Anim languages

The Anim or Fly River languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).[2] The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'.[2]

Anim
Fly River
Geographic
distribution		Fly River, central southern New Guinea
Linguistic classificationTrans–New Guinea
  • Anim
Proto-languageProto-Anim
Subdivisions
Glottologanim1240[1]
Map: The Anim languages of New Guinea
  The Anim families
  Other Trans–New Guinea families
  Other Papuan languages
  Austronesian languages
  Uninhabited

Languages

The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies:[3]

The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language, attested only in a short word list and previously assigned to the Inland Gulf family, defies classification (Usher and Suter 2015).

Anim languages and respective demographic information listed by Evans (2018) are provided below.[4]

List of Anim languages
LanguageSubgroupLocationPopulationAlternate names
MarindNuclear Marindcentral Merauke Regency and southeast corner (Indonesia)7,000
BianNuclear Marindnortheast Merauke Regency (Indonesia)2,900
YaqayYaqayeastern Mappi Regency (Indonesia)10,000
Warkay-BipimYaqaysouth Asmat Regency (Indonesia)300
Kuni-BoaziLake Murray (Boazi)west Lake Murray (PNG)4,500
ZimakaniLake Murray (Boazi)southwest Lake Murray across border (PNG)1,500
TirioTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)1900Makayam
BiturTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)860Mutum, Paswam, Bituri
AduluTirio (Lower Fly)south Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG)220Aturu
Lewada-DewaraTirio (Lower Fly)Gogodala Rural LLG (PNG)700Were
BaramuTirio (Lower Fly)south bank of lower Fly River (PNG)850
IpikoIpiko (Inland Gulf)West Kikori Rural LLG (PNG)

Reconstruction

Phonemes
Proto-Anim
Reconstruction ofAnim languages

Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:[5]

*m*n
*p*t*k
*mb*nd*ŋg
*ɸ*s
*w*r*j

Vowels are *a *e *i *o *u.

Pronouns

Proto-Anim pronouns (Usher and Suter 2015):[2]

sgpl
1 *na-*ni-
2 *ŋga-*ja
3 *(u)a-*ja

By 2020, comparison with the neighboring TNG branch Awyu–Ok had lead so some revision of the reconstructions. Here are the nominative and possessive/object forms:[5]

sgpl
1 *no, *na-*ni, *na-/*ni-
2 *ŋgo, **ŋga-*[i/e]o, *[i/e]a-
3m *e, *e-*i, *i-
3f *u, *u-

The demonstrative third-person forms *e-, *u-, *i- are an innovation shared with proto-Awyu–Ok, which has the same vowel ablaut in the second person as well. They reflect a gender ablaut of msg *e, fsg *u, nsg *[a/o], and pl *i, as in *anem 'man', *anum 'woman', *anim 'people', or *we 'father', *wu 'mother', *wi 'parents'.[5]

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Anim". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". Oceanic Linguistics 54:110–142
  3. https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/fly-river
  4. Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  5. New Guinea World, Fly River
  • Timothy Usher & Edgar Suter, New Guinea World, Proto–Fly River (see also reconstructions of branches)
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