List of transport megaprojects
This is a list of transport megaprojects. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading.
According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]
Completed projects
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karachi-Lahore Motorway | Motorway | 11.5 | 2015 | 2019 | |||
Otoyol 5 | Highway | 7[2] | 2013 | 2016(Phase I) 2019(Phase II) |
Including Osman Gazi Bridge.[3] | ||
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel | Road Tunnel | 3.1[4] | 2013 | 2019 | |||
Confederation Line | Rapid transit | 3.9 | 2013[5] | 2019 (stage 1) 2024 (stage 2) |
$2.1 billion + $3.0 billion CA$)[6] | ||
Santiago Metro Line 3 | Rapid Transit Line | 1.7 | 2012 | 2019 | |||
Crimean Bridge | Rail/road bridge | 3.7[7] | 2015 | 2018 (road bridge) 2019 (rail bridge) |
|||
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge | Bridge–tunnel | 17 | 2009 | 2018 | |||
New Tappan Zee Bridge | Bridge Replacement | 3.9 | 2013 | 2018 | |||
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion) | Light Rail, Commuter Rail | 2.7[9] | 2007 | 2018 (phases ongoing) | |||
Noord/Zuidlijn | Rapid transit line | 4.4[10] | 2002 | 2018 | (€3.1bn) | ||
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 | Rapid Transit | 11.7[11] | 2012 | 2017 | (MYR36B) | ||
Ionia Odos | Freeway | 1.8[12] | 2007 | 2017 | (€1.4bn) | ||
German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) | Transport project to achieve the German Unity | 42[13] | 1991 | 2016 – continues expansion until 2020 | |||
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network | High-speed railway | 44[14] | 1992 | 2016 - continues expansion | 40[14] billion euros | ||
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge | Bridge | 2[15] | 2013 | 2016 | |||
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge | Road Bridge | 4.56[16] | 2012 | 2016 | |||
Eurasia Tunnel | Undersea tunnel | 1.3[17] | 2011 | 2016 | |||
Gotthard Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 10.6[18] | 1999 | 2016 | (CHF 9.56 billion) | ||
World Trade Center Transportation Hub | Transit center and retail | 3.9[19] | 2006 | 2016 | |||
Blanka tunnel complex | Road tunnel | 1.75[20] | 2006 | 2015 | |||
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway | Freeway and railway | 9.4[21] | 2014 | ||||
Budapest Metro Line 4 | Rapid Transit line | 2.1[22][23] | 2004 | 2014 | (HUF 452bn) | ||
Marina Coastal Expressway | Highway | 3.4[24][25] | 2008 | 2013[26] | (S$4.3 bn) | ||
Marmaray Tunnel | Undersea railway tunnel | 4.5[27] | 2004 | 2008(Phase I) 2013(Phase II) |
Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world. | ||
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge | Road bridge | 6.4 | 2002 | 2013 | |||
Russky Bridge | Road Bridge | 1.1[28] | 2008 | 2012 | |||
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge | Freeway and road bridge | 1.46[29][30] | 2008 | 2012 | |||
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Bridge | 1.5[31] | 2007 | 2011 | |||
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 33.1[32] | 2008 | 2011 | (RMB 220.9bn) | ||
Clem Jones Tunnel | Road tunnel | 3.4[33] | 2006 | 2010 | (AUD3.2bn) | ||
CBD and South East Light Rail | Light Rail | 1.58 | 2019 | ||||
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 18.5[34] | 2005 | 2009 | (RMB 116.6bn) | ||
Egnatia Odos | Freeway | 8.4[35] | 1994 | 2009 | (€5.9bn) | ||
Incheon Bridge | Bridge | 1.4 | 2005 | 2009 | (KRW 1.25tn) | ||
Sound Transit | Light rail, Commuter rail, Express bus service | 3.9 | 1997 | 2009 - continues expansion | |||
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 6.9 | 1996 | 2009 | (€5.2 billion) | ||
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway | High-speed rail | 9.1 | 1993 | 2008 | (€6.9 billion) | ||
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway | High-speed rail | 3.2 | 2005 | 2008 | (RMB 20.42bn) | ||
High Speed 1 | High-speed rail | 8.4[37] | 1998 | 2007 | (GBP5.2bn) | ||
Lötschberg Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 4.6 | 1999 | 2007 | (CHF 4.3 billion) | ||
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 | Metro system | 1.47[38] | 1996 | 2007 | 11,400,000,000 DKK | ||
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project | Road tunnel | 22[39] | 1991 | 2007 | 14.6 billion USD | ||
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) | Highway & light rail upgrade | 1.7[40] | 2001 | 2006 | |||
Shanghai Maglev Train | Maglev | 1.33 | 2001 | 2004 | (RMB 10bn) | ||
Red Line | Rapid Transit | 4.5[41] | 1986 | 2000 | |||
Toei Ōedo Line | Rapid Transit | 18.4[42] | 1988 | 2000 | (¥1.400 billion) | ||
Jubilee Line Extension | Metro line | 6.83 (2010USD)[43] | 1993 | 1999 | 3.5 billion GBP | ||
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project | 17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku | 48[44] | 1978 | 1999 | 4 trillion Yen | ||
Øresund Bridge | Rail/road bridge/tunnel | 5.7[45] | 1995 | 1999 | (DKK30.1bn) | ||
Great Belt Fixed Link | Rail/road bridge/tunnel | 3.5 | 1988 | 1998 | (DKK21.4bn) | ||
Vasco da Gama Bridge | Road bridge | 1.3[46] | 1995 | 1998 | (€897m / 180bn PTE) | ||
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge | Road bridge | 5[47] | 1988 | 1998 | |||
Channel Tunnel | Continental railway tunnel | Strait of Dover, English Channel between the |
15.4[48] | 1988 | 1994 | (GBP9.5bn) | |
Interstate Highway System | Network of limited-access roadways | 114[49] | 1956 | 1992[50][51] | 425 billion in 2006 dollars[52] | ||
Baikal–Amur Mainline | Railway | 15[53] | 1974 | 1984 | |||
Bay Area Rapid Transit | Rapid transit system | 1.586[54] | 1964 | 1976 - continues expansion | $9.69 billion adjusted for inflation | ||
Saint Lawrence Seaway | Canal system | St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the |
0.470[55] | 1954 | 1959 | ||
Caracas-La Guaira highway | Highway | 0.06[56][57] | 1950 | 1953 | |||
Trans-Siberian Railway | Railroad | 0.770[58] | 1891 | 1916 | |||
Panama Canal | Canal | 0.375[59] | 1881 | 1914 | |||
First Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad | 0.1[60] | 1863 | 1869 | $1.92 billion adjusted for inflation | ||
Suez Canal | Canal | 0.082[61] | 1859 | 1869 | |||
Under construction
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge | Bridge | 4[62] | 2017 | 2022 | Will span two continents. | ||
Green Line Extension | Light Rail | 1[63] | 2012 | 2021 | |||
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway | Motorway | 2[64] | 2017 | 2023 | |||
Crossrail 1 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | 23.0[65] | 2007 |
2021 |
A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex. | ||
Sha Tin to Central Link | Railway | 12 | 2012 | 2020-2021 (expected) | |||
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Undersea tunnel | 8.57[66] | 2019[66] | 2028[66] | |||
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway (under construction, phase 1 completed) | Railway | From |
8.3[67] | 2011 | 2020 (phase 2) | ||
Lagos-Calabar Railway | Railway | 11.9[68] | 2020 (expected) | TBA | |||
Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Rapid Transit, Commuter Rail | 3.6[69][70] | 2009 | 2022 | |||
Badagry Deep Sea Port | Seaport | 2.3[71] | 2016 | 2018 (phase 1)[72] | |||
Fourth Mainland Bridge | Bridge | 4.2[73] | 2018 (expected) | TBA | |||
Northern Latitudinal Railway | railway | 3.03[74] | 2018 | 2023 (expected) | |||
Lekki Port | Seaport | 1.6[75] | 2015 | 2018 (phase 1) | |||
Honolulu Rail Transit | Railway | 10 | 2011 | 2020 (Phase 1) 2022 (Phase 2)
2025 (Phase 3) |
|||
California High-Speed Rail | High-speed railway | 80.3[76] | 2015 | 2033 | |||
China Pakistan Economic Corridor | Economic corridor | 46 | 2015 | 2020 (expected) | |||
Barcelona Metro line 9
(under construction) |
Rapid transit line | 26.3[77][78] | 2009 | 2020 (expected) | (€19bn) | ||
Santiago Metro Line 7 | Rapid transit line | 2.9 | 2017 | 2025 (expected) | |||
Cross River Rail (under construction) | Rapid transit | 4.3[79][80] | 2017 | 2024[79] | AUD $5.4 billion | ||
Sydney Metro | Rapid transit | 13 | 2013 | Northwest: 2019
City and Southwest: 2024 |
AUD $20.3 billion (Stage 1 and 2) | ||
Second Avenue Subway Phase 2
(under construction) |
Rapid transit line | 6[81] | 2021 (expected) | 2026 Phase 2 (expected) | |||
Orange Line (Lahore Metro) (Under Construction) | Rapid Transit | 1.6 | 2015 | 2020 | |||
Thameslink Programme | Commuter rail upgrade | 8.9-9.7[82] | 2009 | 2021 | (GBP5.5-6.0bn) | ||
NHDP | Highway upgrade | 71[83] | 2000 | 2018 | (INR 4.5 trillion).This project will be completed by early 2018 and will be supersized by Bharatmala project. | ||
Highway Vespucio Oriente | Road tunnel | 1.1 | 2017 | 2022 | |||
Highway Costanera Central | Road tunnel | 1.2 | 2017 | 2024 | |||
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway | Railway | 2 | 2001 | 2018 | |||
Tunnel Agua Negra Pass | Road tunnel | 1.5 | 2018 | 2025 (expected) | |||
WestConnex | Road tunnel | 11.3 ($15 billion AUD) | 2015 | Stage 1 & 2- 2019 (expected)
Stage 3- 2023 (expected) |
|||
Fastracks | Light Rail, Commuter Rail | 6.5[84] | 2006 | 2044 (expected) | |||
City Rail Link | Commuter rail | 2.4[85] | 2015 | 2024
(expected) |
(NZD$3.5bn) | ||
Eglinton Crosstown | Light rail | 5.230[86] | 2010 | 2022 | |||
Bar-Boljare highway | Highway | 3.7[87][88] | 2015[89] | 2019 | (2.77 billion €) | ||
Grand Paris Express | Automated rapid transit | 27 | 2014 | from 2020 to 2030 | 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations | ||
Scarborough Subway Extension | Rapid transit | 2.6 | 2018 (expected) | 2023 (expected) | CA$3.4 billion[90] | ||
Ohio River Bridges Project | Road bridges and interchange reconfiguration | 2.3[91] | 2014 | 2024 (expected) | |||
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km | Freeway | 1.7[92] | 2017 | (HUF 452bn) | |||
Stuttgart 21 | Railway & Urban Development | 7.4 | 2010 | 2025 | estimates up to 6.8 bn € | ||
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) | Highway | 5.445 | 2014 | 2047 (expected) | |||
Brenner Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 10.7 | 2008 | 2026 | (€8.7 bn) | ||
Koralm Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 6.6 | 2009 | 2022-26 | (€5.4 bn, est. 10+ bn[93]) | ||
Semmering Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | 4.0 | 2012 | 2024 | (€3.3 bn) | ||
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | High Speed Railway | 16 | 2019 | 2022 | |||
Bharatmala | Highway building and upgradation | 100 | 2017 | 2022 | |||
Sagarmala | Port | 120 | 2017 | 2025 | |||
Réseau express Métropolitain (REM) | Light Metro | 4.8 | 2018 | 2023 | 67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro at $CDN 6.4bn | ||
Metro: All Change | Rapid transit | 1.3 | 2010[94] | 2024 | |||
High Speed 2 | High Speed Railway | 106.4[95] | 2017[96] | 2033 | 330m/530 km of High Speed track,[97] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration | ||
Northern Powerhouse Rail | Railway & Urban renewal | 39[98] | 2018[99] | 2026[100] | Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2. | ||
Link light rail Blue Line | Light rail line | 3.7 | 2016 | 2023-4 | |||
Regional Connector | Light rail tunnel | 1.245 | 2014 | 2022 |
Proposed
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Proposed start of construction | Proposed year of completion | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Great Istanbul Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | $3.5bn[101] | TBD | TBD | After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnel's, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides. | |
Arctic Railway | Railway | 3.42[102] | TBD | TBD | A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network. | |
Bridge of the Horns | Bridge | 20 | TBD | TBD | A bridge across the Red Sea. | |
Crossrail 2 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | 31.2[103] | 2023 | 2030s[103] | A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above). | |
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Undersea tunnel | 8.57[66] | 2019[66] | 2028[66] | ||
Helsinki City Rail Loop | Railway tunnel | 1.77[104] | TBD | TBD | An underground rail loop in Helsinki. | |
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel | Railway, Undersea tunnel | 17.7[105] | 2020 | 2024[106] | ||
Irish Sea Bridge | Bridge | 20[107] | TBD | TBD | A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[108] | |
Lentorata | Railway tunnel | 6.49[109] | TBD | TBD | An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport. | |
Malacca Strait Bridge | Bridge | 14[110] | TBD | TBD | A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca. | |
Saudi–Egypt Causeway | Causeway | 4 | TBD | TBD | ||
Strait of Messina Bridge | Bridge | 6.6 | TBD | TBD | ||
Sunda Strait Bridge | Bridge | 18.87[111] | TBD | TBD | The project has been indefinitely postponed.[112] | |
Singapore Strait crossing | Undersea tunnel | TBD | TBD | TBD | A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia. | |
Suburban Rail Loop | Mass transit | 38.46-76.92[113] | 2022 | 2050 | A proposed extension of the Melbourne rail system. | |
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway | Causeway | 5 | TBD | TBD | ||
Airport projects
Airport | Location | IATA Code | Passengers (total) | Year completed | Cost (in US Dollars) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abu Dhabi International Airport | AUH | 20,000,000 | 1982 | 6.8 billion | |
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S | MAD | 57,891,340 | 2006 | 8.7 billion | |
Al Maktoum International Airport | DWC | 410,278 (expected: 260 million) | 2010 | 32 billion | |
Athens International Airport | ATH | 16,225,885 | 2001 | 3 billion | |
Bandung Majalengka International Airport | KJT | 29,000,000 (expected) | 2018 | 15 billion | |
Barcelona–El Prat Airport | BCN | 50,172,457 | 4 billion | ||
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport | BER | 28,000,000 (expected)[114] | 2020 (expected) | 10 billion (as of 2018)[115] | |
Changi Airport Terminal 3 | SIN | 22,000,000 | 2008 | 1.4 billion[116] | |
Changi Airport Terminal 4 | SIN | 65,628,000 | 2017 | 1 billion[117] | |
Ciudad Real Central Airport | CQM | Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) | 2009 | 1.41 billion | |
Clark International Airport | CRK | 2,664,378 | 10 billion | ||
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport | SCL | 30,000,000 | 2021 (expected) | 1 billion | |
Denver International Airport | DEN | 50,167,485 | 1995 | 4.8 billion | |
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport | CAN | 59,732,147 | 2004 | 3 billion | |
Hong Kong International Airport | HKG | 70,502,000 | 1998 | 20 billion[118] | |
Incheon International Airport | ICN | 28,677,161 | 2001 | 5 billion (Phase 1)
2.6 billion (Phase 2) | |
Istanbul New Airport | IST | 52,578,008[119] | 2018 | 29 billion (including side projects)[120] | |
Kansai International Airport | KIX | 27,987,564 | 1994 | 20 billion | |
King Abdulaziz International Airport | JED | 18,000,000 | 1981 | 7.2 billion[121] | |
King Shaka International Airport | DUR | 7,500,000 | 2010 | 1 billion | |
Kuala Lumpur International Airport | KUL | 52,643,511 | 1998 | 3.5 billion | |
Kuala Namu International Airport | KNO | 12,245,116 | 2013 | 4.4 billion[122] | |
Long Thanh International Airport | N/A | 100,000,000 (expected) | 2020 (expected) | 10 billion | |
Navi Mumbai International Airport | NMU | 60,000,000 (expected) | 2023 (expected) | 2 billion | |
New Chennai International Airport | N/A | 35,000,000 (expected) | 2021 (expected) | 1 billion | |
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C | EWR | 33,399,207 | 2003 | 1.2 billion | |
New Islamabad International Airport | IBD | 5,140,585 | 2018 | 3.91 billion | |
New Lisbon Airport | N/A | 50,000,000 (expected) | 2022 (expected) | 4.5 billion | |
New Mexico City International Airport | MEX | Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) | 2018 | 13 billion | |
Suvarnabhumi Airport | BKK | 55,892,428 | 2006 | 3.8 billion | |
Central Transport Hub | N/A | ~ 45,000,000 (expected) | 2027 (expected) | 4.2-5.0 billion (expected, without rail component and road component) | |
Western Sydney Airport | SWZ | 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) | 2026 (expected) | 3.3 billion | |
- John F. Kennedy Airport
- Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, the busiest in the world.
- O'Hare Airport
- Terminal 3 at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
References
- Flyvbjerg, Bent (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management. Oxford University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0198732242.
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/new-istanbul-izmir-highway-cuts-travel-time-in-half/1547021
- https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/gebze-izmir-motorway-project/
- "Alaska Way Viaduct Replacement Program: Budget". Washington State Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
- "2015 Look Ahead" (PDF). Confederation Line. 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. Retrieved 2015-06-11.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- "Confederation Line Construction". City of Ottawa. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
- "The Cost of the Bridge to Crimea".
- "China Exim Bank to bankroll $1.79bn Abuja light rail - The Sun News". sunnewsonline.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- "Finish Amsterdam metro line, committee advises". NRC Handelsblad. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
- "Archives". thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 2010-12-21.
- "8ος ΚΑΤΑΛΟΓΟΣ ΜΕ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΑΛΑ ΕΡΓΑ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ, Σεπτέμβριος 2014, O ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ". ypodomes.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-02. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
- "BMVI - Verkehrsprojekte Deutsche Einheit". www.bmvi.de (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-18.
- "In Spain, government-backed trains overtake planes - Fortune.com".
- "İçtaş-Astaldi win third Bosphorus bridge bid". Hürriyet Daily News. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2013-03-30.
- "Inside the world's longest floating bridge: How engineers made Seattle's new Lake Washington span bigger, better and safer - GeekWire.com".
- https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/eurasia-tunnel-project-istanbul/
- "Gotthard Base Tunnel". Lucerne, Switzerland: AlpTransit Gotthard AG.
- "All-white new WTC transit hub costs a mint to clean". New York Post. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
- Blanka tunnel complex
- "Russia's $9.4B road to Sochi latest in long line of Olympic boondoggles". Fox News. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
- "Views Of Budapest's Metro Line 4". 2012-11-07.
- "M4 main information". 2012.
- "Marina Coastal Expressway to open on Dec 29". Channel Newsasia. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- "Singapore's first undersea road - Marina Coastal Expressway - set to open on Dec 29". Straitstimes. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- "Smooth-flowing traffic as Marina Coastal Expressway opens". Channel Newsasia. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
- https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/marmaray/
- Elder, Miriam (2 July 2012). "Russian city of Vladivostok unveils record-breaking suspension bridge". the Guardian.
- "Mexico Receives Guinness Record For Highest Suspension Bridge". foxnews.com. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- "Calderón inspects Baluarte bridge works - México". bnamericas.com. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
- "China's record-breaking Jiaozhou bridge 'is safe'". BBC News. 2011-07-07.
- "China unveils Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway; eyes network extension".
- Michael Corkill (May 24, 2006). "Tunnel price tops $3b". The Courier-Mail. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- "Record-breaking Chinese rail opening piles pressure on airlines". The Independent. London. 25 December 2009.
- "Η Ταυτότητα του Έργου" (in Greek).
- "不计建设投资 京津高铁今年持平".
- "High Speed 1". railway-technology.com. 23 December 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- Flyvbjerg, Bent; Bruzelius, Nils; Van Wee, Bert (2008). "Comparison of Capital Costs per Route-Kilometre in Urban Rail". European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research. 8 (1): 17–30. SSRN 2237995. See p. 22.
- Murphy, Sean P. (17 July 2008). "Big Dig's red ink engulfs state". The Boston Globe.
- Greiman, Virginia (2013). Megaproject Management: Lessons on Risk and Project Management from the Big Dig (Google eBook). John Wiley & Sons. p. RA2–PT25. ISBN 978-1118416341. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- PURDUM, Todd (23 June 2000). "Los Angeles Subway Reaches End of the Line". New York TImes. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- 都営12号線(大江戸線)環状部事業の評価(総括表) Archived 2006-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, Toei
- "JUBILEE LINE EXTENSION, LONDON, UK" (PDF). University College London. Omega Centre. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
- "HSBE : Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Expressway Company Limited".
- OECD Territorial Reviews: Oresund, Denmark/Sweden 2003. OECD Publishing. 2003. p. 38. ISBN 978-92-64-10080-0.
- "Vasco da Gama Bridge". Lusoponte. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11.
- Megastructures. National Geographic for Channel Five.
- O’Connell, Dominic (8 January 2006). "Channel tunnel project has made Britain £10bn poorer". The Times. London.
- Neuharth, Al (June 23, 2006). "Traveling Interstates is our Sixth Freedom". USA TODAY.
- "CDOT Fun Facts". Colorado Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2008.
- Stufflebeam Row, Karen; LaDow, Eva; Moler, Steve. "Glenwood Canyon 12 Years Later". Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17.
- Neuharth, Al (June 23, 2006). "Traveling Interstates is our Sixth Freedom". USA TODAY.
- http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a066232.pdf
- Webber, Melvin (1976). "The BART experience: what have we learned?" (PDF): 93. Retrieved 31 May 2016. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - Anderssen, Erin (26 June 2009). "Fallen hero: the St. Lawrence Seaway at 50". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
- "Venezuela builds the world's most expensive highway". MiMecanicaPopular.com. Popular Mechanics. 15 January 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- "Venezuela builds the world's most expensive highway". Automotriz.net. Autrizomot. 15 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- "Trans-Siberian Railroad - Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com.
- "Frequently Asked Questions". Panama Canal Official Website. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- "Financing the Transcontinental Railroad".
- Maurer, Noel; Yu, Carlos (2010). The Big Ditch: How America Took, Built, Ran, and Ultimately Gave Away the Panama Canal. Princeton University Press. p. 58. ISBN 9781400836284. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/energy/invesments/landmark-canakkale-bridge-to-be-completed-in-2022/23125
- "Green Line Extension Project (GLX)". www.mass.gov.
- https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/ankara-canvasses-public-opinion-on-new-highway-project-connecting-istanbul-to-aegean-region-105343
- correspondent, Noor Zainab Hussain Transport (2019-11-08). "Crossrail could cost an extra £650m". Reuters. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-02-10.
- "Green light for €7.4bn tunnel between Denmark and Germany - News - GCR". www.globalconstructionreview.com. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- Israel, Olumide (March 2, 2014). "Railway: The return of the economic live wire!". Vanguard.
- "Lagos-Calabar railway project: FG, CCECC sign $11.12bn MoU". Vanguard. July 1, 2016.
- "Lagos light rail now to be completed 2017". BusinessDay. 21 October 2015.
- "News Detail - ConstructAfrica". www.constructafrica.com. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- Editor, Online (8 October 2016). "Ambode Revs up $2.3bn Badagry Deep Sea Port Project". Retrieved 5 February 2018.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- "- badagry-port.com". www.badagry-port.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- "Lagos sign deal for construction of 38km-long fourth mainland bridge". 25 May 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/northern-latitudinal-railway-concession-signed.html
- "Contractor pledges to deliver $1.65b Lekki deep seaport in 41 months". Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- "2020 BUSINESS PLAN" (PDF). California High Speed Rail Authority. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
- http://www.gencat.cat/generalitat/eng/govern/infocatalunya/20_infocat/04.htm%5B%5D
- Ediciones El País. "La línea L-9 costará 10.000 millones más de lo previsto". EL PAÍS.
- "Cross River Rail". www.crossriverrail.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- "Early works underway for Cross River Rail". Retrieved 5 February 2018.
- Sargent, Greg (April 5, 2004). "The Line That Time Forgot – Second Avenue Subway". Nymag.com. Retrieved December 18, 2012. Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - "Written answers and statements - Thameslink". United Kingdom Parliament. 4 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
- "Roads in India".
- Proctor, Cathy (5 January 2010). "FasTracks costs have dropped, but so have funds for project, RTD says". Denver Business Journal.
- "Exclusive: Auckland's City Rail Link cost blows out to up to $3.4 billion". New Zealand Herald. 2016-09-14. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- "Eglinton Crosstown - Funding". 2014-12-31. Retrieved 2015-04-13.
- "Autoput Bar - Boljare". Ministry of Transport of Montenegro. 2010.
- "Autoput Bar-Boljare: "Posao stoljeća" i dalje stoji". Slobodna Evropa (Free Europe). 2011.
- "Počela izgradnja autoputa". Autoput Bar Boljare. 13 May 2015. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- "Scarborough subway extension to proceed despite ballooning costs". 13 July 2016.
- "Schedule & Cost". Ohio River Bridges Project. Retrieved 2015-07-21.
- "آیا آسانترین قطعه آزاد راه تهران - شمال افتتاح می شود؟".
- "Wenn Milliarden im schwarzen Loch versickern (german)". diepresse.at. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
- "All about Metro modernisation | nexus.org.uk". nexus.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
- https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16473296
- https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/constructing-the-hs2-railway
- http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/high-speed-2-hs2/
- https://transportforthenorth.com/northern-powerhouse-rail/
- http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/hs2-suffers-setback-as-legislation-delayed-by-12-months-
- High Speed 2: A review of early programme preparation, Department for Transport. 2013-05-16. ISBN 9780102981421.
- https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/news/turkish-great-istanbul-tunnel/
- "Plans move forward for €2.9bn Arctic railway". www.theconstructionindex.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
- "Crossrail 2", Wikipedia, 2019-03-07, retrieved 2019-04-05
- Tamminen, Jenni. ""Antti Rinteen suunnitelma tulisi liian kalliiksi veronmaksajille" – Tiilikainen: Pisararata vanheni, tehdään Lentorata keskustaan asti". Uusi Suomi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2019-12-02.
- "China's Touchstone to invest $17 billion in Helsinki-Tallinn tunnel". Reuters. 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- ERR, ERR | (2019-10-25). "Chinese investor convinced Tallinn-Helsinki tunnel will be successful". ERR. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- "Scotland - Ireland bridge 'is feasible'". 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- "Boris Johnson seeks cost estimates for a Scotland-Northern Ireland bridge". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- "Finland earmarks funds for new rail links between Helsinki, Turku and Tampere". www.helsinkitimes.fi. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
- Post, The Jakarta. "China's EXIM bank to fund most of Malacca-Indonesia bridge project". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- Post, The Jakarta. "Cost of Sunda Strait bridge may balloon to US$18.87 billion". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- Post, The Jakarta. "No more Sunda Strait Bridge plan". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- Preiss, Timna Jacks, Benjamin (2018-08-28). "Crucial questions remain over cost of Melbourne's suburban rail loop". The Age. Retrieved 2019-11-25.
- "Berlin Airport plans to build additional terminal - before grand opening". thelocal.de. 2 May 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- "BER nimmt Anflug auf zehn Milliarden Euro" [BER nosediving towards 10bio]. PNN (in German). Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- "Changi's Airport Development" (PDF). Changi Airport Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- "Changi Airport allots nearly S$1.3bn for terminal 4 construction". Singapore Business Review. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- "Hong Kong International Airport (HKG/VHHH) - Airport Technology". airport-technology.com.
- "Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport – all in 45 hours". Guardian. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
- "Turkish firms win 22 billion euro Istanbul airport tender". Reuters.
- Jed-airport.com
- "North Sumatra to get new airport soon". April 4, 2006.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.