Ninam language

Yanam, or Ninam, is a Yanomaman language spoken in Roraima, Brazil (800 speakers) and southern Venezuela near the Mucajai, upper Uraricaá, and Paragua rivers.

Not to be confused with Shiriana language.
For musical instrument, see Jivari.
Yanam
Ninam
Native toBrazil, Venezuela
Native speakers
800 in Brazil (2010)[1]
100 in Venezuela (no date)[2]
including 430 Yaroamë (2015)
Yanomam
  • Yanam
Language codes
ISO 639-3shb
Glottolognina1238[3]

Synonymy

Yanam is also known by the following names: Ninam, Yanam–Ninam, Xirianá, Shiriana Casapare, Kasrapai, Jawaperi, Crichana, Jawari, Shiriana, Eastern Yanomaman.

Regional variation

Gordon (2009) reports 2 main varieties (Northern, Southern). Kaufman (1994) reports 3:

  1. Yanam (a.k.a. Northern Yanam/Ninam (Xiliana, Shiriana, Uraricaa-Paragua))
  2. Ninam (a.k.a. Southern Yanam/Ninam (Xilixana, Shirishana, Mukajai))
  3. Jawarib

The name Jawari is shared with Yaroamë.

Phonology

Yanam has seven base vowels: /a, e, ə, i, ɨ, o, u/. Yanam has both vowel length and nasalization, and both features can occur simultaneously, for all vowels except for /ɨ/.[4]

Consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain aspirated
Stop p t tʰ k
Affricate t͡ʃ
Fricative s ʃ h
Nasal m n
Approximant j
Flap ɾ

References
  1. Yanam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Ninam at Ethnologue (10th ed., 1984). Note: Data may come from the 9th edition (1978).
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ninam". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. "SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories". linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-14.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Migliazza, Ernest; & Grimes, J. E. (1961). Shiriana phonology. Anthropological Linguistics. (June).
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