Pahoturi languages

Pahoturi
	Paho River
Geographic; distribution	Pahoturi River, New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Trans-Fly or independent language family Pahoturi;
Subdivisions	Agöb; Idi;
Glottolog	paho1240[1]
	Map: The Pahoturi languages of New Guinea

The Pahoturi languages are a small family of Papuan languages spoken around the Pahoturi (Paho River). This family includes six language varieties including Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, Kawam, Idi, and Taeme, which are spoken in the Pahoturi River area south of the Fly River, just west of the Eastern Trans-Fly languages. Ross (2005) tentatively includes them in the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family.

Some Pahoturi River speakers were originally hunter-gatherers, but had recently shifted to becoming gardeners.[2]^:649

Classification

Wurm (1975) and Ross (2005) suggest that the Pahoturi languages may be related to the Tabo (Waia) language just north of the Fly delta. However, they present no evidence, and the pronouns do not match.[3]

Evans (2018) classifies the Pahoturi River languages as an independent language family.[2]

Languages

The six varieties have traditionally been grouped into the following two language groups:

Agöb (Dabu), Em, Ende, and Kawam
Idi and Taeme

Preliminary work on the language family suggests that these varieties form a dialect chain.

Pahoturi River languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[2]

List of Pahoturi River languages
Language	Location	Population	Alternate names
Idi	central-east Morehead Rural LLG	774
Taeme	northeast Morehead Rural LLG	834	Tame
Agob	southeast Morehead Rural LLG	1,437	Bugi, Dabu
Ende	east Morehead Rural LLG	542
Kawam	east Morehead Rural LLG and west Oriomo-Bituri Rural LLG	457

Phonemes

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[4]

*m	*mʷ	*n			*ŋ	[*ŋʷ]
*p	*pʷ	*t	*ʈ	*ts	*k	*kʷ
*b	*bʷ	*d	*ɖ	*dz	*g	*gʷ
*mb	*mbʷ	*nd	*ɳɖ	*ndz	*ŋg	*ŋgʷ
		*l	*ɭ
	*w	*r	*ɽ	*j

Pronouns

The pronouns Ross reconstructs for the family are:

Proto-Pahoturi

I	*ŋa-na	we	?
thou	ba or be	you	*-bi
s/he	*bo	they	?

Lindsey lists the following pronouns for each of the language varieties in the family.[5]

Pahoturi River Pronouns
Case	English	Agob	Em	Ende	Kawam	Idi	Taeme
Nominative	I (1sg)	ŋəna	ŋəna	ŋəna	ŋəna	ŋən	ŋən
	thou (2sg)	boŋo	boŋo	boŋo	buŋo	bæ	bæ
	s/he (3sg)	bo	bogo	bogo	bo	bo	bo
	we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)	ŋumi	ŋumi	ŋəmi	ŋəmi	ŋəmi/bi	bi
	we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)	ibi	ibi	ibi	ibi	jɪbi	jəbi
	you (2nsg)	bibi	bibi	bibi	bibi	bæ	bæ
	they (3nsg)	ubi	ubi	ubi	ubi	bo/wɪbi	bo/ubi
Accusative	I (1sg)	ŋənam	ŋənam	ŋənəm	ŋonom	bom	ŋənəm
	thou (2sg)	bæm	bæm	bam	bæm	babom	babom
	s/he (3sg)	obom	obom	obom	obom	obom	obom
	we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)	ŋənam	ŋumim	ŋəmim	ŋəmim	bim	ŋəmim
	we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)	ibom	ibam	ibim	ibim	jəbim	jɪbim
	you (2nsg)	bæm	bæm	bibim	bibim	bibim	bibim
	they (3nsg)	obam	obæm	ubim	ubim	ubim/wəbim	ubim
Dative	I (1sg)	ŋɵmɽe	ŋəmɽe	ŋəmɽe	ŋəmre	blæ	ŋəmʎæ
	thou (2sg)	bæɽe	babɽe	babɽe	bæbre	bæblæ	bæbʎe
	s/he (3sg)	obɽe	obɽe	obɽe	obo	oblæ	obʎe
	we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)	ŋɵmra	ŋumra	ŋəmira	ŋəmira	bli	ŋəmʎi
	we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)	ibra	ibra	ibra	ibra	jəbli	jɪbʎi
	you (2nsg)	bæra	babra	bibra	bibra	bibli	bibʎi
	they (3nsg)	obra	obra	ubira	ubira	ubli	ubʎi
Possessive	I (1sg)	ŋɵmo	ŋəmo	ŋəmo	ŋomo	bo/bænæ	ŋəmo
	thou (2sg)	bəne	bəne	bəne	bəne	bənæ	bənæ
	s/he (3sg)	obo	obo	obo	obo	obo/obænæ	obo
	we exclusive (1.nsg.excl)	ŋəma	ŋəma	ŋəma	ŋəma	ba	ŋəma
	we inclusive (1.nsg.incl)	iba	iba	iba	iba	jəba	jəba
	you (2nsg)	bina	bina	bina	bina	bəna	bəna
	they (3nsg)	oba	oba	oba	oba	oba	wəba

References

Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pahoturi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
Hammarström, Harald. "Tabo". Glottolog. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
New Guinea World, Paho River
Lindsey, Kate L. (April 16, 2018). "Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". PARADISEC. doi:10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde. LSNG08. Retrieved January 5, 2019.

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.

External links

Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Paho River

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[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Pahoturi". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[Evans-Southern-2] Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.

[3] Hammarström, Harald. "Tabo". Glottolog. Retrieved January 5, 2019.

[ngw-4] New Guinea World, Paho River

[5] Lindsey, Kate L. (April 16, 2018). "Language Corpus of Ende and other Pahoturi River Languages". PARADISEC. doi:10.26278/5c1a5cfcaacde. LSNG08. Retrieved January 5, 2019.