Kingdom of Kotte

The Kingdom of Kotte (Sinhala: කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය Kottay Rajadhaniya), centered on Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, was a kingdom that flourished in Sri Lanka during the 15th century.

Kingdom of Kotte
කෝට්ටේ රාජධානිය

Sri Lanka
1412–1597
Flag
Kingdom of Kotte (1505)
CapitalSri Jayawardenepura Kotte
Common languagesSinhalese, Tamil
Religion
Theravada Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
Kingdom of Kotte 
• 1412–1467
Parakramabahu VI of Kotte
• 1472-1480
Bhuvanaikabahu VI of Kotte
• 1484-1518
Parakramabahu VIII of Kotte
• 1551–1597
Dharmapala of Kotte (Last)
History 
• Unification of all Sri Lanka
1412
• Disestablished
1597
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Kingdom of Raigama
Portuguese Ceylon
Kingdom of Sitawaka
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Map of Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (1557 -1565)

Etymology

The term Kotte is said to have derived from the Tamil word "Kōttei" which means fortress.[1][note 1]The word Kotte was introduced by Nissankamalla Alagakkonara, who was the founder of the fortress. They were believed to be from the city of Vanchi, identified with Kanchipuram of Tamil Nadu.[4] The Alagakkonara family have also been identified to be of Tamil ancestry.[5][6]

Founding
See also: Ming–Kotte War

The initial Kotte kings were descendants of a Tamil merchant family.[7] Founded as a fortress by Minister Alakesvara (1370–1385) of the Alagakkonara clan of the Kingdom of Gampola during the reign of Vikramabahu III of Gampola to checkmate invasions from South India on the western coast, Parakramabahu VI later made Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte his capital city in 1412. It was well protected by the large swamp which surrounded the area.[8]

History

Parakramabahu VI first became the king of Raigama in 1412, then in 1415 he made Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte his capital. The King upgraded the existing citadel and built a new royal palace. Parakramabahu VI waited until ties between the Vijayanagara Empire and Jaffna Kingdom were severed. First he captured the Vanni and made its leaders loyal to him. Sapumal Kumaraya was the commander of the Kotte army at the time. Tamil served as one of the court languages of the Kotte kingdom at this time.[9]

Rise

In 1450, Parakramabahu VI had, with his conquest of the Jaffna kingdom in northern Sri Lanka, unified all of Sri Lanka. At its height, the Kingdom oversaw one of greatest eras of the Sinhalese literature. Notable poets at the time were Buddhist monks such as Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera, Weedagama Maihree thero, and Karagala Wanarathana thero. By 1477, however, 10 years after the death of Parakramabahu VI, regional kingdoms became more powerful. Most notably a new Kingdom was founded in central hill-country of the island by Senasammatha Wickremabahu who successfully led a rebellion against the Kotte Kingdom in 1469.

Rule from Kelaniya

Parakramabahu IX of Kotte moved the capital to Kelaniya in 1509 and it stayed there until 1528.

Arrival of the Portuguese

The Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in 1505,[10] landing in Galle Harbour. Once they learnt that they had arrived in Sri Lanka, they sailed to Colombo.[10] They were taken by a tortuous route to the capital, Kotte, which was actually quite close by. This was done in order to create the impression that the kingdom was too far inland to make invasion from the harbour feasible. This plan was, however, spoilt by the fact that the Portuguese who remained with the ship fired the ship's cannon repeatedly, which sound was heard by the Portuguese party being taken to Kotte.[11] This incident gave rise to the local saying "Parangiya Kotte Giya Vage" ("like the Portuguese went to Kotte")[11] [පරන්ගියා කොට්ටේ ගියා වගේ], which refers doing something or going somewhere in a roundabout route instead of a direct route. However, during this meeting Portuguese managed to secure a trade agreement with the Kotte king.[12]

Demise
Political map of Sri Lanka following the "Spoiling of Vijayabahu"

Kotte Kingdom's downfall began with an event in 1521 which became known as the "Wijayaba Kollaya". The Kotte king Vijayabahu VII's three sons mutinied and killed their father dividing the kingdom among themselves.[13] This gave rise to three minor kingdoms, Kotte, Sitawaka and Principality of Raigama.[14] The divided Kingdom of Sitawaka became more powerful with local popular support and Kotte Kingdom had to rely on Portuguese for help. The king of Kotte after Wijayabe Kollaya, Buvenekabahu VII, got assistance from the Portuguese in order to defeat his brother, Mayadunne. He also allowed his daughter's son, Prince Dharmapala, to be baptized as a Catholic by the Portuguese. After Buvenekabahu had named Dharmapala as his heir, he was shot - supposedly by accident - by a Portuguese soldier.

In 1565,[15] capital of Kotte was abandoned by Dharmapala of Kotte due to frequent attacks from the Kingdom of Sitawaka led by Mayadunne and his son Rajasinghe I; he was taken into Colombo under Portuguese protection.[16] Most of the areas of Kotte Kingdom were annexed to the Kingdom of Sitawaka[17] however after the downfall of Sitawaka in 1594, these areas were re-annexed to the Kotte kingdom.[18] In 1597 Dharmapala gifted the Kotte Kingdom to the Portuguese throne and Kotte era was officially ended.

Military

The military of the Kotte kingdom was closely associated with both its rise and demise. Poems written in this era give vivid accounts of the contemporary military. Before the arrival of the Portuguese, there are no signs of the use of fire arms in the kingdom. The military consisted of four main departments, namely

  • Ath - elephant regiments
  • Ashwa - horse regiments
  • Riya - chariot regiments
  • Pabala- infantry regiments.

Notable Commanders of Kotte Army

In the final periods of the kingdom, the Portuguese were often in charge of the military.

Significant military victories of Kingdom of Kotte
  • Capture of Jaffna in 1450
  • Capture of Vanni, making its chieftains tribute-paying subordinates
  • Successfully subsidising a rebellion in central hills started by Jothiya Situ.
  • Invading a port of the Vijayanagar Empire as a retaliation to looting a ship belong to Kotte, and making that port a tributary paying port of the kingdom.

Trade

The kingdom was situated near Colombo, a very important port at the time. Moorish merchants from India and Arabia dominated the trade of the kingdom until the arrival of the Portuguese. The spice trade, e.g. in cinnamon, cardamom, black pepper, dominated the exports while gemstones also was a big export. After the conquest of Jaffna, Kotte possessed the pearl trading which gave an enormous wealth to the kingdom. Portuguese who arrived in there as traders were able to secure a trading deal with the kingdom on their first visit.

Literature

One of the greatest of fields that flourished under his rule was literature and art, since the king himself was very fond of it. Royal patronage was given to literature paving way to a golden age of literature in the island.

Great poet monks of Kotte era

Notable art works of the era
A flag of the Catholic Karava Sinhalese who became Catholics during Kotte era

Sandesha poems
  • Kokila Sandesha
  • Paravi Sandesha
  • Gira Sandesha
  • Salalihini Sandesha
  • Hansa Sandesha
  • Nilakobo Sandesha

Poems and other anthology
  • Lowada Sangarawa
  • Buduguna Alankaraya
  • Gutthila kaawya
  • Kawyashekaraya
  • Parakumba Siritha
  • Saddharmarathnakaraya

Buddhist education institutions started in the era

These institutions paved way not only to the enhancement of Buddhist literature but also to the development of Ayurvedic medicine.

  • Padmawthi Piriwena, Karagala
  • Vijayaba Piriwena,Thotagamuwa
  • Sunethradevi Piriwena, Papiliyana
  • Siri Perakumba Pirivena, Ethul Kotte

Aryvedic medical books written in Kotte era
  • Waidya Chinthamani
  • Yoga Rathnakaraya

Religion
Kelani Viharaya

Buddhism was the religion of majority and given the Royal Patronage. A Temple of Tooth relic was built near the royal palace. Kotte Raja maha Viharaya was enshrined by King Parakramabahu VI to Held Esala Perahara Pegent in Honor of the Sacred Tooth relic. The ancient Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara also was repaired by the king Parakramabahu VI and Sri Perakumba Pirivena and Sunethra Devi Pirivena have become most famous monasteries in the country and still the same.

Hinduism was also given a foremost place in society. Most of the Buddhist temples entrusted shrines of Hindu gods Vishnu, Murugan (god Katahargama) and goddess Paththini and God Gambara as the provincial god. Prince Sapumal (crowned Bhuvanekabahu VI) had built a shrine near the ancient bo tree of the Kotte Raja Maha Viharaya as a vow to defeat Arya chakravarthi. Prince Sapumal is also credited for building or renovating the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna.[21]

The Portuguese converted much of the population into the Roman Catholic faith. The last king of Kotte, Don Juan Dharmapala, was one of two Catholic Sinhalese monarchs in Sri Lankan history (the other was Kusumasena Devi), though several other contemporary kings had also been temporarily Catholic.

Baththotamulla

Battaramulla was a village that provided rice to the king's palace. The royal flower gardens were also located in this village in an area called Rajamalwatta.

See also

Notes
  1. The word Kotte is derived from the Tamil-Malayalam word, Kōttai, which is derived from the Proto-South Dravidian word kōtt-ay, meaning fort. The word Kōttai further evolved to kēāṭṭa in modern Malayalam.[2][3]

References
  1. Somaratne, G.P.V. (1984). The Sri Lanka Archives, Volume 2. Department of National Archives. p. 1.
  2. Minahan, James (30 May 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. ISBN 9780313076961.
  3. Southworth, Franklin (2 August 2004). Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia. ISBN 9781134317776.
  4. de Silva, K.M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. Delhi: University of Ceylon. p. 86.
  5. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (15 July 1992). Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226789507.
  6. Ray, H.C. (1960). History of Ceylon, Vol.1, Part II. University of Ceylon. pp. 691–702.
  7. Cambridge South Asian Studies. 24. University of Cambridge: Center for South Asian Studies. 1965. p. 24. ISBN 9780521232104.
  8. "The Kotte Dynasty and its Portuguese allies". Humphry Coddrington. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  9. Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami; de Silva, Simon; M. Senaveratna, John (1921). "The Overlordship of Ceylon in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". The Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 28 (74): 127. JSTOR 43483739.
  10. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 8. (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  11. Paul E. Peiris, Ceylon the Portuguese Era: Being a History of the Island for the Period, 1505–1658, Volume 1. Tisara Publishers: Sri Lanka, 1992. p 36. (Link). OCLC 12552979.
  12. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 11 (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  13. B. Gunasekara, The Rajavaliya. AES reprint. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1995. p 75 - 77. ISBN 81-206-1029-6
  14. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 17. (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  15. Paul E. Peiris, Ceylon the Portuguese Era: Being a History of the Island for the Period, 1505–1658, Volume 1. Tisara Publishers: Sri Lanka, 1992. p 195. (Link). OCLC 12552979.
  16. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 48. (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  17. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 49. (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  18. S.G. Perera, A History of Ceylon For Schools – The Portuguese and Dutch period. The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon: Sri Lanka, 1942. p 65. (Link). OCLC 10531673.
  19. A. Sebastian, A Complete Illustrated History of Sri Lanka. Vijitha Yapa Publications, 2012. p 397. ISBN 9789556651492
  20. Himbutana, Gopitha Peiris (29 January 2006). "Ven. Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera Scholar monk par excellence" (PDF). Lake House. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
  21. Paranavitana, Senarat (1966). Ceylon and Malaysia. Lake House Investments. p. 140.

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