Foreign relations of Albania

Albania
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Albania

The Foreign relations of Albania are its relations with other governments and peoples. Foreign relations are conducted through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tirana. The current minister is Ditmir Bushati. Albania is a sovereign country in Southern Europe, and the Mediterranean that declared its independence on 28 November 1912. Its foreign policy, has maintained a policy of complementarism by trying to have friendly relations with all countries. Since the collapse of Communism in 1990, Albania has extended its responsibilities and position in European and international affairs, supporting and establishing friendly relations with other nations around the world.

The main factors defining Albanian foreign policy consist of geopolitical location, population, economic crisis, and ties with Albanian diaspora throughout the world. Albania entertains diplomatic relations with 115 countries in the world. It also maintains strong diplomatic relations with the Balkan countries, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, South Korea, United Kingdom and the United States.

The main objectives of the Albanian foreign policy are, the Accession of Albania to the European Union, the International recognition of Kosovo, the recognition of Expulsion of Cham Albanians,[1] helping and protecting of the rights the Albanians in Montenegro, Macedonia, Greece, southern Serbia, Italy and the Albanian diaspora.

Overview

The government of Albania was concerned with the developments in neighboring Kosovo, particularly in the post-Dayton agreement period. During the Kosovo War in 1999 as well as the ethnic cleansing of Albanians by Serbs alongside the subsequent refugee influx into the country, Albania's status as an ally of the United States was confirmed.[2] Albania emerged as being generally supportive of the United States.[2] The support for the United States has remained high at 95% in Muslim majority (56% of the population) Albania in contrast to the rest of the Islamic world.[2]

During the post-cold war, geo-political complexities and conflicts in the Balkans, made Albania seek a protector power with Turkey, which is a NATO member.[3] During the 1990s, state relations between Albania and Turkey were marked by high level visits, military agreements and the deployment of Turkish soldiers.[4][3][5] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed on 29 July 1992.[4][3] The military agreement entailed education and training of personnel, bilateral cooperation in weapons production, joint military exercises, the exchange of military delegations and joint commissions on expanding further military ties into the future.[3] The agreement also encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base in the Bay of Vlorë on the Ionian sea by Turkey, in return for granting Turkey's access and use.[6][5] Turkey has trained the Albanian Armed Forces, in particular officers and commando units.[4][6][5] During civil war in 1997, Turkey alongside other countries, participated in Operation Alba by providing a brigade of 800 Turkish troops to restore order and its involvement served mainly as a stabilising force.[4][7]

Turkey considers its friendship with Albania as important due to the context of state relations with Greece and through policy have exploited difficulties arising in Albanian-Greek relations.[8][9] Having a powerful ally in Turkey has suited Albania at times regarding difficult interstate relations with Greece.[10] Albania's emergence in the Balkans as a key NATO partner contributed to good and stronger Albanian-Turkish relations, in particular relating to military matters.[11] The military alliance during the 1990s between Turkey and Albania was also aimed against Serbia in case a war over Kosovo had a wider regional spread.[12] Greece has expressed concerns regarding Turkish relations with Albania and interpreted them as an anti-Greek measure to isolate Greece within the wider context of Albania being a potential outlet for expanding Muslim influence and Turkey allying with Muslim populations in the Balkans.[3][13][14] Turkey on the other hand claimed Greece increased tensions within the region and conveyed concerns relating to Albanian and Greek polemics with Ankara expressing a partial bias on Albania's side angering the Greeks.[15] Greece, aware of Albanian-Turkish military agreements denounced Turkey's interference in Greek affairs.[15] Though not officially considered in Turkey as a rival within Albania, during the unrest of 1997 Greece was able to become an influential actor in Albania and the early period of the Kosovo crisis (1998-1999) when Albanian officials looked to Greece for assistance.[16] The resumption of closer Albanian-Turkish relations ensured during the Kosovo crisis that made both countries act along the same policy lines toward Slobodan Milošević and the issue of Greater Serbia.[17]

Turkey supported Albania's membership to become part of NATO.[4] Military cooperation between Albania and Turkey is viewed by NATO as a stabilising factor within the volatile region of the Balkans.[18] Albania has come to depend heavily on Turkish assistance and a high amount of military security.[3] Turkey remains for Albania an important military ally alongside the USA.[19] Through its military personal Turkey continues to train Albanian armed forces and also to provide assistance in logistics and modernisation efforts of the Albanian military.[20][21] Radar systems for the surveillance of Albanian airspace in addition to telecommunication equipment have been supplied by Turkey to Albania.[22] Albania receives Turkish assistance for police training.[17] Turkey has continuously supported Albania from the 1990s on EU related matters as both countries view EU membership as an eventual final goal and common objective.[23] State relations of Albania with Turkey are friendly and close, due to maintenance of close links with the Albanian diaspora in Turkey and strong Turkish sociopolitical, cultural, economic and military ties with Albania.[24][25][26][27][28][29][4] Turkey has been supportive of Albanian geopolitical interests within the Balkans.[28][4][30] In Gallup polls conducted in recent times Turkey is viewed as a friendly country by 73% of people in Albania.[31] Albania has established political and economic ties with Arab countries, in particular with Arab Persian Gulf states who have heavily invested in religious, transport and other infrastructure alongside other facets of the economy in addition to the somewhat limited societal links they share.[32] Albania is also working to develop socio-political and economic ties with Israel.[33]

After the fall of the Albanian communist regime in 1991, relations between Greece and Albania became increasingly strained because of widespread allegations of mistreatment by Albanian authorities of the Greek ethnic minority in southern Albania and of the Albanian communities in northern Greece. A wave of Albanian illegal economic migrants to Greece exacerbated tensions. The crisis in Greek–Albanian relations reached its peak in late August 1994, when an Albanian court sentenced five members (a sixth member was added later) of the ethnic Greek political party Omonia to prison terms on charges of undermining the Albanian state. Greece responded by freezing all EU aid to Albania, and sealing its border with Albania. In December 1994, however, Greece began to permit limited EU aid to Albania, while Albania released two of the Omonia defendants and reduced the sentences of the remaining four.

There are still other impending issues in the relations between the two countries, regarding many Albanian workers in Greece who have not received legal papers despite promises by the Greek government. In 1996, the two countries signed a Treaty of Peace and Friendship and discussed the issues of the status of Albanian refugees in Greece and education in the mother tongue for the ethnic Greek minority in southern Albania. In the 1990s, Greece preferred and assisted Fatos Nano as Albanian leader due to him being Orthodox over Sali Berisha a Muslim, as Nano was seen as being friendlier to Greek interests.[34] The government of Fatos Nano was viewed by Turkey as having a pro-Greek orientation and expressed some dissatisfaction though during that time still maintained close military relations with Albania in rebuilding its armed forces and a military base.[19]

Today, as result of very frequent high-level contacts between the governments and the parliaments, relations between the two countries are regarded as cordial. Greece is a staunch supporter of the Euro-Atlantic integration of the Republic of Albania. Since Albania's NATO entry in May 2009, the Albanian-Greek relations have been developing on all fronts, and especially after the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013,[35] with the Albanian Chief of Foreign Policy, Ralf Gjoni, describing the diplomatic relations between two countries as "excellent". Greece today is Albania's most important European Union ally and NATO partner.[36] At the Albanian government’s request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring of the Albanian Armed Forces, as part of the NATO programme. Big projects currently in running between the two countries include the touristic development of the Ionian coastline shared between the two countries, and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP), which helped boosting the relations of the two countries even further.

Disputes

The Albanian government supports the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians outside of its borders but has downplayed them to further its primary foreign policy goal of regional cooperation; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks full recognition of the declared independence from Serbia; Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia claim discrimination in education, access to public-sector jobs, and representation in government. A handful of Albanian troops have participated in the US-led invasions and occupations of Iraq and Afghanistan.[37] Albanian policy is very favorable to that of the United States and European Union.

The $30 million Albanian-American Enterprise Fund (AAEF), launched in 1994, is actively making debt and equity investments in local businesses. AAEF is designed to harness private sector efforts to assist in the economic transformation. U.S. assistance priorities include promotion of agricultural development and a market economy, advancement of democratic institutions (including police training), and improvements in quality of life.

Relations

Countries

Maps showing the countries with diplomatic relations in and of Albania.

Albania currently has diplomatic relations with 115:[38] Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Colombia, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Equatorial Guinea, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Georgia, Ghana, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Lebanon, Mexico, Madagascar, the Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Nigeria, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Poland, Portugal, the People's Republic of China, Pakistan, the State of Palestine, Philippines, Romania, Russia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, South Korea, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Uganda, the United States, Uruguay, Panama, Peru, Yemen, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Albania also maintains very good relations with the European Union. The nation is since 2009 also a full member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).

Organizations

Albania is member in these international organizations:[39]

NATO, BSEC, Council of Europe, Central European Initiative, CCC, EAPC, EBRD, Energy Community, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IPU, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, MINGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO and WTO.

Diplomatic relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
  • Algeria is represented in Albania through its embassy in Athens, Greece.
 EgyptSee Albania–Egypt relations

The father of the modern Egypt Muhammad Ali of Egypt was Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. Albanian Muhammad Ali dynasty reigned in Egypt from 1805 to 1952.

 LibyaSee Albania–Libya relations
  • Libya has an embassy in Tirana.

Albania was one of the first countries to recognize the National Transitional Council on 18 July 2011 as legitimate representative of the Libyan people.[42][43][44]

 Malawi1985

Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1985.[45]

 South Africa1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.[46]

 Tunisia

Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[47][48]

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 BrazilSee Albania–Brazil relations
 CanadaSee Albania–Canada relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Guyana1 May 1985[49]

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 May 1985.[49]

 Mexico1974
  • Albania is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., USA.[50]
  • Mexico is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy [51] and has an honorary consulate in Tirana.[52][53]
 Panama1978

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 August 1978.[54]

 United States1922[55]See Albania–United States relations

Albanian American are Americans of full or partial Albanian ancestry. According to data from a 2008 survey by the United States government, there are 201,118 Americans of full or partial Albanian descent.[56]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia18 February 1993
  • Albania is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Athens, (Greece).
  • Armenia is represented in Albania through its embassy in Athens, (Greece).
 Azerbaijan23 September 1992See Albania–Azerbaijan relations
 China23 November 1949See Albania–People's Republic of China relations

People's Socialist Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to transfer China's seat at the United Nations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758, sponsored by Albania, was passed by the General Assembly, withdrawing recognition of the ROC as the legitimate government of China, and recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Albania was the first country to recognize the People's Republic China. Albania and People's Republic China established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1949.[58]
Sino-Albanian split
China–Albania Friendship Association

  • Albania has an embassy in Beijing.
  • People's Republic China has an embassy in Tirana.
 Georgia8 July 1993[59]See Albania–Georgia relations
  • Albania is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Ankara, (Turkey).
  • Georgia is represented in Albania through its embassy in Ankara, (Turkey).
 India1956[60]See Albania–India relations

Mother Teresa, one of India's national symbol, was of Albanian nun.

 Iran
  • Iran has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania plans to reopen its embassy in Tehran during 2017.[61]
 Israel20 August 1991[62]See Albania–Israel relations

Albania recognized the State of Israel on 16 April 1949 by a telegram of Prime Minister of Albania Enver Hoxha.

 JapanApril 1922
re-established in March 1981		See Albania–Japan relations

Albania and Japan resumed established diplomatic relations in March 1981.[65]

  • Albania has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan will open an embassy in Tirana in January 2017.[66]
 Kuwait
 Malaysia
 Maldives26 June 2008

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 2008.[67]

 Mongolia24 May 1949[68]
  • Albania is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Moscow, (Russia).
   Nepal23 May 1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 May 1972.[69]

 PakistanIn December 2006, Albanian Deputy Foreign Minister Mr. Anton Gurakqui visited Pakistan to hold bilateral consultation with Pakistani political leadership. Pakistan also offers training facilities to young Albanian bureaucrats in the field of banking, finance, management and diplomacy.[70]
 Palestine1990See Albania–Palestine relations

Albania had previously recognized the State of Palestine as a state since 1988.

Albania and the State of Palestine established diplomatic relations in 1990.

  • Palestine has an embassy in Tirana.
 Qatar
  • Albania has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Tirana.
 Saudi Arabia
  • Albania has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Tirana.
 North Korea29 November 1948[71]See Foreign relations of North Korea
 South Korea22 August 1991[72]See Albania–South Korea relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Korea began on 22 August 1991.

Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Ban Ki-moon and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania Besnik Mustafaj signed the Convention between the Government of the Republic of Korea and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Albania for the Avoidance of Double Taxation with Respect to Taxes on Income and for the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion on 17 May 2006.[73]

The number of the South Koreans living in Albania in 2012 was about 80.[72]

 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 November 1993.[74]

 Vietnam11 February 1950

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1950.[75][76]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Andorra1996See Albania-Andorra relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1996.[77]

 Austria1912See Albania–Austria relations

Austria-Hungary supported Albanian Declaration of Independence in 1912.

  • Albania has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Austria has an embassy in Tirana.
 AzerbaijanSee Albania–Azerbaijan relations
 BelarusSee Albania–Belarus relations
 BelgiumSee Albania–Belgium relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tirana.
 Bulgaria1922See Albania–Bulgaria relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Sofia and a consulate in Plovdiv.[78]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Tirana and a consulate in Vlorë.[78]
  • The territory of modern Albania was part of the Bulgarian Empire during certain periods in the Middle Ages and some parts in what is now eastern Albania were populated and ruled by the Bulgarians for centuries.
  • Albanians in Bulgaria according to the 2001 census they only numbered 278,[79] their number in the Bulgarian lands was much larger in the past.
  • Bulgarians in Albania in present-day Albania live mostly in the areas of Mala Prespa, Golo Brdo and Gora. According to the Bulgarian State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad, 40,000 to 50,000 persons of Bulgarian origin are living in Albania,[80] but other sources have estimated Albania's Bulgarians to number as many as 100,000.[81] Ethnic identity can be fluid among the Albania's Slavophonic population, who might identify as Albanian, Bulgarian or ethnic Macedonian, depending on the circumstances.[81]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina28 December 1992See Albania-Bosnia and Herzegovina relations
  • Albania recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina on 21 April 1992.[82]
  • Albania has an embassy in Sarajevo.
 Croatia25 August 1992See Albania–Croatia relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania had recognized Croatia on 21 January 1992.
  • Albania and Croatia established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1992.[83]
  • In April 2009, both countries became full members of NATO at an event which both Albanian Prime Minister Sali Berisha and Croatian Prime Minister Ivo Sanader attended. Also that year, the two countries decided to build a joint Nuclear Power Plant on the Albanian border with Montenegro. This decision was greeted warily by the government of Montenegro, which is worried about the plant's environmental impact.
  • The two have a history of defense pacts, and overall theirs is a good relationship.
  • Arbanasi is a community in the Zadar region, Croatia, of Albanian origin, who traditionally speak a dialect of Gheg Albanian.
 Cyprus28 August 1991[84]See Albania–Cyprus relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1991.[84]
  • Albania is represented in Cyprus by its embassy in Athens, Greece[85] and an honorary consulate in Larnaca.[86]
  • Cyprus is represented in Albania by its embassy in Athens, Greece[87][88] and an honorary consulate in Tirane.[89]
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[84]
 Czech RepublicSee Albania–Czech Republic relations

The multi-national Communist armed forces’ sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[90]

  • Albania has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Tirana.
 Denmark1 May 1970[91]See Albania–Denmark relations
 Estonia1 January 1992See Albania-Estonia relations
 Finland
 FranceSee Albania-France relations
 Georgia8 July 1993[59]See Albania–Georgia relations
  • Albania is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Ankara, (Turkey).
  • Georgia is represented in Albania through its embassy in Ankara, (Turkey).
  • Albania support Georgia territorial integrity over Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The Albanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condemning Russia's decision to recognise Abkhazia and South Ossetia, calling the move "totally unacceptable" and "contrary to UN Security Council resolutions". The Ministry denied any parallels to its own recognition of Kosovo, claiming Kosovo to be a special case.[94]
 GermanySee Albania-Germany relations
 Greecede facto in 1971[95][96]
de juro 21 March 1996		See Albania-Greece relations


Cham Albanians
Expulsion of Cham Albanians
Albanian communities in Greece
In 1940 Greece declared war to the Italian-occupied Albania, during the Greco-Italian War.

Greece and Albania – even though diplomatic relations were restored in 1971[95][96] – normalized relations only in 1987 as till then both countries were officially – in a cease-fire – but nevertheless under the state of war since Albania and Italy had declared war on Greece on 28 October 1940. During rule of dictator Enver Hoxha relations were strained because of the part that Albania played during World War II against Greece and also because of the material help that they provided to Greek communists during the Greek civil war. In addition there was controversy about the expulsion of Cham Albanians.

After the fall of the Albanian socialist regime in 1991, relations between the two countries got better but soon begun to deteriorate with accusations about mistreatment of minorities vice versa. To the latter problem it was added the widespread phenomenon of waves of illegal immigration from Albania towards Greece. High criminality numbers from one hand and alleged police brutality from the other became familiar subjects on the news of both neighbors, increasing eventually tensions. According to official Greek data around 450,000 Albanian immigrants work in Greece and it is believed the number will almost double if illegal immigrants are accounted too. This is a brand new situation, for both countries as Greece for the first time become a destination country for immigrants and Albanians for the first time got out of their country after the total isolation that the communist regime had imposed.

Today, relations between the two countries are very close and are regarded as excellent, and, at the Albanian Government's request, about 250 Greek military personnel are stationed in Albania to assist with the training and restructuring the Albanian Armed Forces. Albania's economy is overdependent to the money immigrants from Greece sent back home, while Greece is the second larger trading partner, with more than US$400 million worth of investments. Moreover, Greek products account for 21% of Albania's imports, with Greece absorbing 12% of its neighboring country's exports.[97] At the same time, low cost labor from Albania propelled the growth of the Greek economy, especially in the construction and agriculture sectors. Albania is home to 300,000 or more Greeks, with about 650,000 Greeks in total being linked to Albania[98] while between 400,000–600,000 Albanians live and work in Greece, the vast majority of them post-1991 economic migrants.

  • Greece is home to just under a million Albanians (some sources say 600,000, whilst other Greek organisations claim 900,000 with illegal migrants and overstayers).
  • The Arvanitika are a Tosk dialect traditionally spoken by the Arvanites, a population group in Greece. Arvanitika is today an endangered language, as its speakers have been shifting to the use of Greek and most younger members of the community no longer speak it.[99]
  • Greece is Albania's most important European Union ally and partner.[100]
  • Relations since the election victory of Edi Rama in 2013 have seen massive improvement and warming of relations between the two nations.[35]
  • The Archbishop of Albania is Greek[101]
  • There are many cultural, political, historical and biological similarities and shared kinship between the Albanian and Greek peoples.[102][103]
  • Greek is the second most spoken language in Albania, with a considerable size having knowledge of it.[104]
  • Albanian is the most common foreign/migrant language in Greece, although most Greeks do not have clear knowledge of it.[105]
  • Many organisations both political and societal exist in Albania and Greece promoting relations between the two nations.[106]
  • Albania is home to the largest number of Greek diaspora political and cultural organisations; there are 5 political parties and over a dozen organisations.[107]
  • As of 2014 both nations have described their relations as 'excellent' and Albania considered Greece one of its 'strongest and most important allies', both NATO nations have close relations nowadays.[108]
 Holy See7 September 1991[109]See Albania-Holy See relations
  • Albania has a resident embassy to the Holy See in Rome.[110]
  • The Holy See has a resident nunciature (embassy) in Tirana[110]
  • The Apostolic Nunciature in Albania started as an apostolic delegation to Albania by Pope Benedict XV on 12 November 1920, and was elevated to the full rank of a nunciature by Pope John Paul II on 16 January 1991.
  • Relations were reestablished in 1991, after the fall of communism in Albania.
  • Pope John Paul II was the first Pope to visit Albania, which took place immediately after the fall of communism.
  • Pope Francis visited Albania on 21 September, which the first nation in Europe he visited.[111]
  • Albania is home to 520,000 Roman Catholics, and is the second largest religion in the country, after Islam. (Roman Catholicism in Albania)
 HungarySee Albania-Hungary relations
 Iceland
 Ireland
 Italy1912See Albania-Italy relations
 Kosovo18 February 2008See Albania–Kosovo relations
 Latvia
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928 and were restored in 1992.[117]
  • Albania is represented in Albania by its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.[117]
  • Latvia is represented in Albania by its embassy in Rome, Italy and an honorary consulate in Tirana.[118]
  • Both countries have a number of bilateral agreements.[119]
 Lithuania27 April 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1992.[120]

 Luxembourg
 Macedonia1991See Albania–Republic of Macedonia relations

Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia
Albania has recognized the Republic of Macedonia as independent and sovereign country after Skopje proclaimed the independence, but Albania never officially recognized Skopje with its constitutional name, but sees no problem using the constitutional name in bilateral relations. Albanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that Macedonia has "died" with Alexander the Great, not supported neither Athens or Skopje on this issue being assessed as more important the integration of e Skopje in NATO and EU than context of the name.

  • Albania has an embassy in Skopje.
  • Macedonia has an embassy in Tirana.
 MaltaSee Albania–Malta relations
 Moldova
 MonacoSee Albania-Monaco relations
 Montenegro1 August 2006See Albania-Montenegro relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Podgorica.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Albania has recognized Montenegro independence on 12 July 2006.
  • Albania and Montenegro established diplomatic relations on 1 August 2006.
  • Albanians in Montenegro
 Netherlands1970[121]See Albania-Netherlands relations
 PolandSee Albania–Poland relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tirana.
 PortugalSee Albania–Portugal relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Lisbon.
 Romania28 December 1913See Albania–Romania relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Tirana.
  • Romania was the first country that recognized Albania independence.[122][123]

Albanians of Romania

 Russia7 April 1924See Albania–Russia relations
 SerbiaSee Albania-Serbia relations

Albanians in south Serbia
Albanian Coalition of Preševo Valley
Preševo Valley(Presheva, Bujanovac and Medvegjë)
Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac

 Sovereign Military Order of Malta1994[109]See Albania–Sovereign Military Order of Malta relations
 SpainSee Albania–Spain relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Tirana.
 SlovakiaSee Albania–Slovakia relations

The multi-national Communist armed forces’ sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the People's Republic of Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania participated in the invasion. Albania formally withdrew form the Warsaw Pact in 1968 over the matter.[90]

 SloveniaSee Albania–Slovenia relations
 SwedenSee Albania–Sweden relations

Albanians in Sweden

  Switzerland1 March 1922[124]See Albania-Switzerland relations

Albanians in Switzerland

  • Albania has an embassy in Bern.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Tirana.
 Turkey1981See Albania-Turkey relations
  • Albania has an embassy in Ankara and a Consulate General in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Tirana.
 Ukraine1992See Albania-Ukraine relations

The diplomatic relations between Albania and Ukraine were established in 1922.

 United Kingdom1922-1939
reestablished on 29 May 1991		See Albania–United Kingdom relations

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AustraliaSee Albania–Australia relations
  • Albanian Australian are residents of Australia who are of Albanian heritage or descent. According to the 2011 Australian census 2,398 Albanians were born in Australia while 13,142 claimed Albanian ancestry, either alone or with another ancestry.
 Samoa2008

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 August 2008.[125]

Former countries

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Papal StatesSee Albania–Papal States relations

Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with the Papacy.

 Kingdom of NaplesSee Albania–Kingdom of Naples relations

Albania (League of Lezhë) during the reign of Skanderbeg had good relations with Naples. King Alfonso V helped him in this situation and the two parties signed the Treaty of Gaeta on 26 March 1451, according to which, Skanderbeg would be formally a vassal of Alfonso in exchange for military aid. More explicitly, Skanderbeg recognized King Alfonso's sovereignty over his lands in exchange for the help that King Alfonso would give to him in the war against the Ottomans. King Alfonso pledged to respect the old privileges of Krujë and Albanian territories and to pay Skanderbeg an annual 1,500 ducats, while Skanderbeg pledged to make his fealty to King Alfonso only after the full expulsion of the Ottomans from the country, a condition never reached in Skanderbeg's lifetime. After Alfonso V's death, his son Skanderbeg helped Alfonso V's Ferdinand I of Naples to re-established his authority in the kingdom. After Skanderbeg's death Ferdinand I helped Skanderbeg's wife and son Donika Kastrioti and Gjon Kastrioti II and some Albanians (Arbëreshë people) to away from the Ottoman terror.
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition

 Soviet Union7 April 1924See Albania–Soviet Union relations
 Republic of VeniceSee Albania–Republic of Venice relations

Albanian–Venetian War (1447–1448)
Venetian Albania

 YugoslaviaSee Albania–Yugoslavia relations

Multilateral

Organisation Formal Relations Began Notes
 European Union1992See Albania–European Union relations

The nation applied to join the European Union, becoming an official candidate for accession to the European Union in June 2014. Although Albania received candidate status for the European Union membership in 2014 (based on its 2009 application), the European Union has twice rejected full membership.[126] In July 2016, the Parliament of Albania approved constitutional amendments on justice reforms, it has had also hoped to open membership negotiations by December 2016.[127] The Commission recommended the launch of negotiations on 9 November 2016.[128]

  • Albania have a Permanent Representatives to the European Union in Brussels.
  • European Union has an embassy (delegation) in Tirana.
  • Albania applied for European Union membership on 28 April 2009.
 NATO1992See Albania–NATO relations

At the 2008 Bucharest summit, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invited Albania to join the alliance. In April 2014 Albania became a full member of the NATO, which remains popular in the country especially due to its intervention in the Kosovo war. However, Albania was among the first southern European countries to join the Partnership for peace programme.[129] Within the Balkans, Albania is considered to be the most pro-European and pro-Western country in the region and unlike its neighbours, except Kosovo, it has to negligible support for Russia.[130][24]

Since 1992, Albania has been extensively engaged with NATO and has maintained its position as a stability factor and a strong ally of United States and EU in the troubled and divided region of the Balkans. In addition to the political will, the overwhelming majority of 95% of the Albanian population supported NATO membership.[131]

  • Albania have a permanent representatives to NATO in Brussels.
  • Albania's relationship with the NATO began in 1992 when it joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council.
  • In 1994, Albania entered NATO's Partnership for Peace.
  • Albania received an invitation to join at the 2008 Bucharest Summit and became a full member on 1 April 2009.
 United Nations14 December 1955See Albania at the United Nations
  • Albania have a permanent representatives to the UN in New York.
  • Albania became a full member of the UN on 14 December 1955.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Konferencë për shtyp e Ministrit të Punëve të Jashtme z. Panariti lidhur me vizitën e fundit në Greqi, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Albania, 2012-10-06 (in Albanian)
  2. 1 2 3 Bogdani, Mirela; Loughlin, John (2007). Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration and accession. London: IB Tauris. p. 191. ISBN 9781845113087.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Xhudo, Gazmen (1996). Diplomacy and crisis management in the Balkans: A US foreign policy perspective. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 50–53. ISBN 9781349249473.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Uzgel, Ilhan (2001). "The Balkans: Turkey's Stabilizing role". In Rubin, Barry; Kirişci, Kemal. Turkey in world politics: An emerging multiregional power. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 54–56. ISBN 978-1555879549.
  5. 1 2 3 Sayari, Sabri (2000). "Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: The Challenges of Multi-Regionalism". Journal of International Affairs. 54 (1): 178–179. JSTOR 24357694.
  6. 1 2 Larrabee, F. Stephen; Lesser, Ian O. (2003). Turkish foreign policy in an age of uncertainty. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 9780833034045.
  7. ↑ Soler i Lecha, Eduard (2013). "Turkey's potential (and controversial) contribution to the Global 'Actorness' of the EU". In Güney, Nurşin Ateşoğlu. Contentious issues of security and the future of Turkey. Ashgate Publishing. p. 41. ISBN 9781409498070.
  8. ↑ Ağir, Bülent Sarper; Arman, Murat Necip (2016). "Turkish foreign policy towards the Western Balkans in the Post War Era: Political and Security Dimensions". In Demir, Sertif. Turkey's Foreign Policy and Security Perspectives in the 21st Century. Brown Walker Press. pp. 149–150. ISBN 9781627345866.
  9. ↑ Constantinides, Stephanos (1996). "Turkey the emergence of a new foreign policy the neo-Ottoman imperial model". Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 24 (2): 329. "The Turkish policy exploited the difficulties between Albania and Greece but also the fact that Islam is the main religion of the country. Furthermore, close relations with Albania were encouraged by the Americans and Europeans considering the Turkish presence in the area as a factor of stability."
  10. ↑ Deliso, Christopher (2007). The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 38. ISBN 9780275995256.
  11. ↑ Karaosmanoğlu, Ali (2006). "Turkey Southeastern Europe and Russia". In Blitz, Brad K. War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780521677738.
  12. ↑ Vickers, Miranda (1998). Between Serb and Albanian: a History of Kosovo. New York: Hurst and Company. pp. xvi. ISBN 9780231113823. . "But the essential factor is that Kosovo borders on the Republic of Albania which is militarily allied with Turkey against Serbia, and the mountains separating the Kosovo plain from Albania and from Macedonia are the only natural protection in case of conflict with these countries."
  13. ↑ Sönmezoğlou, Faruk; Gülden, Ayman (2003). "The roots of conflict and the dynamics of change in Turkish-Greek relations". In Kollias, Chrēstos G.; Günlük-Şenesen, Gülay; Ayman, Gülden. Greece and Turkey in the 21st Century: Conflict Or Cooperation, a Political Economy Perspective. New York: Nova Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 9781590337530.
  14. ↑ Hodge, Carole (2006). "Albania, Italy and Greece: Some geopolitical considerations". In Blitz, Brad K. War and change in the Balkans: nationalism, conflict and cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521677738.
  15. 1 2 Xhudo 1995, pp. 132–133. "Turkish links with Albania... Greece felt that Turkey was allying itself with the area's Muslims (perhaps with aims to revive the heyday of the Ottomans) and seeking to isolate Greece. Turkey denied those charges and claimed that Greece was exacerbating tensions in the Balkans. Given its historic ties to Albania, coupled with the positive relations established between Turkey and Albania, Ankara has begun to express concern over the polemics between Greece and Albania. Turkey has voiced such concern with slight bias on Albania's behalf much to the anger of the Greeks. Greece, aware of military treaties between Turkey and Albania naturally denounced Turkey's meddling in Greek affairs souring regional relations further."
  16. ↑ Ekinci 2013, pp. 193, 195–196.
  17. 1 2 Ekinci 2013, p. 196.
  18. ↑ Ekinci 2013, p. 193.
  19. 1 2 Lani, Remzi; Schmidt, Fabian (1998). "Albanian foreign policy between geography and history". The International Spectator. 33 (2): 79. doi:10.1080/03932729808456809. p. 90. "In a broader Balkan context, Turkey has always seen the Albanians as its natural allies in the Balkans. If the Greeks and Serbs have stood on one side of the scale, the Turks and the Albanians have stood on the other. Although some kind of dissatisfaction with Nano's government is felt in Ankara over what is seen in the Turkish capital as Tirana's pro-Greek orientation, Turkey continues to have close military ties with Tirana; indeed, it is playing an important role in the re-organization of the disintegrated Albanian army. Albania's most important military base, which was destroyed during the armed uprising last year, will be rebuilt by Turkey."
  20. ↑ Bishku 2013, pp. 95–96.
  21. ↑ Ekinci 2013, pp. 196, 201.
  22. ↑ Ekinci 2013, p. 201.
  23. ↑ Ekinci 2013, p. 191.
  24. 1 2 Return to Instability: How migration and great power politics threaten the Western Balkans (PDF) (Report). European Council on Foreign Relations. 2015. pp. 5, 9–11.
  25. ↑ Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). "A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system". In Pichler, Robert. Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 15. ISBN 9783643905666.
  26. ↑ "Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage Archived October 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.". Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  27. ↑ Tabak, Hüsrev (3 March 2013). "Albanian awakening: The worm has turned! Archived July 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  28. 1 2 Petrović & Reljić 2011, pp. 162, 166, 169.
  29. ↑ "Genci Muçaj: Albania enjoys magnificent relations with Turkey Archived September 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.". Koha Jonë. 14 Mars 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  30. ↑ Bishku 2013, pp. 97–99.
  31. ↑ Petrović & Reljić 2011, p. 170.
  32. ↑ Bishku 2013, pp. 99–101.
  33. ↑ Bishku 2013, pp. 101–103.
  34. ↑ Konidaris, Gerasimos (2005). "Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania". In King, Russell; Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie. The new Albanian migration. Brighton: Sussex Academic. ISBN 9781903900789. pp. 80–81. "Greece's favorite candidate in these elections was clearly MR. Nano. As emerges from the interview material, he –unlike Berisha- was held in high esteem by the Greek side. It should not escape notice that Nano was by origin Orthodox Christian from Southern Albania, whereas Berisha was a northern Muslim... Greece's favour towards Nano was clearly demonstrated in June, when he was allowed to speak to a crowd of Albanian citizens at a pre-election rally in one of Athens' central squares. The police did not interfere and no arrests of illegal immigrants were made."
  35. 1 2 Maria Papathanasiou. "Karolos Papoulias visits Albania - GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  36. ↑ "Albeu.com - Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  37. ↑ "CIA – The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  38. ↑ http://www.punetejashtme.gov.al/files/userfiles/DIPLOMATIC_LIST_17.11.2016.pdf
  39. ↑ Albania, CIA The World Factbook
  40. ↑ "Albanian Embassy in Egypt". www.ambasadat.gov.al. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  41. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Home". www.mfa.gov.eg. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  42. ↑ "The Government of the Republic of Albania recognises the National Transitional Council in Libya, as the legitimate representative of the Libyan people". 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  43. ↑ "Albania recognizes the Transitional Council of Libya". 18 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  44. ↑ Likmeta, Besar (18 July 2011). "Albania Backs Libya's Rebel Government". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  45. ↑ MOFAIC. "Malawi - Albania Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation". www.foreignaffairs.gov.mw. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  46. ↑ "Albania (Republic of)". www.dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  47. ↑
  48. ↑
  49. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  50. ↑ Embassy of Albania in the United States
  51. ↑ Embassy of Mexico in Italy
  52. ↑ Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Tirana (in Albanian and English)
  53. ↑ Relations between Mexico and Albania (in Spanish)
  54. ↑
  55. ↑ "Albania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  56. ↑ US Census Bureau, Table: Ancestry for People with one or more Ancestry Categories Reported
  57. ↑
  58. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  59. 1 2 "Relations between Georgia and the Republic of Albania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  60. ↑ India - Albania Relations, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India
  61. ↑ http://en.mfa.ir/index.aspx?siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&fkeyid=&siteid=3&pageid=1997&newsview=434573
  62. ↑ "Albania and Israel in Accord To Establish Diplomatic Ties". The New York Times. 20 August 1991. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  63. ↑ "Overseas Embassies and Consulates of Albania". embassy.goabroad.com. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  64. ↑ "Israel opens embassy in Albania". UPI. Jerusalem. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 6 September 2012.
  65. ↑ Japan-Albania Relations, Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  66. ↑ "ambasciata del giappone". www.it.emb-japan.go.jp (in jp). Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  67. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  68. ↑ LIST OF STATES WITH DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mongolia
  69. ↑ "List of Nepal's Diplomatic Relations". Government of Nepal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  70. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Mofa.gov.pk. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
  71. ↑ "아침에 떠오르는 태양의 빛을 보며 : 네이버 블로그". blog.naver.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  72. 1 2 Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of. "Countries and Regions > Europe > List of the Countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea (in Korean). Retrieved 2017-03-20.
  73. ↑ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/press/pressreleases/index.jsp?menu=m_10_20&sp=/webmodule/htsboard/template/read/engreadboard.jsp%3FtypeID=12%26boardid=302%26seqno=295494%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  74. ↑
  75. ↑
  76. ↑
  77. ↑
  78. 1 2 Bulgaria. Embassy Pages.
  79. ↑ "Етнически малцинствени общности" (in Bulgarian). Национален съвет за сътрудничество по етническите и демографските въпроси. Archived from the original on 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  80. ↑ "Bulgarians in Albania". www.omda.bg. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2008.
  81. 1 2 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MINORITY STUDIES AND INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS (IMIR)ALBANIA:LANDMARKS OF TRANSITION Valeri Grigorov p.18
  82. ↑ Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina
  83. ↑ Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Archived 17 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia
  84. 1 2 3
  85. ↑
  86. ↑
  87. ↑
  88. ↑
  89. ↑
  90. 1 2 "1955: Communist states sign Warsaw Pact". BBC News. 14 May 1955. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
  91. ↑ "The Milwaukee Sentinel - May 1, 1970 (Establish Ties)". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 1 May 1970. Retrieved 23 February 2011. Denmark has agreed to establish diplomatic relations on ambassadorial level with Albania
  92. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania: Denmark" (in Albanian). Foreign Affairs of Albania. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  93. ↑ "Danish embassy in Tirana, Albania". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  94. ↑ "Albania condemns Russia's recognition of Georgian breakaway regions_English_Xinhua". Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  95. 1 2 "Greece". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  96. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
  97. ↑ Bilateral Relations Between Greece And Albania
  98. ↑ Stella Tsolakidou. ""Omonoia" Proceeds With Census of Greek Minority in Albania". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  99. ↑ Babiniotis, Lexicon of the Greek Language
  100. ↑ "Albeu.com – Greece supports EU candidate status for Albania". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  101. ↑ Archbishop Anastasios of Albania
  102. ↑ Origin of the Albanians
  103. ↑ ""Northern Epiros": The Greek Minority in Southern Albania". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  104. ↑ Languages of Albania
  105. ↑ Albanian communities in Greece
  106. ↑ "Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias – Greeks – Albanians". Pelasgians – Greeks – Albanias. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  107. ↑ Omonoia
  108. ↑ "Albanian official: 'We are much more pro-European than several EU members'". EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  109. 1 2 Historia e Ambasadës Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Albanian Embassy in Holy See (in Albanian)
  110. 1 2 "Vatican and Albania Establishing Relations". 8 September 1991. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  111. ↑ "This page has been removed - News - The Guardian". the Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  112. ↑
  113. ↑
  114. ↑ "Albanian embassy in Ireland". VisaHQ. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  115. ↑ "Irish embassy in Albania". Ireland.visahq.com. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
  116. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Esteri.it. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
  117. 1 2
  118. ↑
  119. ↑
  120. ↑
  121. ↑ Gregory, Gene (27 April 1971). "Maoist Albania Desires Better Western Relations". Merced Sun-Star. p. 24. Retrieved 8 May 2011.
  122. ↑ Berisha: Grateful to the Albanian community in Bucharest, Top-Channel, 2012-10-19
  123. ↑ Presidenti Nishani merr mesazhe urimi nga krerë shtetesh me rastin e kremtimit të 100-vjetorit të Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë, President of Albania, 2012-11-30
  124. ↑ Ngritja e marrëdhënieve diplomatike Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine., Balkanweb (in Albanian)
  125. ↑
  126. ↑ "Albania country profile". BBC News. BBC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2017. The [2013] election was closely monitored by the European Union, which has twice rejected Albania's membership application and warned that the poll would be a crucial test for its further progress towards integration in the bloc.
  127. ↑ "Albania passes key judicial reform for EU membership". Deutsche Welle. 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2016-08-01.
  128. ↑ "COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS" (PDF). europa.eu. 2016-11-09. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
  129. ↑ Borodij, Sebastian (2012). "Involvement of Central European states in the military operations of NATO". In Czechowska, Lucyn; Olszewski, Krzysztof. Central Europe on the Threshold of the 21st Century: Interdisciplinary perspectives on Challenges in Politics and Society. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4438-4254-9.
  130. ↑ Ragionieri, Rodolfo (2008). "Mediterranean Geopolitics". In Petricioli, Marta. L'Europe Méditerranéenne [Mediterranean Europe]. Berlin: Peter Lang. p. 46. ISBN 9789052013541.
  131. ↑
United Kingdom
Estonian
Croatia
Kosovo
Turkey
Russia
Analysis
  • Is there an Albanian question?, Chaillot Paper No. 107, February 2008, European Union Institute for Security Studies
  • Bishku, Michael (2013). "Albania and the Middle East". Mediterranean Quarterly. 24 (2): 81–103. doi:10.1215/10474552-2141908.
  • Ekinci, Didem (2013). "Europeanization Process and Bilateral Relations in the Balkans: Turkey and Albania" (PDF). International Conference on European Studies. 9: 184–205.
  • Petrović, Žarko; Reljić, Dušan (2011). "Turkish interests and involvement in the Western Balkans: A score-card" (PDF). Insight Turkey. 13 (3): 159–172.
  • Xhudo, Gus (1995). "Tension among neighbors: Greek‐Albanian relations and their impact on regional security and stability". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 18 (2): 111–143. doi:10.1080/10576109508435972.

 This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm (U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets).  This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.