Chapacuran languages

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Irantxe, Puinave-Kak, and Arawa language families due to contact.[4]

Below is a full list of Chapacuran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[5]

• Chapacura / Huachi / Tapacura - extinct language once spoken on the Blanco River and around Lake Chitiopa, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Irene / Moré - spoken on the Guaporé River, Azul River, and Mamoré River, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Itoreauhip - spoken between the Guaporé River and Azul River in Bolivia.
• Quitemo - once spoken on the Uruvaito River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Nape - once spoken in the same country on Lake Chitiopa.
• Mure - once spoken on the San Martín River in Bolivia.
• Rocorona - once spoken on the San Martín River.
• Herisebocon - once spoken on the Rapulo River near the old mission of San Borja, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
• Wañám / Huanyam / Pawumwa - spoken between the São Miguel River and São Domingo River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
• Abitana - spoken as a dialect of the Wañám language at the sources of the São Miguel River, Brazil.
• Kumana / Cautario - spoken between the Guaporé River and Cautario River, Rondônia.
• Pacahanovo / Uari Wayõ - spoken on the Pacaás Novos River, Rondônia.
• Kabixi - spoken between the São Miguel River and Preto River, Rondônia, now perhaps extinct.
• Mataua - spoken in the western area of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
• Urunamacan - spoken to the north of the Wañám tribe, Rondônia, Brazil. (Unattested.)
• Uómo / Miguelheno - spoken on the São Miguel River. (Unattested.)
• Tapoaya - spoken by an unknown tribe at the sources of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
• Cujuna - spoken by a very little known tribe, now perhaps extinct, to the north of the Kumaná tribe. (Unattested.)
• Urupá / Ituarupa - spoken on the Urupá River, Rondônia.
• Yarú - spoken by a few families on the Yarú River.
• Yamarú - extinct language once spoken on the Jamari River. (Unattested.)
• Torá / Tura - formerly spoken on the Marmelos River and Paricá River, state of Amazonas; now by a few individuals on the Posta Cabeça d'anta, state of Amazonas.

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chapacuran languages.[5]

Below are Proto-Chapacuran (Proto-Chapakura) reconstructions from the Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL) online,[6] cited from Angenot de Lima (1997).[7] English glosses are from DiACL, and the original Portuguese glosses are from Angenot de Lima (1997). For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

Proto-Chapacuran	English gloss	Portuguese gloss	Scientific name
*haɾam	to button
*hoɾam	chin
*ja:	to say, to speak
*jaw	pillar, to grind with a stone
*jaʔ	to bathe
*jikat	penis
*jowin	monkey species	macaco-prego	Sapajus
*ju:	to keep secret	seguir às escondidas
*juk	to push, to remove
*kamaɲˀ	bland, without salt
*kap	caterpillar species
*kapam	pamonha (traditional food)
*kaɾaʔ/*hʷaɾaʔ	large, fat
*kat, *kawˀ	river dolphin
*kat, *ɾat	to yawn
*katim	foot
*katinˀ	large tick
*katᶴak/*katᶴok	to tickle, tickling
*katᶴin	pineapple
*kawˀ	to eat
*kawa:	tree species	árvore-rochinha
*kawa:	kind of small arrow, used by children playing
*kawit	parrot species	papagaio-curica
*kedᶻek	to lick
*kenum	cocoa
*kijiʔ	to descend, to lower
*kinam	jaguar, dog
*kipun	tail
*kipʷin	(to be) cold
*kitam	bridge, jirau grill[8]	ponte, grelha para moquear
*kiw	to bite, to chew
*kiwoʔ	arrow (generic)
*koki:	piranha
*kom	to sing (people)
*komeN	sun
*koɾa:	paddle
*koɾan	palm species	palmeira-carundaí	buriti?
*kotem	red, ripe
*kotok/*koɾok	to knock down fruits by beating the tree
*kɾam	elbow, joint
*kɾan	ant species	formiga-saúva	Atta
*kɾik	to see, to observe, to look
*kɾom	to enter, inside
*kuk	to pull, to drag
*kunˀ	tree species	árvore-cachimbeira, jequitibá-vermelho; sal	Cariniana rubra
*kunu:	to stink, bad smell
*kut	to pick, to catch
*kʷaɾaʔ	common armadillo
*ma(w)	to go
*madᶻan	kind of yam	batata-cará
*makiʔ	to come, to arrive
*manaʔ	anger, brave
*mapak	corn
*mapawˀ	club, baton
*mapom	fat, grease
*mapʷip	kind of small bow
*maɾam	to paint, to write
*mawi:	to steal, thief
*mawin	annatto (tree species), wood for making fire		Bixa orellana
*mekuʔ	crab
*mem	red, ripe
*mikop	paca
*mitᶴem	black
*mo:	to run
*mokon	rope, cord, string, thread
*mom	to swell because of illness, to have a tumor
*moɾoʔ	flour
*mowawˀ	tucumã palm larva	broca do tucumã	larva of Astrocaryum aculeatum
*mowin	pus, infection, tumour
*muɾinˀ	swallow
*mʷijak	wild hog
*n(e/o)n	to whistle with help from the hand
*nak	to smell, to sniff
*naɾan	pitch/tar (of jatobá tree); light	breu (de jatobá); luz	Hymenaea courbaril
*natan	face, front
*nok	to hate, to reject
*nok	to suckle
*nopon	tree species	árvore-itaúba	Mezilaurus itauba
*pa:	to beat, to slap
*padᶻaw	pubic hair
*pakaʔ	red, ripe
*pana:	tree (generic), wood, log
*papat	bamboo species, kind of arrow, bomboo knife	taquara (esp.); flecha (esp.); faca de bambu
*papop	wind
*paɾV:	bow (generic)
*patiʔ	animal (generic), fish
*pawˀ	to tie (up)
*paʔ	to kill, to hunt, to beat to death
*pijeʔ	newborn child
*pikot	giant armadillo	tatu gigante
*pipon	bird species	cujubim	Pipile cujubi
*piɾamˀ	squirrel	quoati-puru, esquilo
*pitᶴak	to scratch, to itch
*pitᶴi:	horn
*piwan	tarantula	aranha caranguejeira
*piʔ	to dance
*pok	thigh, upper leg
*pon	to fart
*pot	to pull out
*pot	to get, to tear, to extract
*potᶴ	to cook; to spit	cozinhar; cuspir
*poʔ	to wake up, to rouse
*pɾin	parakeet
*pɾu:	to kill, to hit a target with an arrow
*pu:	to blow, to light a fire
*puɾek	to miss the target with an arrow
*pʷe:	to sit
*pʷikun	stone, rock
*pʷin	to leave behind
*pʷiɾan	boa
*pʷit	to break, to cut, to extract, to unrip
*pʷiti:	large horsefly
*pʷitˢi:	palm species	palmeira-totai	Acrocomia aculeata subsp. totai
*pʷitˢop	porcupine, hedgehog
*pʷiw	flower
*ɾi:(tan)	banana (generic)
*tajin	charcoal
*takat	wax (honey, ear, for arrow, etc.)
*takawˀ	kind of fish	peixe-cará	Geophagus brasiliensis
*takiʔ	to fly, to leave flying
*tan	leaf, one
*tapan	monkey species	macaco-saguim	Callitrichidae; Callithrix jacchus
*tapiw	agouti
*tapot	straw, cover/roofing of house
*tata:	father (1SG.POSS)
*tataw	rope made of tree fibers; horn	envira (esp.); chifre
*tatˢam	to laugh, to smile
*tatᶴiʔ	husband
*tawan	lazy, sulky, disobedient
*tawi:	bee (generic), honey
*tawit	fence, surrounded
*taʔ	to cut
*tikat	to finish
*tim	heart
*tipan	arm
*tipat	wing
*tipoʔ	to follow a trail
*titimˀ/*tiɾimˀ	to lie down
*tok	to drink
*tok	eye, grain, seed, stone
*toke:	chestnut, Brazil nut
*tom	to burn, black
*tomiʔ	to say, to speak
*ton	to knock down fruits by beating the tree
*top	to explode, to break corn
*topak	mouth, lips, to speak
*topan	skin, peel, bark
*topop	basket (generic)
*toɾo:	to swell, to ferment, to cause swelling
*totᶴam	clay
*totᶴik	bee species, honey	abelha-lambeolho; seu mel	Leurotrigona muelleri
*towa:	turtle, tortoise; rubber cylinder (?)	tartaruga, tracaja, jabuti; tambor de caucho
*towan	kind of fruit	fruta-murisi	Byrsonima crassifolia
*towaʔ	white, bright color, daybreak/dawn
*towin	parrot species	papagaio-curica
*toʔ	to beat, to open, to crack, to cut
*tɾakom	bamboo, taboca (bamboo species)	bambu; taboca	Guadua weberbaueri
*tɾakop	fermented drink
*tɾamaʔ	man
*tɾamʷin	red macaw
*tɾan tɾan	guan bird	jacu	Penelope
*tɾapo:	white hair
*tɾawan	liver; palm species, fish species	fígado; palmeira-patua; patua; surubim	Pimelodidae
*tɾik	coal, ember
*tɾot	aricuri palm leaf		Syagrus coronata
*tᶴak	to suck on a fruit
*tᶴek	day
*tᶴijat	net
*tᶴik	one
*tᶴikinˀ	nail, claw; traíra (fish species)	unha, garra; traíra (peixe)	Erythrinidae
*tᶴin	to throw
*tᶴitot	country, to plant
*tᶴiw	(to be) cold
*tᶴok	to suck "noisily", to make a "sucking" sound
*tᶴom	to step; to insist	pisar, bater o pé
*tᶴopin	to spit
*tᶴoraw	swallow
*tᶴowiʔ	rain, winter
*tᶴup	to kiss "noisily"
*tun	hair, coat
*tut	to walk
*wak	to add, to pile up
*waki:	toad species
*wan	to copulate, to have sex
*wana:	way, path, road
*waɲam	Indian of enemy tribe
*waɾak	sap, sperm, vaginal secretion
*watam	kind of fruit
*watᶴik	common opossum	mucura	Didelphis marsupialis
*wet	to marry
*weʔ	to vomit
*wijak	to scrape with a knife
*wijam	small
*wina:	to raise an animal, to tame/domesticate
*wina:	grandson
*winimˀ	to wait, to except
*witᶴiʔ	to roast on coal/ember
*ʔajiʔ	older brother
*ʔaka:	to sing (of bird), to cackle, to cry
*ʔakom	water; river; rain
*ʔakop	manioc, cassava
*ʔam	edge, margin
*ʔamiʔ	to give
*ʔamon	excrements, feces, intestines, belly
*ʔamʷi:	very, much
*ʔaɲ	to cry
*ʔanin	younger sister
*ʔapa:	palm species	palmeira-marayau	Bactris major
*ʔapam	shoulder
*ʔapan	kind of fruit
*ʔapaʔ	maternal grandmother
*ʔapi:	thorn, needle, hook
*ʔapi:	father-in-law
*ʔapiʔ	to finish
*ʔapo:	uncle (aunt's husband)
*ʔapop	caiman	jacaré
*ʔatat	bone, leg
*ʔataw/*ʔaɾaw	back, shoulders
*ʔatin	younger brother
*ʔatɾim	house, traditional village (maloca)
*ʔatᶴaʔ	younger sibling
*ʔatᶴem	to sneeze
*ʔaw	to spill liquid, to bleed, to leak, to drain, to drip
*ʔawan	bitter
*ʔawan	tree species with venomous bark
*ʔawan	pig, hog, capybara
*ʔawi:	good, beautiful, tasty
*ʔawik	blood
*ʔawin	sky, height, to charge upwards
*ʔawom	cotton; clothes; dove/pigeon species	algodão; roupa; pomba (esp.)
*ʔawum	2SG
*ʔenem	brother-in-law (sister's husband)
*ʔep	pillar, to grind with a stone
*ʔeɾum	trumpeter (bird species)	jacamim	Psophia
*ʔew	burn
*ʔewu:	toucan
*ʔihʷam	fish (generic)
*ʔijat	tooth, beak
*ʔijaʔ	vessel made of palm	vasilha feita de cacho de palmeira
*ʔijewˀ	paternal grandfather
*ʔiji:	palm species	palmeira-bacaba	Oenocarpus bacaba
*ʔijinˀ	fear, to fear
*ʔijoʔ	to put out, to erase
*ʔikan	kind of mosquito	mosquito-catoqui
*ʔikat	medicine man, sorcerer
*ʔikat	to break
*ʔikim	chest, thorax
*ʔikit	knife, iron instrument
*ʔiman	hole, vagina
*ʔimiʔ	kind of mosquito or fly	pium, borrachudo	Simuliidae
*ʔimʷinˀ	tapir
*ʔimʷiʔ	to die, dead
*ʔinamˀ	pregnant
*ʔinawˀ	bat
*ʔinaʔ	mother
*ʔipa:	to open (eyes, door)
*ʔipan	to fall, to be born
*ʔipik	latex, rubber	seringa; borracha
*ʔipʷik	anteater species	tamanduá-mirim	Tamandua tetradactyla
*ʔiɾam	açaí palm	palmeira-açai
*ʔiɾiʔ	(to be) right, truth
*ʔit	body
*ʔitak	to swallow
*ʔitaʔ/*ʔiɾaʔ	to urinate
*ʔite:	father (1SG.POSS)
*ʔitᶴe:	fire, firewood
*ʔitˢim	night
*ʔitᶴin	centipede, millipede
*ʔiwˀ	louse
*ʔiwan	to get home
*ʔiwi:	mat
*ʔiwiʔ	smoke
*ʔodᶻip	palm species	palmeira-najá	Attalea maripa
*ʔojam	spirit, soul of a corpse
*ʔojop	pacu (fish species)
*ʔokin	scorpion
*ʔokon	palm species	palmeira-real / buriti	Mauritia flexuosa
*ʔomaʔ	to live, to have, to exist
*ʔomi:	scrubland, bush, firm land
*ʔon	to whistle without help from the hand
*ʔonaɲ	palm species	palmeira-buruburu	Astrocaryum murumuru
*ʔonok	navel, belly button
*ʔop	to dance
*ʔopaʔ	bagre (fish species)	bagre
*ʔopi:	woodworm/beetle species	caruncho rola-bosta; besouro (esp.)
*ʔopot	kind of liana used for binding	cipó-ambé, usado para amarrar
*ʔoɾam	cheek
*ʔorawˀ	mushroom species
*ʔoro:	people of, clan of, kind of
*ʔoɾom	gourd, calabash
*ʔoɾot	to break out (2nd permanent tooth of a child)
*ʔotin	curassow (bird species)	mutum	Cracidae
*ʔoto:	gourd, calabash
*ʔotˢiw	monkey species	macaco-de-cheiro amarelo	Saimiri
*ʔowam	kind of fish	peixe-jeju	Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus
*ʔowit	wart
*ʔoβi:	anum (bird species)		Crotophaga
*ʔukun	flesh (of the body), body
*ʔum	hand
*ʔumʷe:	bird (generic)
*ʔupʷek	head
*ʔupʷeɲ	to sleep
*ʔuɾin	ant species	formiga-da-castanha
*ʔutuɾ	nose
*ʔutut	urine
*ʔuwe:	older sister
*ʔuwew	paternal grandmother
*ʔuwit	name
*ʔuʔ	ant species	formiga-saraça