Haplogroup R1

Haplogroup R1
Possible place of origin South Asia, Southwest Asia or Central Asia[1][2][3]
Ancestor R (R-M207)
Descendants R1a (M420), R1b (M343)
Defining mutations M173/P241/Page29, CTS916/M611/PF5859, CTS997/M612/PF6111, CTS1913/M654, CTS2565/M663, CTS2680, CTS2908/M666/PF6123, CTS3123/M670, CTS3321/M673, CTS4075/M682, CTS5611/M694, CTS7085/M716/Y481, CTS8116/M730, F93/M621/PF6114, F102/M625/PF6116, F132/M632, F211/Y290, F245/M659/Y477, FGC189/Y305, L875/M706/PF6131/YSC0000288, L1352/M785/YSC0000230, M306/PF6147/S1, M640/PF6118, M643, M689, M691/CTS4862/PF6042/YSC0001281, M710/PF6132/YSC0000192, M748/YSC0000207, M781, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238/PF6115, P242/PF6113, P245/PF6117, P286/PF6136, P294/PF6112, PF6120[4]

Haplogroup R1, or R-M173, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A primary subclade of Haplogroup R (R-M207), it is defined by the SNP M173. The other primary subclade of Haplogroup R is Haplogroup R2 (R-M479).

Males carrying R-M173 in modern populations appear to comprise two subclades: R1a and R1b, which are found mainly in populations native to Eurasia (except East and Southeast Asia). R-M173 contains the majority of representatives of haplogroup R in the form of its subclades, R1a and R1b (Rosser 2000, Semino 2000, and Genographic 2011).

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [5]

Structure

Human Y-DNA Phylogenetic Tree
Haplogroup R1
M173 (R1)

M420 (R1a)

M459 (R1a1)

M512

(R1a1a)

 
 

(R1a1*)

 
 
 

 

(R1a*)

 
 
 
M343 (R1b)

L278 (R1b1)

L754

(R1b1a)

 
M335

(R1b1b)

 
PH155

(R1b1c)

 
 
 

(R1b*)

 
 
 

Origins

The origins of haplogroup R1 remain unclear. It and its sibling clade R2 (R-M79) are the only immediate descendants of Haplogroup R (R-M207). R is a direct descendant of Haplogroup P1 (P-M45), and a sibling clade, therefore, of Haplogroup Q (Q-M242).

There were few areas in which Haplogroups P-M45, Q-M242 and R-M207 were all common amongst prehistoric populations. R-M207 and its subclades were most common along an axis from Western Europe to South Asia, whereas Q-M242 was the most common Y-DNA lineage among Native Americans. However, both P-M45 and its immediate descendants also appear to have been relatively common in Central Asia and Siberia.

Based on its ancestral lineages, an inferred origin for haplogroup R1 is South Asia or its western neighboring areas. For example, Kivisild 2003 believes the evidence "suggests that southern and western Asia might be the source of this haplogroup" and that "given the geographic spread and STR diversities of sister clades R1 and R2, the latter of which is restricted to India, Pakistan, Iran, and southern central Asia, it is possible that southern and western Asia were the source for R1 and R1a differentiation." Soares 2010 felt in their review of the literature, that the case for South Asian origins is strongest, with the Central Asian origin argued by (Wells 2001) being also worthy of consideration.

Karafet et al. (2014) "rapid diversification process of K-M526 likely occurred in Southeast Asia, with subsequent westward expansions of the ancestors of haplogroups R and Q." [5]

General distribution

Eurasia

Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan (Lobov 2009), while a subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia.[6]

Individuals whose Y-chromosomes possess all the mutations on internal nodes of the Y-DNA tree down to and including M207 (which defines Haplogroup R) but which display neither the M173 mutation that defines haplogroup R1 nor the M479 mutation that defines Haplogroup R2 are categorized as belonging to group R* (R-M207). R* has been found in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample of Burusho and 6.8% (3/44) of a sample of Kalash from northern Pakistan (Firasat 2007).

Americas

The presence of haplogroup R1 among Indigenous Americans groups is a matter of controversy. It is now the most common haplogroup after the various Q-M242, especially in North America, highest worldwide R1 rates among Great Lakes/Algonquian-speakers,[7] in Ojibwe people at 79%, Chipewyan 62%, Seminole 50%, Cherokee 47%, Dogrib 40% and Papago 38%. 97% of R1 had the M269 SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), which defines haplogroup R1b1b,[7] indicating that most of it came from the settlement of the Americas by Europeans.

The poorly resolved SNP characterization has led to much controversy.[8] Some Native American Short Tandem Repeats haplotypes of R1, are not shared with Europeans.[9] However, the decreasing gradient of haplogroup R from Northeastern to Southwestern North America suggests that this results from recent European admixture.[10]

Other authorities point to the greater similarity between haplogroup R1 subclades found in North America and those found in Siberia (e.g. Lell [11] and Raghavan [12]), suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia, deriving from two major Siberian migrations. The first migration came from middle Siberia with the founding haplotype P-M45(x Q-M3). A second migration came from southeastern Siberia (Lower Amur/Sea of Okhkotsk/Kamchatka region) with the founding haplotype P-M45(x R1-M173), delineated by the RPS4Y-T marker, and took place at 7,000–9,500 years before present. Significant frequencies of RPS4Y-T are found in several northern Amerindian and Na-Dene populations (Bergen et al. 1999; Karafet et al. 1999), and in Lake Baikal region and Mongolia (Karafet et al. 1999), but is absent in Europeans (Bergen et al. 1999), reaching its highest frequencies in the populations of eastern Siberia. The P-M45(x R1-M173) subhaplogroup essentially seems to connect the population of eastern Siberians with the North- and Central-American Na-Dene and the surrounding Amerindian speakers. The RPS4Y-T diversification lends toward east Asia. The data correlates well with previous conclusions about the maternal migrations into Americas.[13]

R1-positive P-M45 tested populations: Udegeys, Koryaks, North- and Central-American natives.[13]

Africa

One subclade, now known as R1b1a2 (R-V88), is found only at high frequencies amongst populations native to West Africa, such as the Fulani, and is believed to reflect a prehistoric back-migration from Eurasia to Africa.

Subclade distribution

R1a (R-M420)

The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago (95% CI: 21, 300–29, 000 BP), or roughly the last glacial maximum. A large study performed in 2014 (Underhill et al. 2015), using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran."[14] The subclade M417 (R1a1a1) diversified ca. 5,800 years ago.[15] The distribution of M417-subclades R1-Z282 (including R1-Z280)[16] in Central- and Eastern Europe and R1-Z93 in Asia[16][17] suggests that R1a1a diversified within the Eurasian Steppes or the Middle East and Caucasus region.[16] The place of origin of these subclades plays a role in the debate about the origins of the Indo-Europeans. High frequencies of haplogroup R1a are found amongst West Bengal Brahmins (72%), and Uttar Pradesh Brahmins, (67%), the Ishkashimi (68%), the Tajik population of Panjikent (64%), the Kyrgyz population of Central Kyrgyzstan (63.5%), Sorbs (63.39%), Bihar Brahmins (60.53%), Shors (58.8%),[18] Poles (56.4%), Teleuts (55.3%),[18] South Altaians (58.1%),[19] Ukrainians (50%) and Russians (50%) (Semino 2000, Wells 2001, Behar 2003, and Sharma 2007).

R1b (R-M343)

Haplogroup R1b probably originated in Eurasia prior to or during the last glaciation. It is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan.(Lobov 2009) It may have survived the last glacial maximum,[20] in refugia near the southern Ural Mountains and Aegean Sea.(Lobov 2009).

It is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, with higher diversity than in western Europe, suggesting an ancient migration of haplogroup R1b from the east.[21] Haplogroup R1b is also found at various frequencies in many different populations near the Ural Mountains and Central Asia, its likely region of origin.

There may be a correlation between this haplogroup and the spread of Centum branch Indo-European languages in southern and western Europe. For instance, the modern incidence of R1b reaches between 60% and 90% of the male population in most parts of Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Ireland.[22] The clade is also found at frequencies of up to 90% in the Chad Basin, and is also present in North Africa, where its frequency surpasses 10% in some parts of Algeria.

Although it is rare in South Asia, some populations show relatively high percentages for R1b. These include Lambadi showing 37% (Kivisild 2005), Hazara 32% (Sengupta 2005), and Agharia (in East India) at 30% (Sengupta 2005). Besides these, R1b has appeared in Balochi (8%), Bengalis (6.5%), Chenchu (2%), Makrani (5%), Newars (10.6%), Pallan (3.5%) and Punjabis (7.6%) (Kivisild 2003, Sengupta 2005, and Gayden 2007).

R-M343 (previously called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Europe. It is an offshoot of R-M173, characterised by the M343 marker.[23] An overwhelming majority of members of R-M343 are classified as R-P25 (defined by the P25 marker), the remainder as R-M343*. Its frequency is highest in Western Europe (and due to modern European immigration, in parts of the Americas). The majority of R-M343-carriers of European descent belong to the R-M269 (R1b1a2) descendant line.

A fictional animation by Artem Lukichev links the history of R1, R1a and R1b to a traditional epic of the Bashkir people of the Ural Mountains.[24]

See also

Genetics

Y-DNA R-M207 subclades

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Kivisild 2003
  2. ↑ Soares 2010
  3. ↑ (Wells 2001)
  4. ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades – 2008 from ISOGG
  5. 1 2 Karafet, Tatiana; Mendez, Fernando; Sudoyo, Herawati (2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Nature. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
  6. ↑ Results for R1b1 members Archived 2009-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. 1 2 Hammer et al. 2005
  8. ↑ Oppenheimer Stephen; Bradley Bruce; Stanford Dennis (2014). "Solutrean hypothesis: genetics, the mammoth in the room". World Archaeology. 46 (5): 752–774. doi:10.1080/00438243.2014.966273.
  9. ↑ Bolnick, Bolnick, and Smith 2006, Fig 6b; Zegura et al. 2004, Fig. 5).
  10. ↑ Malhi (2008). "Distribution of Y Chromosomes Among Native North Americans: A Study of Athapaskan Population History"
  11. ↑ Lell Jeffrey T.; Sukernik Rem I.; Starikovskaya Yelena B.; Su Bing; Jin Li; Schurr Theodore G.; Underhill Peter A.; Wallace Douglas C. (2002). "The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (1): 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
  12. ↑ Raghavan Maanasa; Skoglund Pontus; Graf Kelly E.; Metspalu Mait; Albrechtsen Anders; Moltke Ida; Rasmussen Simon; Thomas W. Stafford Jr; Orlando Ludovic; Metspalu Ene; Karmin Monika; Tambets Kristiina; Rootsi Siiri; Mägi Reedik; Campos Paula F.; Balanovska Elena; Balanovsky Oleg; Khusnutdinova Elza; Litvinov Sergey; Osipova Ludmila P.; Fedorova Sardana A.; Voevoda Mikhail I.; DeGiorgio Michael; Sicheritz-Ponten Thomas; Brunak Søren; et al. (2013). "(2 January 2014). "Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans"". Nature. 505 (7481): 87–91. doi:10.1038/nature12736. PMC 4105016. PMID 24256729.
  13. 1 2 Lell JT, Sukernik RI, Starikovskaya YB; et al. (January 2002). "The dual origin and Siberian affinities of Native American Y chromosomes". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70: 192–206. doi:10.1086/338457. PMC 384887. PMID 11731934.
  14. ↑ Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23: 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
  15. ↑ Underhill 2014, p. 130.
  16. 1 2 3 Pamjav 2012.
  17. ↑ Underhill 2014.
  18. 1 2 Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions
  19. ↑ Khar'kov, V.N. (2007), "Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups", Genetika, 43 (5): 675–87, PMID 17633562
  20. ↑ Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, et al. (May 2008). "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". Int. J. Legal Med. 122: 251–5. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833.
  21. ↑ Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Distribution and Origins
  22. ↑ Reuters (August 2, 2011), Most Euro men are related to King Tut: DNA testing reveals strange genetic link among Europeans; Oddly, most Egyptians not in the family, Metro NY
  23. ↑ Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the "R1b" haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.
  24. ↑ About R1a and R1b from Ural epic story. Artem Lukichev (c)

Works cited

  • Gayden, T; Cadenas, AM; Regueiro, M; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007), "The Himalayas as a directional barrier to gene flow.", American Journal of Human Genetics, 80 (5): 884–94, doi:10.1086/516757, PMC 1852741, PMID 17436243
  • Behar; Thomas, MG; Skorecki, K; Hammer, MF; Bulygina, E; Rosengarten, D; Jones, AL; Held, K; Moses, V (2003), "Multiple Origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y Chromosome Evidence for Both Near Eastern and European Ancestries" (PDF), Am. J. Hum. Genet., 73 (4), pp. 768–779, doi:10.1086/378506, PMC 1180600, PMID 13680527
  • Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (1994), The History and Geography of Human Genes, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08750-4
  • Cinnioğlu, C; et al. (2004), "Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia" (PDF), Hum Genet, 114 (2): 127–48, doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4, PMID 14586639
  • Passarino; et al. (2002), "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms", Eur. J. Hum. Genet., 10 (9), pp. 521–9, doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834, PMID 12173029
  • Saha; et al. (2005), "Genetic affinity among five different population groups in India reflecting a Y-chromosome gene flow", J. Hum. Genet., 50 (1), pp. 49–51, doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0219-3, PMID 15611834
  • Semino; et al. (2000), "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans" (PDF), Science, 290 (5494), pp. 1155–9, doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155, PMID 11073453, archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-11-25
  • Sengupta; et al. (2005), "Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists", Am. J. Hum. Genet., 78 (2), pp. 202–21, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607
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  • Wells; et al. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 98 (18), pp. 10244–9, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, PMC 56946, PMID 11526236 . Also
Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R
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