Kanamarí language

Kanamarí
	Katukina-Kanamari
Native to	Brazil
Region	Amazonas
Ethnicity	3,340 (2006–2008)[1]
Native speakers	1,300 (2006)[1]
Language family	Harákmbut–Katukinan Katukinian Kanamarí; ;
Dialects	Kanamari; Katukina;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; knm – Kanamari; kav – Katukina
Glottolog	kana1291[2]

Kanamarí, or Katukina-Kanamari, is a Katukinian language spoken by about 650 individuals in Amazonas, Brazil. It is considered endangered.

The two principal varieties, Kanamari (Canamarí) and Katukina (Catuquina), are mutually intelligible, and have both been confused with neighboring languages with the same or similar names.[3]

Synonyms and dialect names include Tshom-djapa, Tsohon-djapa, Wiri-dyapá, Pidá-dyapá, Kutiá-dyapá (Kadiu-diapa, Cutiadapa), Tucun-diapa, Bendiapa, Parawa.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k
Plosive	voiced	b	d	dʒ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ
Fricative						h
Approximant			l

An alveolar lateral consonant /l/ may be realized as a retroflex lateral [ɭ]. A velar nasal [ŋ] sound is often heard when following after nasal vowels. A glottal stop [ʔ] can be heard before word-initial vowels. A word-final /k/ may also sound unreleased [k̚].

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː		ɯ ɯː	u uː
Low		a aː

/i/ and /u/ may be realized as approximant sounds [j] and [w], when preceding another vowel.[4]

Grammar

The syntax of Kanamarí is characterized by ergative–absolutive alignment.[5] The absolutive argument (i.e. the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs) is unmarked for case, and usually appears following the verb phrase.

tyuku

die

wa:pa

dog

'The dog died.'

no-ti

2.SG.GEN-kill

paiko

grandfather

'You killed grandfather.'

If the absolutive argument is a pronoun it is represented by its free from.

ki:tan

sleep

idi:k

2.SG

'You slept.'

The ergative argument (i.e. the agent of transitive verbs) is marked for genitive case. If the agent is a pronoun, it is represented by a genitive prefix (as in no-ti paiko 'you killed grandfather' above). If the agent is a full noun, it is linked to the verb with the case marker na, which phonologically attaches to the verb:

pi:da

jaguar

na=ti

GEN=kill

paiko

grandfather

'The jaguar killed grandfather.'

References

Kanamari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Katukina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Katukína-Kanamarí". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.
dos Anjos, Zoraide (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
Queixalós, Francesc (2010). "Grammatical relations in Katukina-Kanamari". In Gildea, Spike; Queixalós, Francesc (eds.). Ergativity in Amazonia. pp. 235–284.

Queixalós, Francesc 2012. The Katukina-Kanamari antipassive. In: Gilles Authier and Katharina Haude (eds). Ergativity, Valency and Voice. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (pp. 227–258)

External links

Catuquina (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)

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[e18-1] Kanamari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
Katukina at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Katukína-Kanamarí". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] Harald Hammarström (2013) Review of the Ethnologue, 16th Ed.

[4] s Anjos, Zoraide (2011). Fonologia e Gramática Katukina-Kanamari (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Retrieved 12 June 2020.

[5] Queixalós, Francesc (2010). "Grammatical relations in Katukina-Kanamari". In Gildea, Spike; Queixalós, Francesc (eds.). Ergativity in Amazonia. pp. 235–284.