Piaroa–Saliban languages

The Saliban (Salivan) languages, also known as Piaroa–Saliban or Saliba–Piaroan, are a small proposed language family of the middle Orinoco Basin, which forms an independent island within an area of Venezuela and Colombia (northern llanos) dominated by peoples of Carib and Arawakan affiliation.

Piaroa–Saliban
Saliban
Geographic
distribution		Colombia and Venezuela
Linguistic classificationJodï–Saliban? Duho?
  • Piaroa–Saliban
Subdivisions
Glottologsali1297[1]

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Andoke-Urekena, Arawak, Maku, Tukano, and Yaruro language families due to contact.[2]

Meléndez-Lozano (2014:212)[3] has also noted similarities between the Saliba-Hodi and Arawakan languages.[2]:330-331

Family division

A connection between the two primary divisions, Piaroan and Sáliba, is widely assumed but has not been demonstrated.[4] In addition, Hotï is "probably" related.[5]

Piaroan is a language or dialect cluster, consisting of Piaroa itself, Wirö (or "Maco"), and the extinct Ature. The Piaroa and Wirö both consider their languages to be distinct: they can understand each other, but not reliably.

Proposals have been put forth grouping the Hotï language (Jodï) with Piaroa–Saliban in a single Jodï–Saliban family.[6][7] Hotï was little known until recently and remains unclassified in most accounts. There is also a proposal for including Jodï–Saliban in the putative Duho stock.[8]

Zamponi (2017) observes some lexical resemblances between the Betoi language with Piaroa–Saliban, but considers the similarities to be due to areal influences.[9]

Macro-Daha

Jolkesky (2009) proposed a Macro-Daha family, which he classified as follows.[10]

Macro-Daha

However, Macro-Daha was rejected in Jolkesky (2016),[11] although Duho was still kept in Jolkesky (2016).

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Piaroa–Saliban languages.[12]

glossPiaroaMacoSaliva
one yauotenéteniaretisinote
two tonerimatagustoxera
three wabodexkuánaperkotahuyakenxuapadi
head tsúyio
eye chierepakuté
tooth tsaxkáoayá
man ubaumbei
water ahiyaahiakagua
fire uxkudeegusta
sun morhogamanumeseki
maize ñamoimóyamo
jaguar ñáwiimpué

See also

References
  1. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Saliban". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
  3. Meléndez-Lozano, M. A. (2014). Préstamos arawak (achagua, piapoco y piapocoachagua) a la familia lingüística guahibo (sikuani). LIAMES, 14:173-218.
  4. Aikhenvald & Dixon, 1999, The Amazonian Languages
  5. Zent S & E Zent. 2008. Los Hoti, in Aborigenes de Venezuela, vol. 2, second edition
  6. Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio. 2015. "Is Jodï a Sáliban Language?." Paper presented at the Workshop on Historical relationships among languages of the Americas, Leiden, 2-5 September 2015. 18pp.
  7. Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio (2019). "Jodï-Sáliban: A Linguistic Family of the Northwest Amazon". International Journal of American Linguistics. 85 (3): 275–311. doi:10.1086/703238.
  8. Jolkesky, Marcelo (2016), Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas., Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation.
  9. Zamponi, Raoul (2017). Betoi-Jirara, Sáliban, and Hod i: Relationships among Three Linguistic Lineages of the Mid-Orinoco Region. Anthropological Linguistics, Volume 59, Number 3, Fall 2017, pp. 263-321.
  10. Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2009. Macro-Daha: reconstrução de um tronco lingüístico do noroeste amazônico. ROSAE - I Congresso Internacional de Lingüística Histórica, 26-29 July 2009.
  11. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Doutorado em Linguística. Universidade de Brasília.
  12. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography
  • Benaissa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo.
  • Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Manuscript).
  • Krute, L. D. (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Columbia University. (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
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