Orange Line (Lahore Metro)

Orange Line (Urdu: نارنجی راہ‎) is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. [1][2] When open in 2020, the line will be Pakistan's first metro in the entire country[3][4] since the Karachi Metro that was started in 1969 and closed in 1999.[5] The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the Lahore Metro. The line will span 27.1 km (16.8 mi) with 25.4 km (15.8 mi) elevated and 1.72 km (1.1 mi) underground.[6] The line will be served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passenger daily. Though it is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider China Pakistan Economic Corridor, the Orange line is being financed by both the Government of Punjab, and Government of China.[7]

Orange Line
نارنجی راہ
Overview
TypeRapid transit
SystemLahore Metro
StatusCompleted (Operational 2020)
LocaleLahore, Punjab, Pakistan
TerminiAli Town Terminal
Dera Gujran Terminal
Stations26 (24 elevated, 2 underground)
Websitehttps://pma.punjab.gov.pk/olmts
Operation
Operator(s)Lahore Metro
CharacterElevated & underground
Rolling stock27 5-cars trains
Technical
Line length27.1 km (16.8 mi)
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
ElectrificationThird rail 750 V DC
Operating speed80 km/h (50 mph)
Route map

 Ali Town Terminal
 Thokar Niaz Baig
 Canal View
 Hanjarwal
 Wahadat Road
 Awan town
 Sabzazar
 Shahnoor
 Salahudin Road
 Bund Road
 Samanabad
 Gulshan-e-Ravi
 Chauburji
Lake Road (Anarkali Station)
 GPO (Central Station)
Lakshmi Chowk
 Lahore Junction Station
UET
 Baghbanpura
 Shalimar Gardens
 Pakistan Mint
 Mahmood Booti
 Salamatpura
 Islam Bagh
 Wadha
 Dera Gujran Terminal
Route map

History

The project was initiated with a signed memorandum of understanding between the governments of Pakistan and China in May 2014.[8] Financing for the project was secured in December 2015 when China's Exim Bank agreed to provide a soft loan of $1.55 billion for the project.[9] Construction works on the project began in October 2015.[10] Habib Construction Services was awarded the first phase in October 2015 for ₨21.49 billion (US$130 million).[11] In October 2016, Phase 2 of the project was awarded to ZKB Engineers and Constructors for civil works between Chauburji and Ali Town at a cost of 11.39 billion rupees.[12] On 12 January 2017, 7 labourers perished at a makeshift residence for Orange Line construction workers.[13] CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.[14]

Testing and trial runs began in March 2018.[15] In May 2018, Punjab Chief Minister of the time Shahbaz Sharif was present at the first test-run of Lahore's Orange Line Metro Train (OLMT).[16]

Design

Stations

The project will have 26 stations. Anarkali and Central stations will be underground, while the remaining 24 will be elevated.[1] The rail line will run through the centre of each station, with platforms flanking the track.[6] Elevated stations will have a width of 22.5 metres, while Anarkali Station will be 16 metres wide, and Central Station 49.5 metres wide.[17] Elevated stations will all be 102 metres long, while Anarkali and Central Stations will be 121.5 and 161.6 metres long, respectively.[18]

Anarkali and Central Stations were initially planned to have two underground levels,[19] Anarkali Station will now both feature a ground-level concourse with one underground level, while Central Station will have a single underground level, in order to reduce the maximum gradient for trains from 35% to 30%.[20] Rail tracks will be 9.7m below street level at Central Station, and 8.7m below street level at Anarkali Station.[21]

Underground stations will feature automated doors between platforms and trains. Public areas of the station will be air conditioned during warm months.[22] Elevated stations will feature natural ventilation throughout the platforms, with localized air conditioning in public areas of the ticket-hall level.[23]

Rolling stock

Orange Line trains will be composed of five wagons manufactured by China's CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive,[24] and will be automated and driverless.[4] A standard Chinese "Type B" train-set consisting of 5 cars with 4 doors each will be used,[25] that will have a stainless steel body and will be illuminated by LED lighting.[26] Each car will have a nominal capacity of 200 seated and standing passengers at an average density of 5 persons per square metre with 20% of passengers seated and 80% standing.[27] A total of 27 trains with 135 cars have been ordered for the system,[28] at a cost of $1 billion.[29] A total of 54 trains are expected to be in service by 2025.[29] The trains will be powered by a 750-volt third rail.[30][29]

Track
Orange Line Metro rail pillar

The Orange Line's tracks will meet China's national standards,[31] and will employ jointless track circuits.[32] Mainline track will be capable of supporting 60 kg/m, while track in the depot and storage yards will be capable of supporting 50 kg/m.[33] Track will be laid upon a monolithic concrete track bed, with crossovers located between every 2 to 3 stations.[34] Double turnover track will be used at each terminus for turnaround.[35] Tracks will be standard gauge at 1435mm.[36] Fasteners between tracks will be elastic.[37]

Depot

A depot will be constructed at the northeast portion of the line, directly east of the Lahore Ring Road,[38] while a stabling yard will be constructed at the line's southern terminus at Ali Town.[39] The depot will also be site of the Orange Line's central control centre.[40] The depot and stabling yard will respectively require 0.56 and 0.49 kilometres of track.[41]

Alignment

The line spans 27.1 km (16.8 mi). 1.72 km (1.1 mi) of the line is to be underground, while transition zones between underground and elevated portions will cover 0.7 km (0.4 mi).[42] The remaining track will be elevated.[43] The maximum gradient for the track's main-line is 30%,[44] while the minimum turning radius on the mainline is 250 metres.[45]

The planned alignment roughly parallels several of Lahore's major thoroughfares, including the Grand Trunk Road, McLeod Road, Lake Road, Multan Road and Raiwind Road. The Orange Line will connect several important nodes in Lahore, including the Shalimar Gardens, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore's main train station, Chauburji Square, and Ali Town.

Route
Lakshmi Station is named after the historic Lakshmi Building, which in turn was named in honour of the Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity, Lakshmi.

From Orange Line's northeastern terminus at Dera Gujjran, the track is elevated and runs in the median of the GT Road until Shalimar Station. From Dera Gujjran Station in northeast Lahore, the route travels 5.5 kilometres westward with stations at Islam Park, Salamatpura, Mahmood Booti, Pakistan Mint, and Shalimar Gardens. The track does not run in the GT Road's median near Shalimar Station - it instead turns and travels along the southern edge of the GT Road in order to bypass the garden in order to prevent damage to mature trees there.[46] Traveling west from Shalimar Station, the track returns to the median of GT Road, with stops at Baghbanpura, University of Engineering and Technology, and Sultanpura. From Sultanpura, the line then travel towards Lahore's central Junction Railway Station. From there, it travels southwest along McLeod road towards Lakshmi Chowk Station. The total distance from Sultanpura to Lakshmi Chowk is 2.5 km.[47]

Passengers from the Orange Line will be able to use Anarkali Station to transfer to the Lahore Metrobus stop at MAO College.

Leaving Lakshmi Chowk, the line travels southwest along McLeod Road, and descends into the 1.15 km underground portion that leads to the first underground station in the system, the Central Station. Central Station is located at the intersection of The Mall and McLeod Road, in front of Lahore's General Post Office (GPO) and the Lahore High Court. From Central Station, the line continues from McLeod Road and travels under Allah Baksh Road before turning south where the second underground station, Anarkali, is located. Connections from the Orange Line to the Lahore Metrobus will be available via an underground walkway. From Anarkali Station, the route continues under Jain Mandir and Lytton Road.

Chauburji perpendicular to Orange line tracks.

It then emerges along Lake Road and again travels above ground towards Chauburji Station.

The Orange Line will include connections to the historic Lahore Railway Station.

From Chauburji the line continues 4.5 km towards the southwest, along the median of Multan Road. Elevated stations are located at Gulshan-e-Ravi, Samanabad, Bund Road, Salahuddin Road, and Shahnoor. From Shahnoor, the line shifts from Multan Road's median and travels along the road's southern/eastern side with a stop at Sabzazar Station. The line continues along Multan Road's edge until Awan Road Station, after which it reverts to Multan Road's median. Leaving Awan Road Station, the line continues to travel southwest along Multan Road until it reaches Wahdat Station, which lies 2.85 km to the southwest of Sabzazar Station. The line 5.2 kilometers along Multan and Raiwind Roads, with stops at Hanjarwal Station, Canal View, Thokar Niaz Baig, before terminating at Ali Town.[48]

Connections

The Orange line will be connected to the Lahore Metrobus via an underground walkway from the Anarkali Station of the Orange Line, to MAO College Station of the Metrobus. The line will be connected to the Lahore Railway Station via a moving walkway to the Orange Line's Bohrwala Chowk Station.

Operations

The Orange Line will be operated by a joint venture of China Railway and Norinco for the first 5 years after the project's completion.[29] Infrastructure for the line has an expected life span of approximately 100 years with routine maintenance.[49] The official in charge is Sibtain Halim.[50]

Projected ridership

The system is designed to handle 30,000 passengers per hour.[9] The Orange Line will initially carry 250,000 passengers per day, with ridership of 500,000 passengers per day three years after commencement of service.[28] The system is designed to operate with a minimum headway of two minutes.[51] It is expected that the station will serve 24,520 passengers per hour in the Orange Line's first year of operations - a figure which is expected to rise to 49,550 by 2025.[52]

The system's busiest station is projected to be Anarkali Station with an estimated 45,550 daily trips in the first year of operations, rising to 110,000 trips in 2025.[53] Lakshmi Chowk is expected to be the second busiest station in the first year of operations with 23,200 trips, and 41,500 in 2025. Lahore Junction Railway Station is expected to be the third busiest station within the line's first year of operation with 17,500 trips, rising to 44,000 in 2025.[54]

Speed

The maximum speed of the trains is 80 km/h (50 mph) per hour.[55] Riders will be served by 26 stations, two of which will be underground stations.[56] The total ride time from one end of the system to the other is estimated to be 45 minutes,[28] compared to the current commute time of 1 hour.[24]

Hours of operation

The Orange Line is planned to be in operation for 18 hours per day, between 05:30 and 23:30.[29]

Electric supply

The system will require approximately 20 MWs of electricity to power the trains, as well as the system's stations.[29] 80 MWs of electricity have been secured for the project's operations from the Lahore Electric Supply Company.[57] The system will have a back-up unit in case of power failure, while a third emergency system will also be available to if both power sources fail.[29]

Two high-voltage electrical substations will be built for the line - one near UET Station, and the other at Shahnoor Station.[58] The project will also include 16 traction substations.[59]

Operation Entities

On February 25th, 2020, the contract of operation and maintenance of Lahore Metro Orange Line was signed between the Punjab provincial transport authority and a set of firms including Guangzhou Metro, NORINCO International and a Pakistani Rapid Bus operator.[60]

Finance

The 27-kilometer metro train is expected to cost 251.06 billion Rupees($1.6 billion),[9] out of which 47.07 billion Rupees($300 million) would come from the Federal Government of Pakistan, the rest is financed through soft loans by the Government of China.[61] Though the project is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the project is financed separately from CPEC, and is being undertaken by the Government of Punjab.[7] These loans will be paid back by Punjab Government in installments over a 20-year period.[62]

In November 2016, the Punjab Provincial Development Working Party approved an additional 391 million rupees towards construction of the Orange Line.[63] In January 2017, the Government of Punjab was awarded 20 billion rupees' worth of tax exemptions to help control costs for the project.[64] Also in January 2017, the Lahore Development Authority noted that it would require an additional 2 billion rupees in order to better integrate the Orange Line with the Lahore Metrobus where they interchange.[65]

The cost of land acquisition for the Orange line is Rs. 13.80 billion and is additional to the above cost and is being borne by the Government of Punjab.[66]

Criticism
Advocates charge that construction works threaten numerous heritage sites in Lahore, such as the 17th century Chauburji.

The project has been subject to criticism regarding transparency,[67] while environmental groups have been critical of the environmental sustainability of the project.[68][69][70] The Asian Development Bank is reported to have offered to finance a comparable underground transit system at a lower cost of borrowing, but with longer construction times and higher overall cost.[24]

Various people and organizations have raised concerns that the Lahore Metro Orange Line might be a possible threat to heritage sites in this historic city.[71] On 19 August 2016, the Lahore High Court ordered the cessation of construction works located within 200 feet of 11 historical sites,[72] though the injunction was eventually lifted and construction allowed to proceed.

The project is delayed due to the legal action against the line. After 22 months construction work resumed after the judgement from Supreme Court of Pakistan going in favour of metro. After the election, working on metro slow downed because minister of Government of Punjab termed it as White elephant and showed reluctance to complete it. The 2019-2020 budget of Punjab has allocated low amount of funds for the project which will slow the pace of development of metro.

See also

References
  1. "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan’s first metro train", Express Tribune, Lahore, 23 Mar 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.
  2. Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal
  3. Adnan, Imran (April 1, 2019). "OLMT project to face further delay". The Express Tribune. Retrieved April 2, 2019. As per the direction of the apex court, he said, the civil works of the project will be completed by end of July 2019. But the project will not enter into commercial operations by August or November 2019.
  4. "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. May 26, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017. Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.
  5. https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/1981633/1-railways-secretary-reviews-operation-karachi-circular-railway-revival/
  6. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  7. "Orange Line not part of CPEC: NA body". The Nation. January 17, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  8. "Pakistan, China sign pact on Lahore Orange Line metro project", Dawn, Lahore, 22 Mar 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.
  9. "China signs funding agreement for Lahore metro". International Railway Journal. December 23, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  10. Randhawa, Samiullah. "Court orders violated in Orange Line Metro Train project". Pakistan Today. Retrieved January 24, 2017. The court in its verdict on August 19 ordered the government to stop all construction work of the project within 200 feet of eleven historical buildings and ordered the formation of a review committee to assess the effects of the construction at these historical sites. The eleven sites are Chauburji, Saint Andrew Church, GPO building, the tomb of Zeb-un-Nisa, Supreme Court Registry Branch, Aiwan-e-Auqaf, Shalimar Gardens, Budhu ka Awa, the tomb of Baba Mauj Daria, Lakshmi Building, and Shah Chiragh Building.
  11. "LAHORE ORANGE LINE METRO TRAIN PROJECT – PACKAGE-1 CIVIL & ALLIED WORKS FROM DERA GUJJRAN TO CHAUBURJI 13.6 KM". Habib Construction Services. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  12. "Contract for Orange Line Package-2 re-awarded". Tribune. October 31, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  13. "Seven workers hired for Orange Line Train project perish in fire". Dawn. January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  14. "First Orange Line Metro train rolls out - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
  15. "Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  16. "Lahore's Orange Line Metro Train conducts trial run". Dawn. May 18, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
  17. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  18. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  19. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  20. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  21. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 69. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  22. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. pp. 3–10. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  23. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. pp. 3–10. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  24. "Short Cuts". The Economist. March 17, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  25. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  26. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  27. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  28. "Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan". The News. May 26, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  29. "27 trains to be acquired for Metro project". Pakistan Today. February 5, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  30. "Orange train to run on 750 volts". Dawn. January 18, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  31. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  32. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 143. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  33. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  34. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  35. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  36. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  37. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  38. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  39. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  40. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  41. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  42. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  43. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  44. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  45. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  46. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  47. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 64. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  48. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 67. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  49. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  50. Page, Jeremy; Shah, Saeed (July 22, 2018). "China's Global Building Spree Runs Into Trouble in Pakistan". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Sibtain Halim, Pakistan’s official in charge of the Orange Line, says no other countries expressed interest in bidding.
  51. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  52. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  53. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 75. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  54. "Norinco Technical Proposal" (PDF). January 2016. p. 75. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  55. FINANCING PLUS ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF METRO RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM ON OF THE ORANGE LINE IN LAHORE (PHASE-I FROM ALI TOWN TO LAHORE RAILWAY STATION)
  56. Hasnain, Khalid (June 26, 2015). "City to lose 620 trees for Orange Line train". www.dawn.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  57. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. pp. 3–10. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  58. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  59. "SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT" (PDF). EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
  60. "巴基斯坦首条地铁将由广州地铁运营". www.guancha.cn. Retrieved February 25, 2020.
  61. "Infrastructure project: First tranche of OLMT loan released - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. May 12, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  62. "China financing Orange Line Metro Train: Shahbaz Sharif - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. April 9, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  63. "Another Rs391m okayed for Orange Line". Express Tribune. November 5, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  64. "Govt approves Rs20 billion tax exemptions for Orange Line Metro project in Lahore". Dawn. January 7, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  65. "If well-connected, Orange Line will cost Rs2b more". Express Tribune. June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
  66. https://nation.com.pk/14-Mar-2016/land-acquisition-for-lahore-orange-line-metro-train-project
  67. "Orange Line hearing: Govt told to present metro train agreement - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  68. Shahid, Jamal (June 8, 2015). "'Environmental and economic sustainability' of CPEC assured". www.dawn.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  69. Hasnain, Khalid (July 27, 2015). "'Conditional' approval of Orange Line project EIA". www.dawn.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  70. "'Metro train will change country's transport culture' - The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. April 25, 2016. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
  71. News Report about Heritage Concerns
  72. Randhawa, Samiullah. "Court orders violated in Orange Line Metro Train project". Pakistan Today. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.