約

See also: 约
約 U+7D04, 約
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D04
← 紃
[U+7D03] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紅 →
[U+7D05]

Translingual

Han character

約 (radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火心戈 (VFPI) or 女火心一 (VFPM), four-corner 27920, composition ⿰糹勺)

Derived characters

References
  • KangXi: page 915, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27242
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 5, page 3364, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+7D04

Chinese
trad. 約
simp. 约

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 約
Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (勺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
豹 *preːwɢs
趵 *preːwɢs, *preːwɢ
尥 *breːw, *b·reːwɢs
箹 *ʔreːwɢs, *ʔreːwɢ
杓 *plew, *pʰlew, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
約 *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ
扚 *pleːwʔ, *pleːwɢ
釣 *pleːwɢs
瘹 *teːwɢs
芍 *ɡleːwʔ, *spʰlewɢ, *pl'ewɢ, *bljewɢ, *pleːwɢ
酌 *pljewɢ
灼 *pljewɢ
勺 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
彴 *pljewɢ
犳 *pljewɢ
妁 *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ
汋 *bljewɢ, *sbreːwɢ
仢 *bljewɢ
葯 *qlewɢ, *qreːwɢ
礿 *lewɢ
肑 *preːwɢ, *pleːwɢ
瓝 *breːwɢ
的 *pleːwɢ
靮 *pleːwɢ
馰 *pleːwɢ
玓 *pleːwɢ
魡 *pleːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔlewɢs, *ʔlewɢ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).

Pronunciation 1
Note: yāo - only the sense of “to weigh on a balance or scale”.
Note:
  • iók - literary;
  • ióh - vernacular.
Note:
  • iok/iak - literary;
  • ioh - vernacular.
Note:
  • iag4 - literary;
  • ioh4 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 約
Mandarin Beijing /yɛ⁵⁵/
Harbin /iau⁴⁴/
/yɛ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ye²¹/
Jinan /yə²¹³/
Qingdao /yə⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /yo²⁴/
Xi'an /yo²¹/
Xining /yu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ye¹³/
Lanzhou /yə¹³/
Ürümqi /yɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /io²¹³/
Chengdu /yo³¹/
Guiyang /io²¹/
Kunming /io³¹/
Nanjing /ioʔ⁵/
Hefei /yɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /yəʔ²/
Pingyao /yʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /yaʔ⁴³/ 大～
/iɔ³¹/ ～一～
Wu Shanghai /iaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /iɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔiɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /j̠a²¹³/
Hui Shexian /iɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /io⁵/
Xiang Changsha /io²⁴/
Xiangtan /io²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /iɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /iok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ʒok̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jœk̚²/
Nanning /jœk̚³³/
Hong Kong /jœk̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /iɔk̚³²/
/ioʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /yɔʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /iɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /iak̚²/
/ioʔ²/
Haikou (Min Nan) /iɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 藥 (107)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於略切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔɨɐk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔiɐk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔiɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔɨak̚/
Li
Rong		 /ʔiak̚/
Wang
Li		 /ĭak̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔi̯ak̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yue
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yuē
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔjak ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[q](r)ewk/
English bind (v.), make an agreement

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 2/2
No. 11201
Phonetic
component		 勺
Rime
group		 藥
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 約
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔlewɢ/

Definitions

約

  1. † to bundle up; to bind
  2. † rope; cord
  3. † to restrain; to limit; to keep under control
  4. to make an appointment; to arrange
  5. appointment; meeting; arrangement
  6. treaty; agreement; covenant; pact
  7. to invite or ask in advance
  8. † to hinder; to block
  9. † to save; to economise
  10. † frugal; economical; thrifty
  11. † brief; concise; succinct
  12. † poor; humble; low-ranking
  13. (mathematics) to reduce (a fraction)
  14. † to prepare; to equip
  15. † to seek; to pursue
  16. † to estimate; to approximate; to reckon
  17. (colloquial) to weigh; to weigh on a balance or scale
  18. about; approximately
    • 約220大卡 / 约220大卡  ―  yuē 220 dàkǎ  ―  Approximately 220 kilocalories.

Compounds
Derived terms from 約

Pronunciation 2
Rime
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 宵 (91)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 於笑切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʔiᴇuH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʔiɛuH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʔjæuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʔiawH/
Li
Rong		 /ʔiɛuH/
Wang
Li		 /ĭɛuH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʔi̯ɛuH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yào
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yào
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ʔjiewH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[q]ewk-s/
English bond, agreement (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 約
Reading # 1/2
No. 11181
Phonetic
component		 勺
Rime
group		 豹
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 要
Old
Chinese		 /*ʔlewɢs/

Definitions

約

  1. † Alternative form of 要 (yāo, “gist”).

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

約

  1. † cord for the string of a stringed instrument

Japanese

Kanji
約

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. Approximately

Readings

Compounds
Kanji in this term
約
やく
Grade: 4
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Adverb

約 (hiragana やく, rōmaji yaku)

  1. about, approximately
    約 (やく)一 (いっ)ヶ月 (げつ)
    yaku ikkagetsu
    approximately one month
    宇 (う)宙 (ちゅう)の直 (ちょっ)径 (けい)は約 (やく)９３０ (きゅうひゃくさんじゅう)億 (おく)光 (こう)年 (ねん)だ。
    Uchū no chokkei wa yaku kyūhyakusanjū-oku kōnen da.
    The diameter of the universe is some 93 billion light years.

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

約 • (yak, yo) (hangeul 약, 요, revised yak, yo, McCune–Reischauer yak, yo, Yale yak, yo)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

約 (ước, yêu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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