List of rulers of Tibet
Below is a list of rulers of Tibet from the beginning of legendary history. Included are regimes with their base in Central Tibet, that held authority over at least a substantial portion of the country.
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Pre-Imperial Yarlung dynasty[1]
- Nyatri Tsenpo
- Mutri Tsenpo (son)
- Dingtri Tsenpo (son)
- Sotri Tsenpo (son)
- Mertri Tsenpo (son)
- Daktri Tsenpo (son)
- Siptri Tsenpo (son)
- Drigum Tsenpo (son)
- Pude Gunggyal (son)
- Esho Leg (son)
- Desho Leg (son)
- Tisho Leg (son)
- Gongru Leg (son)
- Drongzher Leg (son)
- Isho Leg (son)
- Zanam Zindé (son)
- Detrul Namzhungtsen (son)
- Senöl Namdé (son)
- Senöl Podé (son)
- Denöl Nam (son)
- Denöl Po (son)
- Degyal Po (son)
- Detring Tsen (son)
- Tore Longtsen (son)
- Tritsun Nam (son)
- Tridra Pungtsen (son)
- Tritog Jethogtsen (son)
- Lha Thothori (son)
- Trinyen Zungtsen (son)
- Drongnyen Deu (son)
- Tagri Nyenzig (son)
- Namri Songtsen ?–618 (son)
Tibetan Empire
- Songtsen Gampo 618–641 (son of Namri Songtsen)
- Gungsong Gungtsen 641–646 (son)
- Songtsen Gampo 646–649 (second time)
- Mangsong Mangtsen 649–677 (son of Gungsong Gungtsen)
- Tridu Songtsen 677–704 (son)
- Lha 704–705 (son)
- Khri ma lod 705–712 (widow of Mangsong Mangtsen)
- Me Agtsom 712–755 (son of Tri Dusong)
- Trisong Detsen 756–797 (son)
- Muné Tsenpo 797–799 (son)
- Tride Songtsen 799–815 (brother)
- Ralpachen 815–838 (son)
- Langdarma 838–842 (brother)
Yuan dynasty and Sakya rulers
Sakya lamas[3]
- Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen 1216–1251 (Mongol protégé 1247)
- Phagpa Drakpa Gyaltsen 1251–1280 (nephew)
- Dharmapala Raksita 1280–1282 (nephew)
- Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen 1286–1303 (of Sharpa lineage)
- Zangpo Pal 1306–1323 (nephew of Phagpa Drakpa Gyaltsen)
- Khatsun Namkha Lekpa Gyaltsen 1325–1341 (son)
- Jamyang Donyo Gyaltsen 1341–1344 (brother)
- Lama Dampa Sonam Gyaltsen 1344–1347 (brother)
- Lotro Gyaltsen 1347–1365 (nephew)
Sakya Imperial Preceptors (Dishi)[3]
- Phagpa Drakpa Gyaltsen 1270–1274
- Rinchen Gyaltsen 1274–1279 (brother)
- Dharmapala Raksita 1282–1286 (nephew)
- Yeshe Rinchen 1286–1291
- Drakpa Odzer 1291–1303
- Jamyang Rinchen Gyaltsen 1304–1305 (brother of Yeshe Rinchen)
- Sanggye Pal 1305–1314 (brother of Drakpa Odzer)
- Kunga Lotro Gyaltsen 1314–1327 (grandnephew of Phagpa Drakpa Gyaltsen)
- Kunga Lekpa Jungne Gyaltsen 1327–1330 (brother)
- Kunga Gyaltsen 1331–1358 (brother)
Dpon-chens (Ponchens)[3]
- Shakya Zangpo circa 1264–1270
- Kunga Zangpo circa 1270–1275
- Zhangtsun circa 1275–?
- Chukpo Gangkarwa ?–1280
- Changchub Rinchen 1281/82
- Kunga Zhonnu 1282–circa 1285
- Zhonnu Wangchuk circa 1285–1288
- Changchub Dorje circa 1289
- Aglen Dorje Pal circa 1290–1298
- Zhonnu Wangchuk 1298 (second time)
- Lekpa Pal 1298–circa 1305
- Sengge Pal early 14th century
- Odzer Sengge circa 1315–1317
- Kunga Rinchen circa 1319
- Donyo Pal circa 1320
- Yontsun Drakpa Dar before 1322
- Odzer Sengge ?–1328/29 (second time)
- Gyalwa Zangpo 1328/29–1333
- Wangchuk Pal 1333–1337
- Sonam Pal 1337–1344
- Gyalwa Zangpo 1344–1347 (second time)
- Wangtson 1347–circa 1350
- Gyalwa Zangpo circa 1350–1356/58 (third time)
- Namkha Tenpai Gyaltsen circa 1357
- Palbum ?–1360
- Namkha Tenpai Gyaltsen circa 1364 (second time)
Phagmodrupa dynasty[4]
- Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen 1354–1364
- Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen 1364–1373 (nephew)
- Drakpa Changchub 1374–1381 (nephew)
- Sonam Drakpa 1381–1385 (brother)
- Drakpa Gyaltsen 1385–1432 (cousin)
- Drakpa Jungne 1432–1445 (nephew)
- Kunga Lekpa 1448–1481 (brother)
- Ngagi Wangpo 1481–1491 (son of Drakpa Jungne)
- Tsokye Dorje 1491–1499 (regent, of Rinpungpa lineage)
- Ngawang Tashi Drakpa 1499–1554 (son of Ngagi Wangpo)
- Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen 1554–1556/57 (grandson)
- Ngawang Tashi Drakpa 1556/57–1564 (second time)
- Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen 1576–1603/04 (second time)
- Mipham Wanggyur Gyalpo 1604–1613 (possible grandnephew)
- Mipham Sonam Wangchuk Drakpa Namgyal Palzang 17th century (grandson of Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen)
Rinpungpa dynasty[5]
- Norzang 1435–1466
- Kunzang 1466–circa 1479 (son)
- Donyo Dorje circa 1479–1512 (son)
- Ngawang Namgyal 1512–1544 (cousin)
- Dondup Tseten Dorje 1544–? (son)
- Ngawang Jigme Drakpa 1547–1565 (brother)
Tsangpa dynasty[6]
- Karma Tseten 1565–1599
- Khunpang Lhawang Dorje circa 1582 – 1605/06 (son)
- Karma Thutob Namgyal circa 1586–1610 (brother)
- Karma Tensung 1599–1611 (brother)
- Karma Phuntsok Namgyal 1611–1620 (son of Karma Thutob)
- Karma Tenkyong 1620–1642 (son)
Gandan Phodrang and Qing dynasty
Khoshut kings of Tibet
- Güshi Khan 1642–1655
- Dayan Khan 1655–1668 (son)
- Tenzin Dalai Khan 1668–1696 (son)
- Tenzin Wangchuk Khan 1696–1697 (son)
- Labzang Khan 1697–1717 (brother)
Dalai Lamas
- 5th Dalai Lama (Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, 1642–1682)
- Regents: Sonam Rapten (1642–1658), Depa Norbu (1659–1660),[8] Trinlé Gyatso (1660–1668), Lozang Tutop (1669–1675), Lozang Jinpa (1675–1679), Sangye Gyatso (1679–1703)[9]
- 6th Dalai Lama (Tsangyang Gyatso, 1697–1706)
- Regents: Ngawang Rinchen (1703–1706), Khangchennä (1721–1728)
- 7th Dalai Lama (Kelzang Gyatso, 1720–1757)
- Regents: Polhanas (1728–1747), Gyurme Namgyal (1747–1750), the sixth Demo Rinpoche (1757–1777)
- 8th Dalai Lama (Jamphel Gyatso, 1762–1804)
- Regents: the 1st Tsemonling Rinpoche (1777–1786), Yeshe Lobsang Tenpai Gonpo, the 8th Kundeling Lama (1791–1811), the 7th Demo Rinpoche (1811–1818)
- 9th Dalai Lama (Lungtok Gyatso, 1810–1815)
- Regent: the 2nd Tsemonling Lama (1819–1844)
- 10th Dalai Lama (Tsultrim Gyatso, 1826–1837)
- Regent: the 3rd Reting Rinpoche (1845–1862)
- 11th Dalai Lama (Khedrup Gyatso, 1842–1856)
- 12th Dalai Lama (Trinley Gyatso, 1860–1875)
- Desi: Shatra Wangchuk Gyalpo (1862–1864)
- Regents: Dedruk Khyenrab Wangchuk (1864–1873), the 10th Kundeling Lama Tatsak Ngawang Pelden (1875–1886), the 9th Demo Rinpoche Lozang Trinlé (1886–1895)
- 13th Dalai Lama (Thubten Gyatso, 1879–1933)
- Regents: the 5th Reting Rinpoche, Jamphel Yeshe Gyaltsen (1934–1941), Taktra Rinpoche (1941–1950)
- 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso, 1950–1959)
Panchen Lamas
Dzungar occupation
- Tagtsepa (deputy of Tsewang Rabtan) 1717–1720
Qing rule
Gashi and Pholha princes[7]
- Khangchenné 1721–1727
- Polhané Sönam Topgyé 1728–1747
- Gyurme Namgyal 1747–1750 (son)
Qing imperial residents (Ambans)
- Sengge 1727–1733 (first)
- Lianyu 1906–1912 (last)
20th century Silöns (prime ministers)
- Changkhyim 1907–1920
- Paljor Dorje Shatra 1907–1923
- Sholkhang 1907–1926
- Langdün Künga Wangchuk 1926–1940
- acting silöns: Lobsang Tashi and Lukhangwa 1950–1952
Modern political leaders within China
See also
- History of Tibet
- Pre-Imperial Tibet
- Tibetan Empire
- List of emperors of Tibet
- Guge
- Sakya
- Mongol conquest of Tibet
- Tibet under Yuan rule
- Phagmodrupa Dynasty
- Rinpungpa
- Tsangpa
- Ganden Phodrang
- Dalai Lama
- Panchen Lama
- Khoshut Khanate
- Dzungar Khanate
- Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
- Tibet under Qing rule
- Tibet (1912–51)
- List of modern political leaders of Tibet
References
- Ancient Tibet: Research materials from the Yeshe De project. Berkeley 1986, pp. 141-78; Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, Tibet. A Political History. Yale 1967.
- Christopher I. Beckwith, The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. Princeton 1987, pp. 226–9; Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, Tibet. A Political History. Yale 1967.
- Luciano Petech, Central Tibet and the Mongols. Rome 1990.
- Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls. [Rome 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, Deb T'er Dmar Po Gsarma. Rome 1971; Per K. Sørensen & Guntram Hazod, Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Wien 2007; Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet, Vol. I-II. Wien 2013.
- Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, 1971; Olaf Czaja, 2013.
- Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Hugh E. Richardson, A Short History of Tibet. New York 1962.
- Hugh E. Richardson, 1962; Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, 1967.
- Samten G. Karmay, The Illusive Play; The Political Autobiography of the Fifth Dalai Lama, Vol. 1 (a.k.a. The Dukula), Serindia, Chicago 2014, pp. 403-425
- Tsepon W.D. Shakabpa, One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet, Vol. 2, Brill, Boston, 2010, p. 1133
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