009 in a 23andMe customer of Iberian ancestry that participated in the public Squecco's Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project and appearing there as "Avilés" and as "AlpAstur" in 23andMe. Named as "L208" at November 2009.

T1a1a1a1b1a1 (Y3782; xY3836)

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
SardiniansCampidanese (Romance languages)Casteddu1/1870.5%[17]

T1a1a1a1b1a1a (Y3836)

This lineage is mostly found among individuals from the Iberian Peninsula, where is found their highest diversity. The first Y-STR haplotype of this lineage, characterized by DYS437=13, was found in the public FTDNA Y-DNA Haplogroup T project, appearing there at April 2009 as kit E8011. However, is not until June 2014 when the Y-SNP Y3836 was discovered in the public YFULL project among two of their participants of Iberian ancestry, appearing there as YF01637 and YF01665.

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
PanamaniansPanamian Castilian (Romance languages)Los Santos Province1/303.3%[18]
ColombiansColombian Castilian (Romance languages)Caldas2/752.7%YHRDMestizo individuals
PanamaniansPanamian Castilian (Romance languages)Panama Province1/432.3%[18]
Northwest ArgentiniansArgentinian Castilian (Romance languages)Mountainous region of Jujuy1/502%[19] YHRDAdmixed population
Puerto RicansPuerto Rican Castilian (Romance languages)Southeast Puerto Rico2/1101.8%[20]
Northeastern Portuguese JewsJudaeo-Portuguese (Romance)Bragança, Argozelo, Carção, Mogadouro, and Vilarinho dos Galegos1/571.8%[21][22][23]
Native Mirandese speakersMirandese Astur-leonese (Romance)Miranda de l Douro1/581.7%[24][25]
DominicansDominican Castilian (Romance languages)Dominican Republic4/2611.5%[26]
PanamaniansPanamian Castilian (Romance languages)Chiriquí Province1/921.1%[18]
MecklenburgersEast Low Saxon (West Germanic)Rostock2/2001%[27]
ColombiansColombian Castilian (Romance languages)Bogotá2/1951%YHRDMestizo individuals
ColombiansColombian Castilian (Romance languages)Valle del Cauca1/1031%YHRDMestizo individuals
VenezuelansVenezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)Maracaibo1/1110.9%[28]
VenezuelansVenezuelan Castilian (Romance languages)Central Region1/1150.9%[29]
EuropeansBrazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)São Paulo1/1200.8YHRDEuropean descents
EcuadoriansEcuadorian Castilian (Romance languages)Quito1/1200.8%[30]
ColombiansColombian Castilian (Romance languages)Antioquia6/7770.7%[31]
MexicansMexican Castilian (Romance languages)Tuxtla Gutiérrez1/1540.7YHRDMestizo individuals
MexicansMexican Castilian (Romance languages)Mérida1/1590.6%YHRDMestizo individuals
Eastern AndalusiansAndalusian (Romance)Granada1/1800.6%[32]
ColombiansColombian Castilian (Romance languages)Santander1/1930.5%YHRDMestizo individuals
ChileansChilean Castilian (Romance languages)Concepción1/1980.5%YHRD
MexicansMexican Spanish (Romance languages)Guadalajara1/2460.4%YHRDMestizo individuals
EuropeansBrazilian Portuguese (Romance languages)Rio Grande do Sul1/2550.4%[33]

Geographical distribution

Europe

Cretan Greeks from Lasithi possess Haplogroup T, almost certainly T1a (M70), at a level of 18% (9/50).[34]

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 14% (3/23) of Russians in Yaroslavl,[35] 12.5% (3/24) of Italians in Matera,[36] 10.3% (3/29) of Italians in Avezzano,[36] 10% (3/30) of Tyroleans in Nonstal,[36] 10% (2/20) of Italians in Pescara,[36] 8.7% (4/46) of Italians in Benevento,[36] 7.8% (4/51) of Italians in South Latium,[37] 7.4% (2/27) of Italians in Paola,[36] 7.3% (11/150) of Italians in Central-South Italy,[38] 7.1% (8/113) of Serbs in Serbia,[39] 4.7% (2/42) of Aromanians in Romania,[40] 3.7% (3/82) of Italians in Biella,[41] 3.7% (1/27) of Andalusians in Córdoba,[42] 3.3% (2/60) of Leoneses in León,[42] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Postua,[41] 3.2% (1/31) of Italians in Cavaglià,[41] 3.1% (3/97) of Calabrians in Reggio Calabria,[43] 2.8% (1/36) of Russians in Ryazan Oblast,[44] 2.8% (2/72) of Italians in South Apulia,[45] 2.7% (1/37) of Calabrians in Cosenza,[43] 2.6% (3/114) of Serbs in Belgrade,[46] 2.5% (1/40) of Russians in Pskov,[35] 2.4% (1/42) of Russians in Kaluga,[35] 2.2% (2/89) of Transylvanians in Miercurea Ciuc,[47] 2.2% (2/92) of Italians in Trino Vercellese,[41] 1.9% (2/104) of Italians in Brescia,[48] 1.9% (2/104) of Romanians in Romania,[49] 1.7% (4/237) of Serbs and Montenegrins in Serbia and Montenegro,[50] 1.7% (1/59) of Italians in Marche,[45] 1.7% (1/59) of Calabrians in Catanzaro,[43] 1.6% (3/183) of Greeks in Northern Greece,[51] 1.3% (2/150) of Swiss Germans in Zürich Area,[52] 1.3% (1/79) of Italians in South Tuscany and North Latium,[45] 1.1% (1/92) of Dutch in Leiden,[53] 0.5% (1/185) of Serbs in Novi Sad (Vojvodina),[54] 0.5% (1/186) of Polish in Podlasie[55]

Middle East & Caucasus

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Iraqi JewsJudeo-Iraqi Arabic (Central Semitic)Iraq7/3221.9%[6]12.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.4% T1a3-Y11151
Armenian SasuntzisWestern Armenian dialect, Kurmanji and Dimli (Northwestern Iranian) languagesSasun21/10420.2%[2]T1a1 and T1a2 subclades
Kurdish JewsJudeo-Aramaic (Central Semitic)Kurdistan9/5018%[6]10% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 8% T1a1-L162
Iranian JewsJudeo-Iranian (Southwestern Iranian)Iran3/2213.6%[6]4.5% T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77 and 9.1% T1a3-Y11151
Mountain JewsJudeo-Tat (Southwestern Iranian)Derbentsky District2/1711.8%[56]All belong to T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77
Not specifiedNot specifiedBirjand1/273.7%[57]All T1a3-Y12871
Not specifiedNot specifiedMashhad2/1291.6%[57]0.8% T1a3-Y11151 (xY8614)

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 28% (7/25) of Lezginians in Dagestan,[58] 21.7% (5/23) of Ossetians in Zamankul,[59] 14% (7/50) of Iranians in Isfahan,[58] 13% (3/23) of Ossetians in Zil'ga,[59] 12.6% (11/87) of Kurmanji Kurds in Eastern Turkey,[60] 11.8% (2/17) of Palestinian Arabs in Palestine,[61] 8.3% (1/12) of Iranians in Shiraz,[62] 8.3% (2/24) of Ossetians in Alagir,[59] 8% (2/25) of Kurmanji Kurds in Georgia,[60] 7.5% (6/80) of Iranians in Tehran,[58][63] 7.4% (10/135) of Palestinian Arabs in Israeli Village,[61] 7% (10/143) of Palestinian Arabs in Israel and Palestine,[61] 5% (1/19) of Chechens in Chechenia,[58][63] 4.2% (3/72) of Azerbaijanians in Azerbaijan,[58][63] 4.1% (2/48) of Iranians in Isfahan,[63] 4% (4/100) of Armenians in Armenia,[58][63] 4% (1/24) of Bedouins in Israel[61] and 2.6% (1/39) of Turks in Ankara.[63]

North & East Asia

Barghut Mongolians from |different localities of Hulun Buir Aimak have T1a (M70) at a level of 1.3% (1/76).[64] In the 12–13th centuries, the Barga (Barghuts) Mongols appeared as tribes near Lake Baikal, named Bargujin.

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+: 2% (4/204) of Hui in Liaoning province,[65] and 0.9% (1/113) of Bidayuh in Sarawak.[66]

South Asia

Haplogroup T1a-M70 in South Asia is considered to be of West Eurasian origin.[67]

The Garo people of Tangail District appear to possess T-P77 (T1a1a1b2b2b1a) at a rate of 0.8% (1/120).[68]||Likely +

Unconfirmed but probable T-M70+ : 56.6% (30/53) of Kunabhis in Uttar Kannada,[69] 32.5% (13/40) of Kammas in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 26.8% (11/41) of Brahmins in Visakhapatnam,[70] 25% (1/4) of Kattunaiken in South India,[71] 22.4% (11/49) of Telugus in Andhra Pradesh,[72] 20% (1/5) of Ansari in South Asia, (2/20) of Poroja in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 9.8% (5/51) of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir,[73] 8.2% (4/49) of Gujars in Kashmir,[73] 7.7% (1/13) of Siddis (migrants from Ethiopia) in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 5.5% (3/55) of Adi in Northeast India,[74] 5.5% (7/128) of Pardhans in Adilabad,[72] 5.3% (2/38) of Brahmins in Bihar,[73] 4.3% (1/23) of Bagata in Andhra Pradesh,[70] 4.2% (1/24) of Valmiki in Andhra Pradesh,[70] (1/32) of Brahmins in Maharashtra,[73] 3.1% (2/64) of Brahmins in Gujarat,[73] 2.9% (1/35) of Rajput in Uttar Pradesh,[75] 2.3% (1/44) of Brahmins in Peruru,[70] and 1.7% (1/59) of Manghi in Maharashtra.[72]

Also in Desasth-Brahmins in Maharashtra (1/19 or 5.3%) and Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (1/21 or 4.8%), Chitpavan-Brahmins in Konkan (2/66 or 3%).

Africa

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
Somalis (Dir clan)Somali (East Cushitic)Djibouti24/24100%[76]Dir Somali clan members in Djibouti. Also, T1a-M70 has been found in only 1 sample belonging to a member of the Hawiye clan (1/1), and in 0/9 (0%) samples belonging to the Isaaq clan.
Somalis (Dire Dawa)Somali (East Cushitic)Dire Dawa14/1782.4%[77]Dire Dawa Somalis.
AnteonyAntemoro (Plateau Malagasy)old Antemoro Kingdom22/3759.5%[78]The Anteony are the descendants of aristocrats, from whom the Antemoro king is chosen. Can be grouped into the Silamo, because they have the right to undertake the ritual slaughter of animals (Sombily)
Somalis (Dir clan) and AfarsSomali and Afar(Cushitic)Djibouti30/5456.6%[79]Mixed sample of Somali and Afar individuals.
Somalis (Ethiopia)Somali (East Cushitic)Shilavo (woreda) (Ogaden)5/1050%[76]The geographic location of this Ethiopia sample as seen in Fig.1.
ToubouToubouChad31%[80]All belonging to the T1a-PF5662 subclade

Sub-Saharan Africa

Population Language Location Members/Sample size Percentage Source Notes
LembaVenda and Shona (Bantu)Zimbabwe/South Africa6/3417.6%[6]Exclusively belong to T1a2* (old T1b*). Possible recent founder effect. Low frequency of T1a2 has been observed in Bulgarian Jews and Turks but is not found in other Jewish communities. Y-str Haplotypes close to some T1a2 Armenians.
BaribasBaatonum (Niger–Congo)Benin1/571.8%[81]T1a-M70(xT1a2-L131)

Ancient DNA

Two individuals from Karsdorf, 7,100 years BP

Karsdorf individuals I0795 KAR6 I0797 KAR16a
IDI0795 KAR6 Feature 170 Musm.no. 2006:14423aI0797 KAR16a Feature 611 Musm.no. 2004:26374a
Y DNAT1a1-CTS880 (xT1a1a1b1a-Y13381, T1a1a1a2a-Y18474, T1a1a1a1b2-Y15724, T1a1a1a1b1a2a-Y10911, T1a1a1a1a2a-Y18145, T1a1a1a1a1-CTS8512, T1a1a1a1a1a1-P77)T1a-M70 (xT1a1-Y3789, T1a2a1a-Z19909, T1a2a2-Y7391, T1a3a-Y9217)
PopulationEarly ENEarly EN
LanguagePaleo-EuropeanPaleo-European
CultureLBKLBK
Date (YBP)7076 ± 907087 ± 725
House / LocationS / KarsdorfH / Karsdorf
Members / Sample Size1/21/2
Percentage50%50%
mtDNAH1* or H1au1bH46b
Isotope SrNative to UnstruttalNative to Unstruttal
Eye colorLikely gray or blue eyesLikely gray or blue eyes
Hair colorLikely non-dark hairLikely non-red hair
Skin pigmentationRs1042602 (C;C)
ABO Blood GroupLikely O or BRs8176719 (T;T)
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)-20.0 / 9.0 (higher Animal Protein)-20.2 / 9.1 (higher Animal Protein)
FADS activityrs174554 (A;A)rs174574 (A;A)
Lactase PersistenceLikely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA34.06%18.06%
Ostuni1 Shared DNA12.49%2.43%
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA3.81%1.08%
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA2.13%1.79%
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA1.71%0%
Ancestral Component (AC)Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 70.56%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 19.86%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 9.34%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 0.24%Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.23%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 16.56%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 14.19%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 9.64%, Neolithic Iran: 2.54%
puntDNAL K12 Ancient59% Anatolia Neolithic Farmer + 24% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer + 10% European Hunter-Gatherer + 7% Near Eastern60% Anatolia Neolithic Farmer + 27% European Hunter-Gatherer + 9% Near Eastern + 2% Caucasus Hunter-Gatherer + 2% Sub-Saharan
Dodecad [dv3]69.1% Mediterranean + 21% West European + 10% Southwest Asian64.2% Mediterranean + 17.4% West European + 10.5% Southwest Asian + 4.2% West Asian + 3.7% Northwest African
Eurogenes [K=36]56.9% Italian + 31.9% West Mediterranean + 6.3% Iberian + 2.1% Basque + 1.3% North African + 0.9 East Balkan + 0.3% East Mediterranean + 0.3% Arabian37.1% Italian + 21% West Mediterranean + 16.9% Iberian + 11.8 East Balkan + 7.7% Armenian + 5.5% East Mediterranean + 0.05% North African
Dodecad [Globe13]67.4% Mediterranean + 16.5% Southwest Asian + 16% North European61% Mediterranean + 19.7% Southwest Asian + 19.2% North European
Genetic Distance98.6cM in chr 898.6cM in chr 8
Parental ConsanguinityMRCA = 1.1 generationsMRCA = 1.1 generations
Age at Death45-6024-26
Death PositionFlexed LeftStretched Dorsal
SNPs107.48095.833
Read Pairs5.279.6577.128.606
SampleTooth / RibTooth / Rib
Source[16][82][83][16][82][83]
NotesGoseck circleGoseck circle
The location of the Karsdorf municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
The individual known as KAR6 (I0795)
This individual belonged to haplogroup T1a (PF5604:7890461C→T, M70:21893881A→C). This is the first instance of this haplogroup in an ancient individual that we are aware of and strengthens the case for the early Neolithic origin of this lineage in modern Europeans, rather than a more recent introduction from the Near East where it is more abundant today.

(Haak et al., 2015)

The source of the Early European Neolithic
The fact that our samples are from northwestern Anatolia should not be taken to imply that the Neolithic must have entered Europe from that direction.

(Mathieson et al., 2015)


Haplogroup T-PF5604, an as-yet unnamed subclade of T1 (upstream from T1a),[84] has been found in the remains of two males who lived 7500–6800 BP, at Karsdorf, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany. Both T1a skeletal remains belong to the Linienbandkeramische Kultur (LBK). T1a from Karsdorf constitutes 22.2% of all ancient samples between 7500 and 6800 ybp in Germany. The remainder belong to other clades: 22.2% are H2 carriers from Derenburg, and the remaining 55.6% are G2a bearers from Halberstadt and Derenburg. These ancient specimens' mtDNA haplogroups have been found to be H1*/H1au1b and H46b. Their autosomal ancestral components also consist of around 70% Western European Hunter-Gatherer (WHG) and 30% Basal Eurasian.[15]

According to strontium isotope analysis, there are two distinct groups of individuals in Karsdorf but neither were exotic; there was no indication of individuals who grew up in geologically distinct uplands or further north in central Germany. The first group, composed of the majority of the males, could grew up in households that cultivated plots on calcareous soils, very probably in the Unstrut valley in the near vicinity of the settlement. The second group, composed of most of the females, could grew up in households that predominantly cultivated plots on loess, possibly beyond the landmarks of the Unstrut River or about 80m above the site on the Querfurt plateau 1–2 km away. Sex-specific tendencies, the combination of the Sr isotope data with the results of previous carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses, and the similarity of the Sr isotope data of the youngest child with the majority of the males may be evaluated as being in agreement with the predominance of patrilocal residential rules.

In 2015 a published study by Mathieson et al. test several individuals from two Neolithic sites in northwest Anatolia, the results showed that Haplogroup T1a-M70, previously found in LBK sites from Germany, was not present in Barcin nor Mentese Neolithic settlements. This fact together with the absence of the mtDNA lineages carried by both of the T1a individuals from Karsdorf and the occurrence of G2a and the mtDNA lineages carried by all of these G2a individuals, could mean that the Early European Neolithic T1a-M70 had a different migration pattern and, therefore, a different geographical origin.

The autosomal data of I0797 showed the lowest frequency of Anatolian Neolithic component and the highest frequency of an unknown ancient human population for any studied LBK individual. This reinforces the hypothesis of a possible different geographical origin for this T1a tribe instead of the Greco-Anatolian origin of other human groups found in the LBK like G2a.

By his side, I0795 showed higher autosomal admixture frequencies of surrounding populations like Hunter Gatherer Europeans I2a (West Hunter Gatherers) and Aegean-Anatolian Neolithics G2a and H2. However, I0795 have the highest frequency of shared DNA with Upper Paleolithic Neanderthals from Central Europe found in any Early Neolithic population. Further comparisons show that I0795 has similar frequencies like Oase-1 when compared with Vindija Neanderthals. When I0795 and I0797 are compared to Oase-1, they both share a very high percentage of DNA 34% and 18% respectively and I0795 12% with Ostuni1. This could mean that the T1a1 individuals from Karsdorf were closest to Upper Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherers than to Mesolithic haplogroups.

'Ain Ghazal, 9,573 BP

Ain Ghazal T-M184 Ghazal-I
IDI1707 AG83_5 Poz-81097
Y DNAT1-PF5610 (xT1a1-Z526, T1a1a-CTS9163, T1a1a-CTS2607, T1a2-S11611, T1a2-Y6031, T1a2a1-P322, T1a3a-Y9189)
PopulationNeolithic Farmers
Language
CultureLate Middle PPNB
Date (YBP)9573 ± 39
House / LocationAin Ghazal
Members / Sample Size1/2
Percentage50%
mtDNAR0a
Isotope Sr
Eye ColorLikely non-Dark
Hair ColorLikely non-Dark
Skin PigmentationLight
ABO Blood GroupLikely O or B
Diet (d13C%0 / d15N%0)
FADS activityrs174551 (T), rs174553 (G), rs174576 (A)
Lactase PersistenceLikely lactose-intolerant
Oase-1 Shared DNA14.2%
Ostuni1 Shared DNA6.7%
Neanderthal Vi33.26 Shared DNA0.93%
Neanderthal Vi33.25 Shared DNA1.2%
Neanderthal Vi33.16 Shared DNA0.3%
Ancestral Components (AC)Neolithic Anatolia/Southeast Europe: 56.82%, Paleolithic Levant (Natufians): 24.09%, Caucasus Hunter / Early European Farmer: 12.51%, Scandinavian / West European Hunter: 4.16%, Sub Saharan: 2.04%, East European Hunter: 0.37%
puntDNAL K12 Ancient
Dodecad [dv3]
Eurogenes [K=36]
Dodecad [Globe13]
Genetic Distance
Parental Consanguinity
Age at Death
Death Position
SNPs152.234
Read Pairs
Sample
Source[85]
NotesEvidence of a northerly origin for this population, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern Anatolia.

Haplogroup T is found among the later Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (MPPNB) inhabitants from the 'Ain Ghazal archaeological site (in modern Jordan). It was not found among the early and middle MPPNB populations. It is thought that the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B population is mostly composed of two different populations: members of early Natufian civilisation and a population resulting from immigration from the north, i.e. north-eastern Anatolia. However, Natufians have been found to belong mostly to the E1b1b1b2 lineage – which is found among 60% of the whole PPNB population and 75% of the 'Ain Ghazal population, being present in all three MPPNB stages.

As was previously found in the early Neolithic settlement from Karsdorf (Germany) a subclade of mtDNA R0 was found with Y-DNA T at 'Ain Ghazal.

Later MPPNB populations in the Southern Levant were already witnessing severe changes in climate that would have been exacerbated by large population demands on local resources. Beginning at 8.9 cal ka BP we see a significant decrease in population in highland Jordan, ultimately leading to the complete abandonment of almost all central settlements in this region.[86]

The 9th millennium Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant represents a major transformation in prehistoric lifeways from small bands of mobile hunter–gatherers to large settled farming and herding villages in the Mediterranean zone, the process having been initiated some 2–3 millennia earlier.

'Ain Ghazal (" Spring of the Gazelles") is situated in a relatively rich environmental setting immediately adjacent to the Wadi Zarqa, the longest drainage system in highland Jordan. It is located at an elevation of about 720m within the ecotone between the oak-park woodland to the west and the open steppe-desert to the east.

Evidence recovered from the excavations suggests that much of the surrounding countryside was forested and offered the inhabitants a wide variety of economic resources. Arable land is plentifull within the site's immediate environs. These variables are atypical of many major neolithic sites in the Near East, several of which are located in marginal environments. Yet despite its apparent richness, the area of 'Ain Ghazal is climatically and environmentally sensitive because of its proximity throughout the Holocene to the fluctuating steppe-forest border.

The Ain Ghazal settlement first appear in the MPPNB and is split into two MPPNB phases. Phase 1 starts 10300 yBP and ends 9950 yBP, phase 2 ends 9550 yBP.

The estimated population of the MPPNB site from ‘Ain Ghazal is of 259-1,349 individuals with an area of 3.01-4.7 ha. Is argued that at its founding at the commencement of the MPPNB ‘Ain Ghazal was likely 2 ha in size and grew to 5 ha by the end of the MPPNB. At this point in time their estimated population was 600-750 people or 125-150 people per hectare.

Notable members

Elite endurance runners

Possible patterns between Y-chromosome and elite endurance runners were studied in an attempt to find a genetic explanation to the Ethiopian endurance running success. Given the superiority of East African athletes in international distance running over the past four decades, it has been speculated that they are genetically advantaged. Elite marathon runners from Ethiopia were analysed for K*(xP) which according to the previously published Ethiopian studies is attributable to the haplogroup T[87]

According to further studies,[6] T1a1a* (L208) was found to be proportionately more frequent in the elite marathon runners sample than in the control samples than any other haplogroup, therefore this y-chromosome could play a significant role in determining Ethiopian endurance running success. Haplogroup T1a1a* was found in 14% of the elite marathon runners sample of whom 43% of this sample are from Arsi province. In addition, haplogroup T1a1a* was found in only 4% of the Ethiopian control sample and only 1% of the Arsi province control sample. T1a1a* is positively associated with aspects of endurance running, whereas E1b1b1 (old E3b1) is negatively associated.[88]

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson
Phylogenetic network analysis of its Y-STR (short tandem repeat) haplotype shows that it is most closely related to an Egyptian K2 [now T/K1a] haplotype, but the presence of scattered and diverse European haplotypes within the network is nonetheless consistent with Jefferson's patrilineage belonging to an ancient and rare indigenous European type. This is supported by the observation that two of 85 unrelated British men sharing the surname Jefferson also share the President's Y-STR haplotype within haplogroup K2.

Turi E. King et al., [89]

A notable member of the T-M184 haplogroup is the third US President, Thomas Jefferson. He reportedly belongs to a subclade of T-M184 which is most commonly found in both the Iberian Peninsula (e.g. Spain) and Egypt. His most distant known ancestor is Samuel Jeffreason  [sic], born 11 October 1607 at Pettistree, Suffolk, England, although there is also a widespread belief that the President had Welsh ancestry. While all subclades of T-M184 are rare in Britain, some British males with the surname Jefferson have also reportedly been found to carry T-M184, reinforcing the idea that Thomas Jefferson's immediate paternal ancestry was British and may originate in Sephardic (Spanish) Jewish populations, who have their ultimate origins in the Middle East.[90]

There was controversy for almost two centuries regarding allegations that Thomas Jefferson had fathered the children of his slave Sally Hemings. An oral tradition in the Hemings family and other historical evidence was countered in the early 19th century by some Jefferson's grandchildren, who asserted that a son of Thomas Jefferson's sister, by the name of Carr, had been the father of Hemings' children. However, a 1998 study of Jefferson male-line DNA found that it matched that of a descendant of Sally Hemings' youngest son, Eston Hemings. Most historians now believe that Jefferson had a relationship with Hemings for 38 years, and probably fathered her six known children, four of whom lived to adulthood. In addition, the testing conclusively disproved any connection between the Hemings descendant and the Carr male line.

Subclades

Tree

Phylogenetic Tree of the Eurasian Haplogroup T-M184 and their closest macro-lineages
Latest 2015 tree (ISOGG 2015)
Branching of T-M184

LT
 L298 
  (43900ybp)  

LT*
 (xM184, M20) 


 All cases without M184 or M20

 
T
 M184 
  (39,300-45,100ybp)  

T*
 (xL206) 


 All cases without L206 or PH110

 
 
T1
 L206 
  (26600ybp)  

T1*
 (xM70) 


 Syria

 
 
T1a
 M70 
  (19,000-30,000ybp)[6]  

T1a*
 (xL162,L131,Y11151) 


 All cases without L162, L131 or Y11151

 
 
T1a1
 L162 
  (15400ybp)  

T1a1*
 (xL208) 


 Pityusic Islanders, Pontic Greeks from Giresun, Germany and Balkars.

 
 
T1a1a
 L208 
  (14800ybp)  

T1a1a*
 (xCTS11451, Y16897) 


 All cases without CTS11451 or Y16897

 
 
T1a1a1
 CTS11451 
  (9500ybp)  

T1a1a1*
 (xY4119, Y6671) 


 All cases without Y4119 or Y6671

 
 
T1a1a1a
 Y4119 
  (9200ybp)  

T1a1a1a*
 (xCTS2214) 


 All cases without CTS2214

 
 
T1a1a1a1
 CTS2214 
  (8900ybp)  

 
 
T1a1a1a2
 Y6671 
  (8900ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T1a1a1b
 Y6671 
  (9200ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T1a1a2
 Y16897 
  (9500ybp)  

 

 
 
 
 
T1a2
 L131 
  (15400ybp)  

 

 
 
T1a3
 Y11151 
  (15400ybp)  

 

 
 
 
T2
PH110 
  (26600ybp)  


 
 Ossetian Irons, Leoneses, Germans and Bhutaneses

 
 
L
M20

L1
M22


 West Asia, Europe, Central and South Asia.

 
 
L2
L595


 
 Widely widespread in Europe, where is found the highest diversity of this lineage.

 
 
 
Macro-Haplogroup LT

Phylogenetic history

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012 ISOGG 2013
T-M18426VIII1U25Eu16H5FK*KTTK2K2TTTTTT
K-M70/T-M7026VIII1U25Eu15H5FK2K2TT1K2K2TTTT1T1aT1a
T-P7726VIII1U25Eu15H5FK2K2T2T1a2K2K2T2T2T2a1T1a1bT1a1a1T1a1a1

Original research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001

β Underhill 2000

γ Hammer 2001

δ Karafet 2001

ε Semino 2000

ζ Su 1999

η Capelli 2001

Y-DNA backbone tree

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R

References

Original research

    Other works cited

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