Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup K2a
Possible time of origin approximately 47,000 years BP.[1] [2] [3] (Based on the immediate ancestor K2 originating 47,000–55,000 BP,[4] and the secondary descendant NO approximately 38,000 to 47,000 BP.)
Possible place of origin Eurasia
Ancestor K2 (M526)
Descendants

Confirmed primary descendant: K-M2313 (M2313);[3]

Confirmed secondary descendant:
NO (M214).[3]
Defining mutations M2308, Z4842[5]

Haplogroup K2a (M2308, Z4842) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. K2a is a primary subclade of haplogroup K2 (M526), which in turn is a primary descendant of haplogroup K (M9). Its sole primary descendant is haplogroup K-M2313 (M2313, Z4858 S11799).[3][6]

A secondary subclade, Haplogroup NO (M214/Page39/PAGES00039),[3] which is the only confirmed primary subclade of K-M2313, includes a majority of living males in East Asia, South East Asia and northern Eurasia.

Basal K2a* has been found only in Upper Paleolithic remains from western Siberia and the Balkans, known respectively as "Ust'-Ishim man and "Oase-1'."[3]. K-M2313* has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to South Asia and South East Asia respectively: a Telugu from India and an ethnic Malay from Singapore. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India.[7] NO* has not been identified in living individuals or remains.

Discoveries since 2016

Before 2016, many authorities considered that the SNP M2308 was always found in conjunction with SNPs such as M2313 and M214.[3] However, researchers such as G. David Poznik discovered examples of Y-DNA that had some, but not all, of the SNPs associated with peculiar to NO (M214), but also lacked SNPs identifying other primary subclades of K2 (M526).[3] Poznik et al. 2016 therefore identified K2a (M2308), K-M2313 and NO (M214) as "parent", "child" and "grandchild" clades respectively. While Poznik used the name "K2a1" for K-M2313, this has not been widely adopted (possibly because K2a1 has also been as an alternate name for less-closely related haplogroups).

As of 2018, authorities like the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) and YFull (Y-Chromosome Sequence Interpretation Service) have not integrated the discoveries of Poznik et al., and differ from each other in nomenclature.

  • ISOGG has continued to use the names "K2a" and "NO" in reference to an undifferentiated clade combining K2a (M2308) and K-M2313 (i.e. Poznik's K2a and "K2a1"),[8] while referring to NO-M214 as "NO1".
  • YFull does not distinguish between K2a and K-M2313, referring to both as "K-M2335".[9]

There is evidence of at least two additional primary branches within K-M2308 (Poznik: K2a) or K-M2313 (Poznik: K2a1).

  • YFull alone lists a haplogroup, known only as K-Y28299, within an undifferentiated K-M2308/K-M2313 (YFull name: K-M2335). Within K-Y28299 is a subclade known as K-Y28301. Three living individuals in India have been found to carry K-Y28299* or K-Y28301.[9] (As of 2018, ISOGG had not incorporated Y28299 or K-Y28301.)
  • ISOGG alone lists a haplogroup known only as "NO1~" [sic] identified by the SNP CTS707/M2306,[8] as a sibling of NO-M214. (Under the taxonomic conventions used by ISOGG, a tilde [~] indicates a distinct haplogroup, the position of which in the phylogeny is as yet unclear.) NO1~ is likely a primary branch of either K-M2308 or K-M2313 because, while CTS707/M2306 falls under M2335, it has no known subclades and is not ancestral to either haplogroup N (M231) or haplogroup O (M175). (As of 2018, YFull has not recognised the divergence of CTS707/M2306 from M214/Page39/PAGES00039.)

Phylogenetic tree


K2a K-M2308 [3]

  • K-M2313 (Z4952/M2339/E482, F549/M2335/S22380/V4208,[Note 1] CTS11667, Z4842/M2308/V1371, F650/M2346, Z4858/M2313/S11799/E295/E205, Z4829)[3][1]
    • NO [Note 2] (M214/Page39, F176/M2314, CTS5858/M2325/F346, CTS11572)[10][11][12][3][8]
      • N (M231, CTS2947/M2175, Z4891, CTS10118) [7]
      • O (M175/P186/P191/P196, F369/M1755, F380/M1757/S27659) [7]
    • K-Y28299 [Note 3] (Y28299/Y28355, Y28357, Y28412, etc.)
      • K-Y28301 [Note 4] (Y28301/Y28328, Y28358, Y28410)
    • "NO1~" [Note 5] (CTS707/M2306) [8]


Notes regarding phylogenetic tree
  1. ↑ Some authorities, such as ISOGG and YFull, do not yet include the separation of the subclade defined by the SNP F549/M2335/S22380/V4208 from the clade defined by the SNPs M2308 and Z4842, identified by Poznik et al. (2016).
  2. ↑ ISOGG 2018 name NO1.
  3. ↑ No phylogenetic name as of 2018.
  4. ↑ No phylogenetic name as of 2018. Approximate position only; degree of divergence from K2a (M2308) unclear.
  5. ↑ "NO1~" is a temporary name used by ISOGG as of 2018. Approximate position only; degree of divergence from K2a (M2308) unclear.

Distribution

K2a* (K-M2308*)

K2a* has been found only in the paleolithic remains mentioned above:

  • "Ust'-Ishim man"[3] – the name given to 45,000 year old remains of one of the early modern humans to inhabit western Siberia.[13] The fossil was named after the Ust'-Ishim District of Siberia where it had been discovered.[13] Until 2016, Ust'-Ishim man was classified as belonging to Haplogroup K2*.
  • "Oase-1", the remains of an individual who lived approximately 37,800 years ago, in Eastern Europe (modern Romania).[3]

K-M2313

As of 2016, two living males had been found to carry K-M2313(xNO-M214) – a British Asian who identifies as Telugu and an ethnic Malay sampled in Singapore.[3]

NO (M214)

Basal examples of haplogroup NO* have not been identified.

Subclades of haplogroup NO include a majority of living males in East Asia, South East Asia and northern Eurasia.

K-Y28299*

K-Y28299(xY28301) has been found in a living male from India.[7]

K-Y28301, a subclade of K-Y28299, has been found in living individuals with their origins in Andhra Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh India.[7]

See also

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 YFull Haplogroup YTree v5.06 at 25 September 2017
  2. ↑ Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; et al. (2015). "", "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture". Genome Research. 25: 459–466. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 G. David Poznik et al., 2016, "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences" Nature Genetics, no. 48, pp. 593–599.
  4. ↑ Karafet et al. 2014
  5. ↑ Genetic Homeland, 2018, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y M2308 (6 March 2018).
  6. ↑ Genetic Homeland, 2018, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y M2313 (6 March 2018).
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017); PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (9 December 2017); GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 (9 December 2017).
  8. 1 2 3 4 ISOGG, Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2018 (17 January 2018).
  9. 1 2 YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017)
  10. ↑ YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335" (9 December 2017)
  11. ↑ PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (9 December 2017)
  12. ↑ GeneticHomeland.com, 2016, DNA Marker Index Chromosome Y V4208 (9 December 2017).
  13. 1 2 Callaway, Ewen & Nature magazine (23 October 2014). "45,000-Year-Old Man's Genome Sequenced". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.