Birjand

Birjand
City
Nickname(s): City of Pines, City of Culture
Birjand
Coordinates: 32°52′N 59°12′E / 32.867°N 59.200°E / 32.867; 59.200Coordinates: 32°52′N 59°12′E / 32.867°N 59.200°E / 32.867; 59.200
Country  Iran
Province South Khorasan
County Birjand
Bakhsh Central
First mention 13th century
Elevation 1,491 m (4,892 ft)
Population (2016 census)
 • Density 3,697/km2 (9,580/sq mi)
 • Urban 203,636 [1]
 • Metro 248,623
Time zone UTC+3:30 (IRST)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+4:30 (IDST)
Area code(s) (+98) 56
Climate BWk
Website www.birjand.ir/
Prefix code: +98 Iran - (0)56 Birjand

Birjand (Persian: بیرجند‎  pronunciation , also Romanized as Bīrjand and Birdjand)[2] is the capital of the Iranian province of South Khorasan. The city is known for its saffron, barberry, jujube, and handmade carpet exports.[3] Birjand had a population of 187,020 in 2013.[4]

Birjand is a fast-growing city and a major center of commerce in eastern Iran.

Name

The main name of this city is Birjand, which is also written in the form of Berjan, Berjand, Berken and Birgand. Mr. Rajabali Labaf Khaniki, in his article entitled "Notice in the Name of Birjand," states that Birjand is a combination of the two components of "Bir" and "Jand". In the ancient Persian, Bir in terms of lightning, thunderbolt and storm, and "Jand", which is arabian shape of "kand", comes in the language of exodus, meaning the place and the city. Considering the names of the regions and cities in the great Khurasan, such as Tashkand, Koland, Khojand, Samarkand and ... , this seems to be more accurate.

History

Cossacks in Birjand, circa 1909.

The first citation of the city in the historical literature belongs to the famous book Mojem Alboldan, by Yaqut Homavi (13th century) which introduces the Birjand as the most beautiful town in the Qohestan. Before this, Birjand had been probably not as big and important as a municipality but rather as a rural community. However, the Birjand geographical area had its historical and political importance long before the emergence of the city of Birjand. Many citations of the region are available in the original literature like Ehya -ol- Molook of the once important localities in the area. Apart from literature, the oldest evidence on the history of the region is the ancient Lakh-Mazar inscription in the Kooch village some 25 km (16 mi) south east of Birjand. Numerous fine drawings and inscriptions are carved on an igneous rock surface. The inscriptions include pictograms as well as Arsacid Pahlavi, Sasanian Pahlavi, Arabic and Persian scripts.[5] The former tribe famous for the region of Birjand is called Sagarthian - historically in union with the Parthian.

Birjand has emerged as the centre of Qohestan, following the decline of historical city of Qaen in the Safavid period. Since then the Alam clan had ruled the region till the end of Qajar dynasty. During the semi-autonomous ruling of Alam clan, Great Britain and Russia established consular branches in Birjand, because of the important geographical location of the region in the vicinity of the Indian subcontinent. Amir Shokat Ul-Molk Alam, the father of the Asadollah Alam(once prime minister of Iran) was still ruling the Qohestan's subprovince Qhaenat into the Pahlavi era. And the last tribal leader of Birjand Shah Seyyed Ali Kazemi was related with the Alam clan and the emperor Reza Shah Pahlavi. However Birjand lost its geopolitical importance following the emergence of Reza Shah Pahlavi and his policy of central government.

The entire Qohestan region then became a part of the modern Khorasan province. The local people, however, started a movement to become an independent province at the middle of the second Pahlavi period. The move resulted after about forty years and Quhestan and particularly Birjand regained their historical importance in 2004, after the official division of Khorasan to three smaller provinces by the Iranian government.

Climate

Birjand has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWk) with hot summers and cool winters and a significant difference between day and night temperatures. Precipitation falls mostly in winter and spring.

Climate data for Birjand
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.0
(77)		 27.0
(80.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 36.0
(96.8)		 40.0
(104)		 43.0
(109.4)		 44.0
(111.2)		 42.0
(107.6)		 39.2
(102.6)		 36.0
(96.8)		 29.0
(84.2)		 25.0
(77)		 44
(111.2)
Average high °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)		 13.1
(55.6)		 18.8
(65.8)		 24.7
(76.5)		 30.6
(87.1)		 35.2
(95.4)		 35.6
(96.1)		 34.3
(93.7)		 31.7
(89.1)		 26.6
(79.9)		 19.7
(67.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 24.6
(76.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)		 6.2
(43.2)		 11.7
(53.1)		 17.6
(63.7)		 23.3
(73.9)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.8
(83.8)		 26.8
(80.2)		 23.1
(73.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 10.8
(51.4)		 5.8
(42.4)		 17
(62.5)
Average low °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 9.6
(49.3)		 13.9
(57)		 17.9
(64.2)		 19.7
(67.5)		 17.1
(62.8)		 12.1
(53.8)		 7.3
(45.1)		 2.2
(36)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 8.4
(47.1)
Record low °C (°F) −16.5
(2.3)		 −14.7
(5.5)		 −12
(10)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 0.0
(32)		 7.0
(44.6)		 10.2
(50.4)		 6.6
(43.9)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −5.6
(21.9)		 −11
(12)		 −15.8
(3.6)		 −16.5
(2.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 31.3
(1.232)		 32.4
(1.276)		 35.1
(1.382)		 31.6
(1.244)		 7.1
(0.28)		 0.3
(0.012)		 0.1
(0.004)		 0.2
(0.008)		 0.0
(0)		 2.6
(0.102)		 8.4
(0.331)		 19.7
(0.776)		 168.8
(6.647)
Average rainy days 7.9 8.3 9.2 8.0 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 0.3 1.6 3.3 6.3 49.8
Average snowy days 2.6 1.7 0.3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 1.1 6
Average relative humidity (%) 57 55 46 38 27 21 21 22 22 28 39 52 36
Mean monthly sunshine hours 196.3 188.3 211.4 231.8 303.4 334.8 347.2 349.3 298.2 286.0 229.6 195.8 3,172.1
Source: NOAA (1961–1990) [6]

Education

It is said that the Shokatiyeh School in Birjand together with Darolfonoon in Tehran were the first modern public schools of higher education in Iran in the mid-19th century. Ever since then, Birjand has amassed an abundance of institutions of higher education and become an important location for research and development.

The city contains such universities and academic institutions as:

Aerial view of Birjand, 2006

Birjand Airport

Birjand Airport is located in a suburban region of Birjand. Due to the geopolitical eminence of Birjand in the eastern parts of Iran, Birjand Airport began operating in 1933 as the 3rd airport in Iran. Birjand Airport offers non-stop daily flights to Tehran and Mashhad. It became an international airport after the first international flight to Medina, Saudi Arabia in June 2008. In October 2009, runway 10/28 was closed for fundamental repair. The runway was strengthened, re-carpeted and extended to 4000 meters to accommodate wide-body aircraft. During the construction phase all flights were suspended while Aseman Airline utilized the older runway (08/26) and began offering daily flights to Tehran.

Notable people

Band Darreh, 5km South of Birjand
  • Kazem Motamadnejad
  • Shah Seyyed Ali Kazemi, Last tribal leader in Moud and Birjand at the beginning of Pahlavi Dynasty
  • Mohammad Hossain Ayati
  • Mohammad Ibrahim Ayati
  • Seyyed Hassan Tahami
  • Ardalan Shoja Kaveh, actor

See also

References

  1. ↑ https://www.amar.org.ir/english
  2. ↑ Birjand can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3056455" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  3. ↑ "Cities in Iran: 2005 Population Estimates". Mongabay.com.
  4. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-12-11. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
  5. ↑ Research articles collection (archaeology, ancient inscriptions): Lakh-Mazar, Birjand. Rajab Ali Labbaf Khaniki, Rassul Bashash Kanzaq. 25. Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization. Summer 1994.
  6. ↑ "Birjand Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
  7. ↑ http://www.birjand.ac.ir
  8. ↑ http://www.birjandut.ac.ir
  9. ↑ http://www.bums.ac.ir/
  10. ↑ "سامانه خدمت دانشگاه پیام نور استان خراسان جنوبی". www.skpnu.ac.ir. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  11. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-08-24. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.