Quechumaran languages

Quechumaran or Kechumaran is a language-family proposal that unites Quechua and Aymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. Terrence Kaufman[1] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, but Willem Adelaar, a Quechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[2] Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[3]

Quechumaran
(controversial)
Geographic
distribution		Andes
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

Moulian et al. (2015) posits the Puquina language of the Tiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara and Mapuche.[4]

Swadesh lists

100-word Swadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan from Cerrón (2000):[5]

no.glossProto-QuechuanProto-Aymaran
1.I*ya-qa*na-ya
2.you*qam*huma
3.we*ya-qa-nčik*hiwa-sa
4.this*kay*aka
5.that*čay*uka
6.who?*pi*qači
7.what?*ima*qu
8.not*mana*hani
9.all*λapa*taqi
10.many*ačka*aλuqa
11.one*ŝuk*maya
12.two*iŝkay*paya
13.big*hatu(n)*haĉ’a
14.long*suni*suni
15.small*učuk*hisk’a
16.woman*warmi*marmi
17.man*qari*čača
18.person*runa*haqi
19.fish*čaλwa*čǎλwa
20.bird*pisqu*amač’i
21.dog*aλqu*anu(qa)
22.louse*usa*lap’a
23.tree*maλki*quqa
24.seed*muhu*atʰa
25.leaf*rapra*lapʰi
26.root*sapʰi*asu
27.bark*qara*siλp’i
28.skin*qara*lip’iči
29.flesh*ayča*hanči
30.blood*yawar*wila
31.bone*tuλu*ĉ’aka
32.grease*wira*lik’i
33.egg*runtu / *ruru*k’awna
34.horn*waqra*waqra
35.tail*ĉupa*wič’inkʰa
36.feather*pʰuru*pʰuyu
37.hair*aqča / *čukča*nik’uĉa
38.head*uma*p’iqi
39.ear*rinri*hinču
40.eye*ñawi*nawra
41.nose*sinqa*nasa
42.mouth*simi*laka
43.tooth*kiru*laka ĉ’akʰa
44.tongue*qaλu*laqra
45.claw*ŝiλu*šiλu
46.foot*ĉaki*kayu
47.knee*qunqur*qhunquru
48.hand*maki*ampara
49.belly*paĉa / *wiksa*puĉa(ka)
50.neck*kunka*kunka
51.breasts*ñuñu*ñuñu
52.heart*ŝunqu*čuyma
53.liver*k’ipĉa(n)*k’ipĉa
54.drink*upya-*uma-
55.eat*mikʰu-*manq’a- / *palu-
56.bite*kani-*aĉu-
57.see*rikʰu-*uλa-
58.hear*uya-*iša-
59.know*yaĉa-*yaĉi-
60.sleep*puñu-*iki-
61.die*wañu-*hiwa-
62.kill*wañu-či-*hiwa-ya-
63.swim*wayt’a-*tuyu-
64.fly*pʰaya-ri-*hala-
65.walk*puri-*sara- / *wasa-
66.come*ŝa-mu-*huta-
67.lie*anĉ’a-ra-*haqu-ši-
68.sit*taya-ku-*uta-ĉ’a-
69.stand*ŝaya-ri-*saya-
70.give*qu-*čura-
71.say*ñi-*saya-
72.sun*rupay*lupi
73.moon*kiλa*paqši
74.star*quyλur*wara(wara)
75.water*yaku*uma
76.rain*tamya / *para*haλu
77.stone*rumi*qala
78.sand*aqu*č’aλa
79.earth*paĉa*uraqi
80.cloud*pʰuyu / *pukutay*qhinaya / *urpi
81.smoke*q’usñi / *quntay*iwq’i
82.fire*nina*nina
83.ashes*uĉpa*qhiλa
84.burn*k’añay*nak’a-
85.path*ñayani*tʰaki
86.mountain*urqu*quλu
87.red*puka*čupika
88.green*q’umir / *ĉiqya(q)*č’uqña
89.yellow*q’iλu / *qarwa*tuyu
90.white*yuraq*anq’u
91.black*yana*ĉ’iyara
92.night*tuta*aruma
93.hot*q’unu*hunĉ’u
94.cold*čiri*tʰaya
95.full*hunta*pʰuqa
96.new*muŝuq*mačaqa
97.good*aλi*aski
98.round*muyu*muruqu
99.dry*čaki*waña
100.name*suti*suti

Further reading
  • Orr, C. J.; Longacre, R. E. (1968). Proto Quechumaran. Language, 44:528-55.

References
  1. Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In David L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 13–74.
  2. Adelaar, Willem (1992). "Quechuan Languages". In W. Bright (ed.). Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 3. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 303–10.
  3. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian languages: the historical linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 188, 273–283. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  4. Moulian, Rodrígo; Catrileo, María; Landeo, Pablo (2015). "Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia" [Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia]. Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada (in Spanish). 53 (2). doi:10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  5. Cerrón Palomino, Rodolfo. 2000. El Aimara y el Quechua: relaciones distantes. In Luis Miranda Esquerre (ed.), Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica, 17-38. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de Lenguas Modernas, Departamento Académico de Humanidades.
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