Xukuru language

Xukuru (Xucuru, Shukurú, Ichikile) is an extinct and poorly attested language of Brazil. It is also known as Kirirí, Kirirí-Xokó, Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).[4]

Xukuru
Native toBrazil
RegionPernambuco
Ethnicity6,400 Xukuru people (1999)[1]
Extinct(date missing)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xoo
Glottologxuku1239[3]

It was originally spoken in the Serra de São José and on the Meio River, Capibaribe River and Taperoa River in the states of Pernambuco and Paraíba. Loukotka (1968) reports the most recent locations as the Serra Ararobá and Cimbres.[5]

Classification

Loukotka (1968) considers Xukuru to form a small family with Paratió.[5]

Other languages with this name

Xukuru-Kariri is a variety of Xokó, which may be a Kariri language. The name Kiriri is shared by Dzubukuá, another Kariri language, and by Katembri. The name Kiriri-Xoko is shared with yet another variety of Xokó.

Distribution

Geraldo Lapenda (1962) reported that the Xukuru people can be found primarily in the settlements of Canabrava and Brejinho in the aldeia of Cimbres, Pesqueira municipality. They can also be found in the settlements of Cajueiro, Ipanema Velho, Caldeirão, Jitó, Lagoa, Machado, Sitio do Meio, Riacho dos Afetos, Trincheiras, Bem-te-vi, Santana, and São José. Although the Xukuru traditionally occupied the Serra do Ororobá, they could also be found in other municipalities of Pernambuco, namely Caruaru, Brejo da Madre de Deus, Belo Jardim, Sanharó, Poção, Pesqueira, and Arcoverde.[4]

Phonology

Consonants

Xukuru consonants:[4]

ptk
bdg
fsxh
vz
mn
l
rj

Vowels

Xukuru vowels:[4]

iu
é [e]ó [o]
ê [ɛ]ô [ɔ]
a

Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).

Morphology

Common suffixes in Xukuru include -go, which forms verbs, adjectives, and nouns, and -men, of uncertain meaning.[4]

Vocabulary

Pompeu (1958)

Xucurú vocabulary from Pompeu (1958),[6] cited from Kurt Nimuendajú:[7][6]

Portuguese gloss
(original)		English gloss
(translated)		Xucurú
homemmanxenúpre
mulherwomanmoéla
fogofireintôa
águawaterteu
pedrastonekébra
cabeçaheadkreká
orelhaearbandulak
bôcamouthmãz
nariznosekorõzá
línguatongueizarágo
dentetoothciladê
mãohandkereké
péfootpoyá
casahousesek
olho (olha)eye (see)pigó

Meader (1978)

Xukuru is also known from a word list elicited in 1961 by Paul Wagner from Antônio Caetano do Nascimento, the chief of Brazinho village in the Serra Urubu of Pesqueira, Pernambuco State. The list is reproduced below, with English translations also given.[8]

Portuguese gloss
(original)		English gloss
(translated)		Xukuru
águawaterkřikišε
arcobowfřεša
azulblueιniyε
beboI drinktaiyε̨
fazer beberto drinkuřιnka/o
bocamouthopigomə̨
brancowhitepiřaːša
carne de boibeefiːša de mařiñu
carne de porcoporkiːša de pʰužu
casahomešεkI / šεkʰ
está chovendoit is rainingkřišišε
cobrasnakekatə̨go / šabatə̨na / sązařa
comer (fazer)eatkřιŋgɔ
corda (de índio)rope (of Indian)kəšta
correr (fazer)runmutəgo
diaday'aːdamε
dormirto sleepmuřiša
flechaarrowbεštə
fogofirekiya
fumosmokemažε
fumando (fazendo)smokingε/ιštə̨ŋgu
joelhokneežəže
luamoonkιlaRmɔ
machadoaxetakɔ de supapʰo
mãemothertšiɔkɔ
mandiocacassavaiːəmu
farinha de mandiocacassava flourįəmu
matarkillkopago/u
meninoboyambεkO / křipʰu/i
milhocornšιgu / šiːgřu / siːgu
morto (defunto)dead (deceased)kupʰu
mulher / moçawoman / girlɔkřιpi / tšɔkɔ
nariznosešikřį
noitenightbatukį
noite claraclear nightkilařižmąų / kιlařižmąų
noite sem luarmoonless nightbatřokį / batokį
nuvemcloudnǫmbřu
olhoeyealoži / lə̨že/ε
paidadtaiɔpʰu
panela de barroclay potmɔiː
paustickkřə̨ži
péfootpoiya
pés-de-bodegoat feetpoia de mε̨mε̨ŋgo
pedrastonekařašiši / kašiši / kebřə
pequenosmallkřeɔ
perna finathin legžatiři
pessoa ruimbad persontaːnañago
piolholousekuša
pretablack womantakažu křεga
pretoblack mantakažu pu
sanguebloodbǫdąso
solsunaːdɔmε
terraearthlιmulagu
velhooldiakɔ / taiəpu / přɔ
vem cácome hereiąkɔ / iə̨nkɔ
verdegreenpiřaša / takaιnyε
abóborapumpkinporou
até logosee you laterambeřa
bananabananapakɔvɔ
beijubeijušɔšɔgu
bicho-de-péchigoe flea
(Tunga penetrans)		bušu / bušudu
bodegoatmε̨mε̨ŋgo
boioxmařį
bolsahandbagaiyɔ
bom-diagood morningbřεmε̨/æ̨
brasaembertoe
brigar (mentir?) (fazer)fight (lie?)ařago
cabaçagourdkuřekɔ/a
caboclocaboclotaispu/U
caboclo velhoold caboclopřɔ / sanumpI/i
cachaçacachaçauřiːka žɔgu
cachimbosmoking pipešaduřε
cafécoffeefǫfǫ
cágadotortoisešabutε
cansadotirednanəgu
carneiroramlabudu
cavalohorsepitšιŋgə
chapéuhatkřeakřugu
chefechiefpřə
chorandocryingšualya
cinturawaisthododoːgu
dar na cabeçagive in the headkupago
dinheiromoneyεntaiu
docesweetkažuřə
duas horas da tardetwo o'clock in the afternoonŋgutimæ
escurodarkbətukį / batyukį
espingardashotgunkašuvemini / nazařinə
espírito (homem)spirit (of man)kopʰu ařaga
favafava beankuřikə
feijãobeansaka
fica quietostay quietnaiyεtigořε / naiyε biago
fome (está com)hungry (be)šuřakI/i
fósforomatch (lighter)křiya
galinhachickentapuka
gatocatžetona
gato do mato / leãowildcat / liontə̨tə̨ŋgu / tątągu
homem mal feitougly mankřugu/i
ladrãothiefšikřεgugu
lagartinhasmall caterpillarkuřišiba
lenhafirewoodkřə̨ži
língua dos XukurusXukuru languagebřɔbɔ
maçaapplekuřikɔ
madeirawoodkřə̨ž
mentiraa lie (not truth)uːegwe
mulatamulattokřεšuagu
nome da triboXukuru tribešukuřuiz
Nossa SenhoraOur Lady (Virgin Mary)təməį
Nosso SenhorOur Lord (Jesus)tupə̨
onça / ratojaguar / ratpipʰiu
padrefatherpažε
panela / jarropot / pitchermə̨yį
patimskateiːə̨kə̨
patoducktapukə
pebadrinkšabutε / šababutε
peruturkeypapιsaka / isaka
ponto de boipoint of oxkakřiə̨kʰɔ
porcopigpužu
prato de barroclay platešεtkibųgu
preápricebεŋo / bεŋgo
prender (fez)catchabřeřa
com raivaangrymařau
rapadurarapadurakařuža
redenettipʰoia
roubar (fazer)stealařagu / šιkřugu / šikřεgu
roupa (genérico)clothing (generic)takʰɔ
roupa rasgadarags, ripped clothingtakə ařagu
saiaskirttinəŋgɔ
sapatoshoešaba
sapotoadsařapə
sedethirstsεři
soldadosoldierařεdæři / kəmakwį
titicauselessižari / šapřuiz
titica grandevery uselessžaři
trovãothundertəkəmařu / takəmařau
urinarurinatežιgu
urubuvulturegřaːsia
vai dar de corpowill give bodyšιkumə
viagem (fazer)travelųbřeːřa / muntəgu

Lapenda (1962)

The following Xucuru words are from Geraldo Lapenda (1962). The data was collected by Raimundo Dantas Carneiro and Cícero Cavalcanti. (Xukuru also has nasalized vowels. Lapenda (1962) transcribes nasalized vowels as Vn (orthographic vowel followed by n).)[4]

Portuguese gloss
(original)		English gloss
(translated)		Xucuru
águawatertéw, kaité
água, riowater, riverxakr
animal, boianimal, oxamank
arapuáTrigona spinipes beesuska
arma de fogogun, firearmtuman-igú (tu-man-i-gú)
bananabananaakôbra
barrigabellymayópó, tuyá
bébadodrunk, intoxicatedtan-yen
boa tarde!good afternoon!lakutmen
bode, cabragoatmenmengo (men-men-go)
boioxgahanxo (ga-han-xo), marinha (ma-rin-ha)
bomgoodkonengo, pirara
bom dia!good morning!komenmen
brasa, fogoember, firexetkubú
cabeçaheadkréká
cabelohairavenko, exék, unj
caceteclub, bludgeonkonkré, ximbó
cachimbosmoking pipemakringó, xanduré
cachimbo do ritualritual pipexanduré
cachorrodogjabrêgo
caciquechief, indigenous leadernekrètá
cadávercorpsekapxégo
cafécoffeezinbaw
carnemeat, beefinxa
carneiroramzangzag
carnívorocarnivorezmaragúgo
casahomexako
chapéu (coberta da cabeça)hat (head covering)kré agúgo
choverrain (verb)krikxé
comer, comidaeat, foodkringó
copularcopulateuyuingo
correrrunmontógo, onbrêra
de manhãin the morningin bemen
de noitein the nightin tataramen
de tardein the afternoonin kutmen
defecardefecatexikúgo
DeusGodPutú, Paité
dinheiromoneyitay
dizersaynennen (nen-nen)
docesweettuxá
doente, doençasick, illnesstayrgêgo
dormirsleepgon-yá (gon-yá)
espancar, matarbeat, killkupágo
espiritospiritjetó
facaknifesakwaren, tilôa
farinha de mandiocacassava flouramun (a-mún)
feijãobeansaká
feiouglykatongo, waga
feiticeirosorcererjubêgo
filhosonakó
fogofireitôka
fome, faminto, ter fomehungryxurak
friocoldxiá
fumaçasmoke (noun)(chaminé) ximinéw
fumarsmoke (verb)stongo
fumar durante o ritoto smoke during a ritualjiton
gadocattlexafangú, amank
gatocatjetonm (je-ton-m)
gato-do-matooncilla (Leopardus tigrinus)tantango
guloso, gulagreedy, gluttonyinbrugúgo
homem brancowhite mankaré
índioIndianxennunpr (xen-nun-pr)
intestino, ventreintestine, wombmayópó
invocar os espíritosinvoke the spiritsjetó jéti
ladrãothiefxuhégo
luamoonklarihmon
maridohusbandaríderí
matarkillarágo
maubadawixo, irú, inbrugúgo
mau, feiobad, uglywaga
melanciawatermelonbefêw
meninoboyjéút, mayópípo
mentiroso, mentira, mentirliar, liejupegúgo, xupegúgo
milhocornjigo, xigo
mocó (animal)rock cavykoriko pexerumen
nãonobiá
não falarnot talknon-yen biá
nariznoseaxéko, xikrin
negroblackmankwé, jupú, taka, gon-yé
Nossa SenhoraOur LadyTaminn (ta-min-n)
Nossa Senhora das MontanhasOur Lady of the MountainsTaman-ín-a (ta-man-in-a)
Nosso SenhorOur LordPapá Duá
ôlhoeyeaxó, pigamnan
onçajaguarwanmanx (wan-man-x), lanprêgo
ovelhasheepburudo, zangzag
péfootpoyá
pedrastonekwêbra, krekré
pequenosmallakrugó, bibí, gingin, krinin, kuit
peruturkeyteadusaka
pintochickkréun-inxo (kré-ún-in-xo)
preápricebengo, koriko mandumen
prendercatchajigo
rapazolaboy (big for his age)awiko
reunião ritualritual meetinginkant
ritoritualprayá
salsaltlungin (lun-gin), ínkin
solsunmurasi
tatu-bolaarmadillomanntú (man-n-tú)
terraearthlemolahgo, kraxixi
tícacaopossum (type of)fekiá
timbu, gambáopossumtotiko, utxaká
tripaintestinesmadgoz
urinarurinatexabrêgo
velhaold womanwakó
velhoold manpró, tayópo
venha cácome hereiankwan
vento fortestrong windxuá
vinho de juremajurema liquorjusa

Sentences

The following Xucuru sentences are from Lapenda (1962).[4]

No.XucuruPortuguese gloss
(original)		English gloss
(translated)
1xenunpr man-yógo karéO caboclo está com raiva do branco.The caboclo is angry with the white man.
2jubêgo jog kupágo krèká tió-pípoO feiticeiro embriagado deu uma pancada na cabeça da moça.The drunken sorcerer hit the girl on the head.
3xennunpr kringó xoxógo kuitO indio comeu um pequeno pedaço de beiju.The Indian ate a small piece of beiju.
4inxa xangzag konengoA carne do carneiro é boa.The meat of the lamb is good.
5urika karé konengoA bebida do branco é boa.The white drink is good.
6xennunpr tayegêgo xurakO indio está doente de fome.The Indian is sick with hunger.
7tapípo montógo arágo tumanigú xakrok, tapipo teregonmen xurakA menina foi matar com arma de fogo o tatu, ela chegou com fome.The girl went to kill the armadillo with a gun; she arrived hungry.
8xurak, xugín konengo kringóEu tenho fome, o feijão está bom de se comer.I'm hungry; the beans are good to eat.
9kringó tuxá, pirara kaité xiá, xáko onbriá próComi doce, com boa água fria, em casa de meu velho camarada.I ate sweets, with good cold water, at my old friend's house.
10tapuka tigá konengo kringóA galinha assada está boa de se comer.The roasted chicken is good to eat.
11tapuka kringó kuit jigoA galinha comeu muito pouco milho.The chicken ate very little corn.
12befêw konengo kringóA melancia está boa de se comer.The watermelon is good to eat.
13wanmanx kringó menmengoA onça comeu o bode.The jaguar ate the goat.
14amank arágo gon-yé xakoO boi matou o negro em casa.The ox killed the black man at his home.
15xako irú biáA casa não é ruim.The house is not bad.
16pininga montógo xako PauloO cavalo foi-se embora para a casa de Paulo.The horse left for Paulo's house.
17pininga pirara montógoO cavalo é muito bom de se viajar.The horse is very good for traveling.
18Pedro intataramen kebogó konkré xikrin, xukégo jibongo kuitPedro de noite matou uma pessoa de cacetada no nariz, para roubar uma quantia insignificante.Pedro killed a person with a club on the nose, to steal a small amount.
19Pedro xukégo pitinga jabrêgo akrugó onbriáPedro roubou o cavalo é o cachorrinho de seu camarada.Pedro stole the horse and his friend's puppy.
20karé xukégo gurinxáún akó xennunpr inkutmenO branco roubou a fava do filho do caboclo à tarde.The white man stole the beans from the caboclo's son in the afternoon.
21arederi ajigo xennunprO soldado prendeu o índio.The soldier caught the Indian.
22jigo konengo inxa tapukaO milho é bom com carne de galinha.Corn is good with chicken meat.
23inxa inkín konengoA carne salgada é boa.Salty meat is good.
24amun konengoA farinha de mandioca é boa.Cassava flour is good.
25sanzara arágo tepôA cobra matou a raposa.The snake killed the fox.
26akó jadirimen irúO filho do soldado é ruim.The soldier's son is bad.
27xenn awiko pirara, piraxA flor do rapazola é muito boa e bonita.The boy's flower is very good and beautiful.
28mayópípo kréxa katongoO menino do mulato é feio.The mulatto boy is ugly.
29tapipo karé tóéA menina do branco é modesta.The white girl is modest.
30jéút xukégo kréagúgo onbriáO menino roubou o chapéu de seu camarada.The boy stole his friend's hat.
31téw xiá konengo tuxáA água fria é boa com doce.Cold water is good with sweets.
32pepuko João konengo biáA rede de João não é boa.João's net is not good.
33tapipo xennunpr pirax, tapipo potá piraraA índia é muito bonita, ela dança muito bem.The Indian is very beautiful; she dances very well.
34xennunpr poyá tayegêgoO índio está com o pé doente.The Indian has an injured foot.
35Manú zmaragugo bengoManuel é comedor de carne de preá.Manuel is a meat eater.
36tazip pró wagaO sapato do velho é feio.The old man's shoe is ugly.
37krenj irúA lenha é ruim.The firewood is bad.
38gon-yê poyá katongoO pé do negro é feio.The black man's foot is ugly.
39batukrin xiá konengoO dia frio é bom.The cold day is good.
40tayópo nen-yen biá xukurúMeu avó não fala o xucuru.My grandfather does not speak Xucuru.
41karé Pesqueira nen-yen, xennunpr xukurú munkunj, karé xupegúgoO povo de Pesqueira diz que o índio xucuru é preguiçoso, isto não é verdade.The people of Pesqueira say that the Xucuru Indian is lazy; this is not true.
42karé xukégo kraxixi xukurú Urubá, xennunpr nan-yógoOs brancos tomaram as terras dos índios da Serra Urubá, e êles ficaram com raiva.The whites took the lands of the Serra Urubá Indians, and they were angry.
43kanbay zipotayValha-me Deus!God help me!

References
  1. Xukurú at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Xukuru at Ethnologue (12th ed., 1992).
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Xukurú". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Lapenda, Geraldo Calábria. 1962. O dialecto Xucuru. Doxa (Revista Oficial do Departamento de Cultura do Diretório Acadêmico da Faculdade de Filosofia de Pernambuco da Universidade do Recife), ano X, n. 10, p. 11-23.
  5. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
  6. Pompeu Sobrinho, Thomaz. 1958. Línguas Tapuias desconhecidas do Nordeste: Alguns vocabulários inéditos. Boletim de Antropologia (Fortaleza-Ceará) 2. 3-19.
  7. Nimuendajú, Kurt. “Revista do Instituto Arqueológico, Histórico e Geográfico Pernambucano”. ns. 155, 158.
  8. Meader, Robert E. (1978). Indios do Nordeste: Levantamento sobre os remanescentes tribais do nordeste brasileiro (in Portuguese). Brasilia: SIL International.
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