Sambhar Salt Lake

Satellite image of Sambhar Salt Lake taken in 2010, from WorldWind.

The lake receives water from five rivers: Medtha, Samaod, Mantha, Rupangarh, Khari, and Khandela. Lake has 5700 square km catchment area.[2] The lake is an extensive saline wetland, with water depth fluctuating from as few as 60 centimetres (24 in) during the dry season to about 3 meters (10 ft) at the end of the monsoon season. It occupies an area of 190 to 230 square kilometers based on the season. The lake is elliptically shaped with a length of approximately 35.5 km and a breadth varying between 3  km and 11 km. The lake straddles Nagaur and Jaipur districts and borders on the Ajmer district. The circumference of the lake is 96 km, and it is surrounded by the Aravali hills on all sides.

The Sambhar lake basin is divided by a 5.1 km long dam made of sandstone. After the saltwater reaches a certain concentration, it is released from the west side to the east side by lifting dam gates. To the east of the dam are salt evaporation ponds where salt has been farmed for a thousand years. This eastern area is 80 square km and comprises salt reservoirs, canals and salt pans separated by narrow ridges. To the east of the dam is a railroad, built by the British (before India's independence) to provide access from Sambhar Lake City to the salt works.

The water is fed into the lake from streams from the rivers Mendha, Runpangarh, Khandel, and Karian. The Mendha and Rupangarh are main streams. The Mendha flows from north to south and the Rupangarh flows from south to north.

The temperature reaches 45° Celsius in summer and goes as low as 5° Celsius in winter.

Sambhar Salt Lake is India's largest saline lake and is the source of most of Rajasthan's salt production. It produces 196,000 tonnes of clean salt every year, which is around 9% of India's salt production. Salt is produced by evaporation of brine and is mostly managed by the government-owned company - Sambhar Salts Ltd.(SSL), a joint venture of the Hindustan Salts Ltd. and the state government. SSL owns 3% of the eastern lake.

The company is struggling to produce sufficient amount of salt but the private players are producing more than 10 times that of the company due to production from 1000s of illegal borewells, which are also severely harming the ecology of the salt lake.[3] (see Environmental concerns section)

Tourism and commercial activities on Shakambari Jheel which is the major part of Sambhar salt lake are no longer managed by Shambar Salts Ltd.(SSL), who have signed an agreement with a private company (Chandra Events Pvt. Ltd.) in Jaipur. Shambar Salts Ltd.(SSL) has sold all commercial and tourism rights to this company. One can no longer put a private camp, photograph or organise any personal or commercial activity without permission and prepayment of fees to Chandra Events Pvt. Ltd.

There are 38 clusters of villages surrounding the lake. Major settlements include Sambhar, Gudha, Jabdinagar, Nawa, Jhak, Korsina, Jhapok, Kanseda, Kuni, Tyoda, Govindi, Nandha, Sinodiya, Arwik ki dhani, Khanadja, Khakharki, Kerwa ki dhani, Rajas, Jalwali ki dhani.

In 2014, six PSUs including Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited and Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd had planned to set up the world’s largest 4,000 MW Ultra-mega Solar power project in the land under the company.

But after BJP government came to power in the state, the project was scrapped citing environmental issues and shifted to Gujarat.

In 2019, the Rajasthan government started an asset-liability assessment to take over loss-making Sambhar Salts Ltd. from Hindustan Salts Ltd.

Sambhar has been designated as a Ramsar site (recognized wetland of international importance) because the wetland is a key wintering area for tens of thousands of pink flamingos and other birds that migrate from northern Asia and Siberia. The specialized algae and bacteria growing in the lake provide striking water colours and support the lake ecology that, in turn, sustains the migrating waterfowl. There is other wildlife in the nearby forests, where Nilgai move freely along with deer and foxes. (see Environmental concerns section)

In November 2019, nearly 20,000 of migratory birds were found dead mysteriously in the lake area.

The salt (NaCl) concentration in this lake water differs from season to season. The salt concentration in the pans Kyars varies and, accordingly, the color of the brine ranges from green, orange, pink, purple, pink and red due to the bloom of haloalkaliphilic microorganisms. The first haloalkaliphilic archaeon isolated from this lake was Natrilaba SSL1 (earlier designated as Natronobacterium SSL1 ATCC 43988 by Upasani and Desai (1990). More recently, haloalkaliphilic microalgae namely Dunaliella, Euhalothece, Nitzchia, etc. have also been isolated (Bhatt H. H.and Upasani V. N., 2016). The archaeal isolates can be a source of haloalkaliphilic enzymes for biotechnological applications.

Jodha bai (daughter of Bharmal of Amber—modern Jaipur State ) or Mariam-uz-Zamani was married to Akbar on January 20, 1562 at Sambhar Lake Town.[4]

The Indian epic Mahabharata mentions the Sambhar Lake as a part of the kingdom of the demon king Vrishparva, as the place where his priest Shukracharya lived, and as the place where the wedding between his daughter, Devayani, and King Yayati took place. A temple near the lake is dedicated to Devayani.

The legend has it that Shakambhari Devi, the tutelary goddess of Chauhan Rajputs (Prithviraj Chauhan) and the consort of Lord Shiva, converted a dense forest into a plain of silver as payment for some service. Subsequently, at the request of the inhabitants who dreaded the greed and strife that such a possession would beget, she transformed the silver plain into a lake. The name of the lake, Sambhar, stems from a variation Shakambhari, which happened around the sixth century.[5] Another temple near the lakeshore is dedicated to Shakambhari Devi.

In 1884, ancient sculpture art was discovered in the area as part of small-scale excavation work done in Sambhar Lake. During that excavation, some terracotta structures, coins, and seals were found along with a clay stupa. Sambhar sculpture art appears to be influenced by Buddhism. Later on, around 1934, a large scale systematic and scientific excavation was conducted in which a large number of terracotta figurines, stoneware, and decorated discs were found. A number of these sculptures from Sambhar are present at the Albert Hall Museum.

◆ Rajasthan government confirms botulism killed thousands of birds at Sambhar Lake in Jaipur - INDIA TODAY ; https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-government-confirms-botulism-killed-thousands-birds-sambhar-lake-jaipur-1621522-2019-11-22

• सांभरझील और उसके संरक्षण से जुड़े कुछ पहलु

by Dr. Dau Lal Bohra. https://rajasthanbiodiversity.org/sambhar-lake-salt-extraction-migratory-birds/

• Ideas for Cause Pile up but Mystery of Avian Horror at Sambhar Lake Persists https://thewire.in/environment/sambhar-lake-bird-death-avian-influenza-botulism-salt-mining-electrocution

◆ सांभर झील पर सुबह उड़ा ड्रोन, पक्षियों की तलाश शुरू - राजस्थान पत्रिका ; https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/drones-flew-on-sambhar-lake-in-the-morning-birds-started-searching-5401454/

◆ Sambhar Lake: 18 हजार पक्षियों की मौत के बाद सांभर झील से नमक सप्लाई पर रोक, एनजीटी ने मांगी रिपोर्ट - दैनिक जागरण ; https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-ban-on-salt-supply-from-sambhar-lake-after-the-death-of-18-thousand-birds-19779644.html

◆ Sambhar lake, the death bed for thousands of birds - THE FREE PRESS JOURNAL ; https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/sambhar-lake-the-death-bed-for-thousands-of-birds

◆ राजस्थान की सांभर झील बनी कब्रगाह, 18 हजार पक्षियों की मौत - दैनिक जागरण ; https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-18-thousand-birds-found-dead-in-sambhar-lake-of-rajasthan-19771398.html

◆Management, hydrology, salt pans — What’s behind Rajasthan’s bird crisis? - THE INDIAN EXPRESS ; https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/sambhar-lake-rajasthan-bird-deaths-in-india-6129271/

◆ Illegal salt mining under scanner for mass death of birds at Rajasthan’s Sambhar Lake - THE PRINT ; https://theprint.in/environment/illegal-salt-mining-under-scanner-for-mass-death-of-birds-at-rajasthans-sambhar-lake/321869/

◆ Avian botulism: Deadly disease kills thousands of birds in Rajasthan’s Sambhar Lake - THE HINDU ; https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/avian-botulism-kills-thousands-of-birds-in-rajasthans-sambhar-lake/article30049110.ece

◆ Cancel illegal salt pans in Sambhar Lake: NGT bench to Rajasthan government - INDIAN EXPRESS ; https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cancel-illegal-salt-pans-in-sambhar-lakengt-bench-to-raj-govt-4422187/

◆ Thousands of migratory birds die mysteriously in Rajasthan’s Sambhar Lake ; https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/thousands-of-migratory-birds-die-mysteriously-in-rajasthans-sambhar-lake/article29950537.ece/amp/

◆ Migratory birds retreat from a ‘shrinking’ Sambhar Lake : study - TIMES OF INDIA ; https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/migratory-birds-retreat-from-a-shrinking-sambhar-lake-study/articleshow/67506709.cms

◆ Public Interest Litigation (PIL) No. 108 of 2013 filed by Naresh Kadyan at the SUPREME COURT of INDIA about bore well mafia, illegal encroachments around Sambhar lake - Wetland of Rajasthan - SCRIBD.COM ; https://www.scribd.com/doc/128383352/PIL-for-Sambhar-lake-moved-by-Naresh-Kadyan-before-Supreme-Court-of-India

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sambhar Salt Lake.

◆ Choked on salt - DOWN TO EARTH ; https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/choked-on-salt-41030ref=true

◆ Sambhar - a lake no more ; TIMES OF INDIA https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/sambhar-a-lake-no-more/articleshow/62552440.cms

◆ Sambhar lake - INDIA's largest inland source inland salt being slowly killed ; INDIA TODAY ; https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/environment/story/19990308-sambhar-lake-indias-largest-inland-source-of-salt-being-slowly-killed-780335-1999-03-08

◆ Is it worth the salt ? - EXCAVATE.COM ; https://www.excavate.in/indiawaterportal-is-it-worth-the-salt/

◆ सांभर का नमक मांग रहा अब अपना हक - पत्रिका ; https://www.patrika.com/bagru-1/sambhar-demanding-right-of-salt-production-in-rajasthan-election-3778155/

◆ Private players illegally edge out government-owned Sambhar Salts in salt production - ECONOMIC TIMES ; https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/private-players-illegally-edge-out-government-owned-sambhar-salts-in-salt-production/articleshow/50909841.cms

◆ A salty sore : the dying sambhar lake - INDIA WATERPORTAL ; https://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/salty-sore-dying-sambhar-lake

◆ Reality check: Sambhar Lake may cease to exist in few years - DNA ; https://www.dnaindia.com/jaipur/report-reality-check-sambhar-lake-may-cease-to-exist-in-few-years-2609744

◆ Ban On Pan-well Making At Sambhar Lake - THE INDIAN SALT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION ; http://www.indiansaltisma.com/news-detail/7/ban-on-pan-well-making-at-sambhar-lake

◆ Arrival of Lesser Flamingos declines at Sambhar Lake - THE HINDU ; https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arrival-of-lesser-flamingos-declines-at-sambhar-lake/article6797259.ece

• "Ashok Kumar Jain, "Conservation Planning of Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan using Satellite Remote Sensing and GIS", Andhra University thesis (2005). Indian Institute of Remote Sensing" (PDF). 5.10 MiB