List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Colombia
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Several stratigraphic units in Colombia have provided fossils. The richest formations are the Devonian Cuche and Floresta Formations, the Cretaceous Paja Formation, the Paleocene Cerrejón Formation and the Miocene La Venta site. The latter is the richest Konzentrat-Lagerstätte in northern South America and comprises the formations of the Honda Group.
Fossiliferous stratigraphic units
Formations are ordered according to their youngest age
Age | Formations | Locations | Departments | Fossils | Image | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Holocene | Quaternary alluvium | Yumbo Turbaná |
Valle del Cauca Bolívar |
Stegomastodon waringi | |||
Curití | Santander | collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari), Cryptotis sp., Hydrochoerus sp., Mazama sp. | |||||
Pleistocene (Lujanian) | Haplomastodon chimborazi | ||||||
Late Pleistocene | Sabana Fm. | Tibitó, Checua, Bosa, Guasca, Guatavita, Soacha, Tunjuelito, Mosquera, Tocancipá, Bogotá savanna | Cundinamarca | Cuvieronius hyodon, Equus amerhippus lasallei, Haplomastodon waringi or H. chimborazi | |||
Soatá Fm. | Soatá | Boyacá | Colombibos atactodontus, Haplomastodon waringi | ||||
Neochoerus sp., Odocoileus salinae | |||||||
Middle Pleistocene | Quipile | Cundinamarca | Megatherium sp. | ||||
Tocaima | Cundinamarca | Haplomastodon waringi | |||||
Pleistocene | Rotinet Fm. | Rotinet, Repelón | Atlántico | Haplomastodon waringi | |||
Arboleda El Remolino, Taminango | Nariño | Haplomastodon sp. | |||||
Mercaderes | Cauca | Haplomastodon sp. | |||||
Toro | Valle del Cauca | Stegomastodon sp. | |||||
Medellín | Antioquia | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
El Cocuy, Duitama, Sáchica, Socotá, Tunja, Villa de Leyva | Boyacá | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Salamina | Caldas | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Fusagasugá | Cundinamarca | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Carrizal, Uribia | La Guajira | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cabrera & San Alfonso, Villavieja | Huila | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cúcuta, Pamplona | Norte de Santander | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Agualinda, Lebrija Vélez | Santander | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Ibagué, Ortega | Tolima | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
La Victoria, Zarzal | Valle del Cauca | Gomphotheriidae indet. | |||||
Cocha Verde, Taminango | Nariño | Selenogonus nariñoensis | |||||
Pliocene | |||||||
Piacenzian | Ware Fm. (3.4-2.78 Ma)[22] |
La Guajira | Chapalmalania sp., Hydrochoeropsis wayuu, Tardigrada n. gen. & sp., Lestodontini n. gen. & sp., Cichlidae sp., Sciaenidae sp., Doradidae sp., Pimelodidae sp., Characidae sp., Cynodontidae sp., Serrasalmidae sp., Podocnemididae sp., Aves sp., Crocodylidae sp., Alligatoridae sp., Toxodontidae sp., Hydrochoeridae sp., Caviidae sp., Erethizontidae sp., Pampatheriidae sp., Megatheriidae sp., Glyptodontidae sp., Proterotheriidae sp., Camelidae sp., Myliobatidae sp., Pristidae sp., Carcharhinidae sp., Sphyrnidae sp., Megalonychidae n. gen. & sp., Mylodontidae n. gen. & sp., Scelidotheriinae n. gen. & sp. | ||||
Pliomegatherium lelongi, Nothrotherium sp. | |||||||
Late Miocene | Honda Gp. Cerbatana Mb. |
La Venta | Huila | Geochelone hesterna | |||
Serravallian (Laventan) |
Honda Gp. Villavieja Fm. (17.0-12.1 Ma)[33] La Victoria Fm. (13.82-12.38 Ma)[34] |
La Venta | Huila Tolima |
Lycopsis longirostrus | |||
Dukecynus magnus | |||||||
Huilatherium pluriplicatum | |||||||
Granastrapotherium snorki | |||||||
Hapalops sp. | |||||||
Anachlysictis gracilis | |||||||
Theosodon sp. | |||||||
Hilarcotherium castanedaii | |||||||
Purussaurus neivensis | |||||||
Sebecus huilensis | |||||||
Charactosuchus fieldsi | |||||||
Chelus colombiana | |||||||
Colombophis portai | |||||||
Dracaena colombiana (syn. Paradracaena colombiana) | |||||||
?Eunectes stirtoni | |||||||
Gryposuchus colombianus | |||||||
Mourasuchus atopus | |||||||
Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum, Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemiliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae gen. et. sp., Cichlidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis, Doradidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1-3, Loricariidae gen. et. sp. Incertae sedis 1 & 2, Potamotrygonidae | |||||||
Sylviocarcinus piriformis | |||||||
Hoazinoides magdalenae | |||||||
Galbula hylochoreutes | |||||||
Aramus paludigrus | |||||||
Aotus dindensis | |||||||
Nuciruptor rubricae | |||||||
Stirtonia tatacoensis (syn. Kondous laventicus) | |||||||
Stirtonia victoriae | |||||||
Hondadelphys fieldsi | |||||||
Neotamandua borealis | |||||||
Patasola magdalenae | |||||||
Potamosiren magdalenensis | |||||||
Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi | |||||||
Cebupithecia sarmientoi | |||||||
Lagonimico conclucatus | |||||||
Micodon kiotensis | |||||||
Miocallicebus villaviejai | |||||||
Mohanamico hershkovitzi | |||||||
Neosaimiri annectens (syn. Laventiana annectens) | |||||||
Neosaimiri fieldsi | |||||||
Pachybiotherium minor | |||||||
Micoureus laventicus | |||||||
Thylamys colombianus | |||||||
Thylamys minutus | |||||||
Hondathentes cazador | |||||||
Pithiculites chenche | |||||||
Anadasypus hondanus | |||||||
Pedrolypeutes praecursor | |||||||
Nanoastegotherium prostatum | |||||||
Scirrotherium hondaensis | |||||||
Boreostemma gigantea (syn. Asterostemma) | |||||||
Boreostemma acostae (syn. Asterostemma) | |||||||
Neoglyptatelus originalis | |||||||
Brievabradys laventensis | |||||||
Huilabradys magdaleniensis | |||||||
Pseudoprepotherium confusum | |||||||
Neonematherium flabellatum | |||||||
Microsteiromys jacobsi | |||||||
Neoreomys huilensis | |||||||
Microscleromys paradoxalis | |||||||
Microscleromys cribiphilus | |||||||
Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana | |||||||
Scleromys colombianus | |||||||
Scleromys schurmanni | |||||||
Prodolichotis pridiana | |||||||
Acarechimys minutissimus | |||||||
Ricardomys longidens | |||||||
Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis | |||||||
Prothoatherium colombianus | |||||||
Megadolodus molariformis | |||||||
Villarroelia totoyoi | |||||||
Pericotoxodon platignathus | |||||||
Miocochilius anomopodus | |||||||
Notonycteris magdalenensis | |||||||
Notonycteris sucharadeus | |||||||
Palynephyllum antimaster | |||||||
Mormopterus colombiensis | |||||||
Potamops mascahehenes | |||||||
Kiotomops lopezi | |||||||
Diclidurus sp. | |||||||
Eumops sp. | |||||||
Olenopsis sp. | |||||||
?Steiromys sp. | |||||||
Tonatia sp. or Lophostoma sp. | |||||||
Dolichotinae sp. | |||||||
Megatheriinae sp. | |||||||
Nothrotheriinae sp. | |||||||
?Echimyidae sp. | |||||||
cane toad (Bufo marinus) | |||||||
lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris) | |||||||
LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali) | |||||||
Thyroptera robusta | |||||||
Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor) | |||||||
Sincelejo Fm. | Calle Fría-Segovia | Sucre | Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus | ||||
Langhian | Castilletes Fm. (16.7-14.2 Ma)[22] |
Cocinetas Basin | La Guajira | Lycopsis padillai, ?Hyperleptus sp., Astrapotheriidae, Odontoceti, Mysticeti, Glyptodontidae, Pampatheriidae, Macraucheniidae, Proterotheriidae, Leontinidae, Toxodontidae, Interatheriidae, Megatheriidae, Dinomyidae, Sirenia, Sparassodonta, Aves indet. | |||
Chelus colombiana, Chelus sp., Chelonoidis sp., cf. Crocodylus sp., cf. Mourasuchus sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., Alligatoridae gen. et sp. indet., Boidae, Crocodylidae gen et sp. indet., cf. Eusuchia gen et sp. indet., Gavialoidea gen. et sp. indet., Podocnemididae incertae sedis | |||||||
Characidae, Serrasalmidae, Sciaenidae, Sparidae, Sphyraenidae, Ariidae, Callichthyidae, Doradidae, Pimelodidae, Carcharhinidae, Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Lamnidae, Otodontidae, Dasyatidae, Myliobatidae, Rhinopteridae, Ginglymostomatidae, Pristiophoridae, Pristidae, Rhynchobatidae, Rhynobatidae, Lepidosirenidae | |||||||
Calliostoma sp., Arene sp., Nerita cf. fulgurans, Neritina n. sp. aff. woodwadi, Modulus tamanensis, Turritella (Bactrospira) sp. cf. altilira, Turritella (Turritella) cocoditana, Turritella (Turritella) machapoorensis, Turritella (Turritella) matarucana, Architectonica (Architectonica) nobilis, Bittium sp., Rhinoclavis (Ochetoclava) venada, Potamides suprasulcatus, Terebralia dentilabris, Petaloconchus sculpturatus, Bostrycapulus sp., Crepidula cantaurana, Crepidula insculpta, Crepidula plana, Calyptraea sp. cf. centralis, Crucibulum (Dispotaea) sp. cf. springvaleense, Aylacostoma n. sp., Doryssa n. sp., Sheppardiconcha n. sp., Charadreon n. sp., Natica sp., Naticarius sp., Glossaulax paraguanensis, Polinices sp. cf. nelsoni, Sinum gabbi, Stigmaulax sp., Strombus sp., Malea sp., Bursa rugosa, Ficus sp. cf. carbasea, Distorsio sp., Chicoreus (Triplex) sp. cf. cornurectus, Chicoreus (Triplex) corrigendum, Luria sp., Muracypraea sp. cf. hyaena, Calotrophon sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymia cocoditana, Eupleura kugleri, Hesperisternia sp., Phyllonotus n. sp., Siphonochelus (Laevityphis) cf. sawkinsi, Siratus cf. denegatus, Vokesimurex sp. cf. gilli, Antillophos sp. cf. gatunensis, Cymatophos cocoditana, Cymatophos paraguanensis, Gordanops sp. cf. baranoanus, Pallacera maracaibensis, Solenosteira sp., Granolaria sp. cf. gorgasiana, Latirus sp., Nassarius sp., Turbinella falconensis, Melongena consors, Anachis sp., Sincola sp., Strombina sp., Persicula venezuelana, Prunum quirosense, Agaronia sp. aff. testacea, Oliva sp., Aphera sp., Bivetiella sp. cf. gabbiana, Euclia sp. cf. dinota, Euclia werenfelsi, Narona sp., Trigonostoma woodringi, Conus sp. aff. jaspideus, Agladrillia sp., Crassispira conica, Fusiturricula sp., Gemmula vaningeni, Glyphostoma dentiferum, Paraborsonia cantaurana, "Chiton" sp., Saccella gnomon, Noetia dauleana, Bulla sp., Crenella sp., Brachidontes sp., Atrina sp., Argopecten sp., Anadara (Rasia) democraciana, Anadara (Rasia) tirantensis, Conus sp. cf. chipolanus, Conus sp. cf. molis, Conus talis, Strioterebrum ulloa, Terebra (Paraterebra) sulcifera, Clathrodrillia sp., Cruziturricula sp., Hindsiclava henekeni, Knefastia sp., Polystira sp., Adrana sp., Politoleda forcati, Anadara (Cunearca) zuliana, Anadara (Grandiarca) chiriquiensis, Anadara (Potiarca) inutilis, Anadara (Rasia) sp. cf. cornellana, Anadara (Tosarca) sp. cf. veatchi, Tucetona sp. cf. democraciana, Mytilus sp. cf. canoasensis, Anomia peruviana, Cavilinga sp., Lucinisca mirandana, Diplodonta sp., Harvella elegans, Mulinia sp., Raeta sp., Angulus sp., ?Macoma sp., Strigilla sp., Leopecten sp., Lindapecten buchivacoanus, Crassostrea sp., Dendostrea democraciana, Plicatula sp., Anodontia sp., Lucina sp. cf. pensylvanica, Phacoides sp. cf. pectinatus, Glyptoactis paraguanensis, Arcinella yaquensis, Chama berjadinensis, Dallocardia sp. cf. sanctidavidis, Apiocardia n. sp. aff. aminensis, Crassinella sp., Eucrassatella (Hybolophus) venezuelana, Micromactra maracaibensis, Eurytellina paraguanensis, Psammacoma falconensis, Psammotreta hadra, Donax sp., Tagelus (Mesopleura) n. sp. aff. divisus, Solecurtus sp., Solena sp., Abra sp., Agriopoma (Pitarella) paraguanensis, Hysteroconcha sp., Leukoma sp., Pitar sp., Transennella sp., Tenuicorbula n. sp. aff. lupina, Semele sp., Chione sp., Chionopsis paraguanensis, Clementia dariena, Cyclinella venezuelana, Dosinia sp., Lamelliconcha labreana, Lirophora quirosensis, Macrocallista n. sp. aff. maculata, Panchione n. sp. aff. macrtropsis, Caryocorbula fortis, Caryocorbula quirosana, Hexacorbula cruziana, Dentalium sp., Balanidae indet., Buccinidae indet., Callianassidae indet., Pectinidae indet., Portunidae indet., Ranellidae indet., Sphaeriidae indet., Sportellidae indet., Tellinidae indet., Turridae indet., Unioidae indet., Veneridae indet. | |||||||
Burdigalian | |||||||
Miocene | Honda Gp. | Coyaima | Tolima | Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp., Gavialis sp., Cochilius sp., Miocochilis sp., Scleromys sp., Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Toxodontidae sp. | |||
Late Oligocene | |||||||
Early Oligocene | Pedeyita, Cartagena del Chairá | Caquetá | Eosteiromys sp. | ||||
Barzalosa Fm. | Alto San Jose, Chaparral | Tolima | Balanerodus logimus | ||||
Lophiodolodus chaparralensis | |||||||
Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis | |||||||
Protheosodon sp. | |||||||
Proadinotherium sp. | |||||||
Late Eocene | Gualanday Gp. | Colombitherium tolimense | |||||
Early Eocene | Bogotá Fm. | Ciudad Bolívar, Bogotá | Cundinamarca | Anemocardium margaritae, Etayoa bacatensis, Menispina evidens, Palaeoluna bogotensis, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Foveotriletes margaritae, Foveotricolpites perforatus, Hickeycarpum peltatum, Proxapertites operculatus, Ulmoideipites krempii, Carpolithus sp., Annonaceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Theaceae sp., many still unnamed | |||
Mid Paleocene | |||||||
Cerrejón Fm. | Cerrejón | Cesar La Guajira |
Titanoboa cerrejonensis | ||||
Carbonemys cofrinii | |||||||
Acherontisuchus guajiraensis | |||||||
Anthracosuchus balrogus | |||||||
Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki | |||||||
Cerrejonisuchus improcerus | |||||||
Puentemys mushaisaensis | |||||||
Aerofructus dillhoffi, Menispermites cerrejonensis, M. guajiraensis, Montrichardia aquatica, Petrocardium cerrejonense, P. wayuuorum, Stephania palaeosudamericana, Ulmoidicarpum tupperi, Acrostichum sp., Amaryllidaceae sp., Anacardiaceae sp., Annonaceae sp., Apocynaceae sp., Araceae sp., Arecaceae sp., Dicotyledonae sp., Elaeocarpaceae sp., Euphorbiaceae sp., Fabaceae sp., Lauraceae sp., Malvaceae sp., Malvoideae sp., Meliaceae sp., Monocotyledoneae sp., Moraceae sp., Pinales sp., Pteridophyta sp., Salicaceae sp., Salvinia sp., Sapotaceae sp., Stenochlaena sp., Sterculioideae sp., Violaceae sp., Zingiberales sp. | |||||||
Proxapertites operculatus, Gemmatus phanocolpites gemmatus, Mauritidlites franciscoi, M. franciscoi var. pachyexinatus, Ctenolophonidites lisamae, Psilatriatriletes guaduensis, Foveotriletes cf. margaritae, Psilamonocolpites sp., Longapertites vaneenderburgi, Retidiporites magdalenensis | |||||||
Manantial Fm. Hato Nuevo Fm. |
Ranchería Sub-basin | Cesar La Guajira |
Rzehakina epigona, Globorotalia conicotruncana, Globigerina eugubina, Fovetriletes margaritae, Psilatriletes guaduensis, P. martinensis, Zonotricolpites cf. variabilis, Proxapertites opercutatus, P. maracaiboensis, P. humbertoides, Psilabrevitricolpites marginatus, Ctenolophonidites sp. | ||||
Early Paleocene | |||||||
Paleocene | Guaduas Fm. | Zipaquirá Tasco |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
Archaeopaliurus boyacensis, Bacumorphomonocolpites tausae, Buttinia andreevi, Coussapoa camargoi, Echimonocolpites echiverrucatus, E. protofranciscoi, Ficus andrewsi, Foveotriletes margaritae, Geonomites zipaquirensis, Mauritiidites franciscoi, Proxapertites humbertoides, P. operculatus, Psilatriletes martinensis, Retimonocolpites claris, Retricolpites belskii, Scabrastephanocolpites guaduensis, Spinozonocolpites echinatus, S. tausae, Syncolporites lisamae, Zonotricolpites lineaus, Berhamniphyllum sp., Dinogymniun sp. | |||
Maastrichtian | |||||||
Early Maastrichtian | Guadalupe Gp. | San Luis de Gaceno Cucaita |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
Ophthalmoplax andina, ?Orthocarstenia clarki, ?O. cretacea, Ostrea tecticosta, Peroniceras (Gauthiericeras) bajuvaricum, Siphogenerinoides ewaldi | |||
Santonian | |||||||
Maastrichtian | Molino Fm. | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira |
Globotruncana fornicata, G. caniculata ventricosa, Globigerina cretacea, Gumbelina globulosa, G. excolta, Siphogenerinoides cretacea, S. bramlettei, Abathomphalus mayorensis, Guembelitria cretacea, Globorotruncanita conica, Gansserina gansseri, Racemiguembelina fructicosa, Heferohelix striata, H. navarroensis, Pseudoguembelina excolata, P. palpebra, Globotruncana aegyptiaca, Echitriporites suescae, Echimonocolpites ruedae, Foveotriletes margaritae, Mauritildites protofranciscoi, Psilatriletes guaduensis, Araucariacites sp., Rugutriletes sp., Proxapertites operculatus, P. psilatus, Spiniferites cf. ramosus, Achomosphaera sp., Dinogymnium sp. | |||
Campanian | |||||||
Oliní Gp. | Coello | Tolima | Eonatator coellensis | ||||
Santonian | Conejo Fm. | Toca Cucaita |
Boyacá | Archaeglobigerina blowi, Codazziceras scheibei, Dicarinella concavata, D. primitiva, Gloriaceras correai, Heterohelix globulosa, H. reussi, Lenticeras baltai, Marginotruncana angusticarenata, M. sp. ct. M. renzi, M. sp. cf. M. sinuosa, Protexamites cucaitaense, Protopholoe colombiana, Rosita tornicata, Sigalitruncana sigali, Whiteinella inornata, Baculites sp., Barroisiceras sp., Exogyra sp., Hedbergella sp., Peroniceras sp., Pryonocicloceras sp. | |||
Turonian | |||||||
Coniacian | La Luna Fm. | Sardinata Aguachica Lebrija Cesar-Ranchería Basin |
Norte de Santander Santander Cesar La Guajira |
Erichsenites mirabilis, Niceforoceras sp., Paralenticeras sp., Neoptychites sp., Holitoides sp., Fagesia sp., Prothocantoceras sp., Eucalycoceras sp., Cloleopoceras sp., Baroisiceras sp., Prionotropis sp., Baculites sp., Tissotis sp., Perinoceras aff. moureti, Whiteinella archeocretacea | |||
Turonian | |||||||
La Frontera Fm. | Yaguará | Huila | Yaguarasaurus columbianus | ||||
Boyacá Cundinamarca Huila |
Anomia colombiana, Codazziceras ospinae, Coilopoceras cf. newelli, Hoplitoides ingens, H. cf. lagiraldae, H. wohltmanni, Kamerunoceras cf. turoniense, Neoptychites crassus, Vascoceras cf. constrictum, V. cf. venezolanum, Wrightoceras munieri, Inoceramus sp., Mammites sp., Prionocycloceras sp, ?Fagesia sp. | ||||||
Coniacian | Loma Gorda Fm. | Aipe | Huila | Ankinatsytes venezolanus, Barroisiceras onilahyense, Codazziceras ospinae, Eulophoceras jacobi, Fagesia catinus, Hauericeras madagascarensis, Hoplitoides ingens, H. lagiraldae, Mitonia gracilis, Mytiloides kossmati, M. goppelnensis, M. scupini, Neoptychites cf. andinus, Paralenticeras sieversi, Paramammites sp., Peroniceras subtricarinatum, Prionocycloceras guayabanum, Reesidites subtuberculatum, Subprionotropis colombianus, Allocrioceras sp., Anagaudryceras sp., Anomia sp., Benueites sp., Choffaticeras sp., Dydimotis sp., Forresteria sp., Gauthiericeras sp., Morrowites sp., Nannovascoceras sp., Quitmaniceras sp. | |||
Turonian | |||||||
Early Turonian | Otanche Fm. | Otanche | Boyacá | Crioceratites cf. apricus | |||
Early Albian | |||||||
Turonian | Chipaque Fm. | Chipaque | Cundinamarca | Exogyra squamata, Ostrea syphax | |||
Cenomanian | |||||||
Turonian | San Rafael Fm. | Pesca Samacá |
Boyacá | Anomia colombiana, A. sp. cf. A. papyracea, Coilopoceras cf. lesseli, Hoplitoides cf. crassicostatus, H. cf. ingens, Kamerunoceras n. sp. aff. K. turoniense, Mammites nodosoidesappelatus, M. aff. afer, Mytiloides kossmati, M. mytiloides, M. subhercynicus, Ophthalmoplax spinosus, Paramammites cf. gracilis, Archaeoglobigerina sp., Clavihedbergella sp., Dicarinella sp., Globigerinelloides sp., Glyptoxoceras sp., Guembelitria sp., Hastigerinoides sp., Hedbergella sp., Helvetoglobotruncana sp., Heterohelix sp., Laeviheterohelix sp., Watinoceras sp., Whiteinella sp., Wrightoceras sp., ?Yubariceras sp. | |||
Cenomanian | |||||||
Late Cenomanian | Hondita Fm. | Aipe | Huila | Acanthoceras sp., Rhynchostreon sp. | |||
Cenomanian | Aguas Blancas Fm. | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira | Ostrea scyfax, Exogyra toxaster, Choffatella decipiens, Cheloniceras sp., Pseudosaynella sp., Dufrenoya sp., Turrulitas sp., Acanthoceras sp., ?Montelliceras sp., ?Calvoceras sp., Orbitolina conica texana, Heterohelix reussi, Marginotruncana sinuosa | |||
Aptian | |||||||
Early Albian | Hiló Fm. | Prado | Tolima | Actinoceramus munsoni, A. aff. subsulcatiformis, Beudanticeras cf. rebouli, Desmoceras latidorsatum, Eubrancoceras cf. aegoceratoides, Exogyra aff. texana, Goodhallites aguilerae, Inoceramus anglicus, I. cf. cadottensis, I. aff. dunveganensis, I. aff. etheridgei, I. cf. ewaldi, I. aff. irenensis, I. prefragilis, I. cf. richensis, Lyelliceras pseudolyelli, Mojsisovicsia evansi, Mortoniceras arietiforme, Neocomiceramus neocomiensis, Neoharpoceras hugardianum, Oxytropidoceras intermedium, O. karsteni, O. laraense, O. multicostatum, O. nodosum, O. peruvianum, ?O. robustum, O. venezolanum, Prolyelliceras gevreyi, P. prorsocurvatum, Puzio media, Tegoceras mosense, Acompsoceras sp., ?Bositra sp., Camptonectes sp., Entolium sp., Hamites sp., Hysteroceras sp., Mariella sp., Ostrea sp., Phelopteria sp., ?Syncyclonema sp. | |||
Early Albian | Capotes Fm. | Bituima | Cundinamarca | Douvilleiceras solitae, Neodeshayesites columbianus, Paracrioceras sp. | |||
Barremian | |||||||
Late Aptian | Yuruma Fm. Apón Fm. |
South of Cuiza | La Guajira | Astarte cf. sieversi, Cheloniceras cf. subnodosocostatum, Crassatella cf. caudata, Cymatoceras perstriatum, Deshayesites aff. codazzianus, Hamites degenhardtii, Heinzia galeatoides, H. lindigii, H. aff. provincialis, Heteroceras cf. helicoceroides, Karsteniceras beyrichii, Nicklesia alicantensis, N. cf. colombiana, N. didayana, N. dumasiana, N. lenticulata, Parahoplites obliquus, Pedioceras caquesensis, P. undulatum, Phylloceras morelianum, P. velledae, Pinna robinaldina, Pseudoaustraliceras ramososeptatum, Pseudohaploceras aff. liptoviense, Psilotissotia maxima, Ptychoceras humboldtianum, Pulchellia caicedi, P. communis, P. elegans, P. fasciata, P. galeata, P. hettneri, P. multicostata, P. pseudokarsteni, P. radians, P. robusta, P. royoi, Trigonia tocaimaana, Valdedorsella inca, Zurcherella zurcheri, Colombiceras sp., Eogaudryceras sp., Exogyra sp., Paraspiticeras sp., Uhligella sp. | |||
Early Barremian | |||||||
Late Aptian | Caballos Fm. Yaví Fm. |
Alpujarra | Tolima | Araucarites sp., Brachyphyllum sp., Cladophlebis sp., Weichselia sp. | |||
El Peñón Fm. | El Peñón | Cundinamarca | Cheloniceras sp., Epicheloniceras sp. aff. carlosacostai | ||||
Socotá Fm. | Útica | Cundinamarca | Acanthoplites (?) leptoceratiforme, Dufrenoyia sanctorum, Parahoplites (?) hubachi, Stoyanowiceras treffryanus | ||||
Aptian | Trincheras Fm. | Apulo | Cundinamarca | Heminautilus etheringtoni, Cheloniceras sp., Heinzia sp., Pseudohaploceras sp., bryozoans, molluscs, echinoids | |||
Early Aptian | Une Fm. Caballos Fm. |
Firavitoba Payandé |
Boyacá Tolima |
Heminautilus etheringtoni | |||
Aptian | Paja Fm. | Villa de Leyva Sáchica |
Boyacá | Kronosaurus boyacensis | |||
Callawayasaurus colombiensis | |||||||
Padillasaurus leivaensis | |||||||
Platypterygius sachicarum | |||||||
Desmatochelys padillai | |||||||
Brachauchenius sp. | |||||||
Stenorhynchosaurus munozi | |||||||
Muiscasaurus catheti | |||||||
Leyvachelys cipadi | |||||||
Bellcarcinus aptiensis, Cenomanocarcinus vanstraeleni, Colombicarcinus laevis, Joeranina colombiana, J. kerri, Notopocorystes kerri, Planocarcinus johnjagti, Rathbunassa gen. et sp. nov., Telamonocarcinus antiquus | |||||||
Acanthoptychoceras triumphyi, Acrioceras julivertii, Ancyloceras vandenheckii velezianum, Buergliceras buerglii, Colchidites apolinari, C. breistrofferi, Crioceratites leivaensis, C. tener, C. aff. emerici, Frenelopsis cf. ramosissima, Karsteniceras beyrichi, Karsteniceras multicostatum sp. nov., Macroscaphites yvani disjuncticostatus, Monsalveiceras monsalvense, Nicklesia pulchella, Pedioceras asymmetricum, P. ubaquense, Protanisoceras creutzbergi, Pseudoaustraliceras columbiae, Pseudocrioceras simitiense, Pseudohaploceras incertum, Ptychoceras aff. puzosianum, Teredolites clavatus, Dufrenoyia sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Olcostephanus sp., Phylloceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pseudofrenelopsis sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp., Valdedorsella sp. | |||||||
Hauterivian | Chipatá | Santander | Hamiticeras chipatai | ||||
Ritoque Fm. | Villa de Leyva | Boyacá | Valanginites santafecinus, Acanthodiscus sp., Favrella sp., Subastieria sp. | ||||
Tibasosa Fm. | Arcabuco Santa Rosa de Viterbo |
Boyacá | Subsaynella boyacaensis n. sp., Thurmanniceras santarosanum n. sp., ?Pseudohaploceras sp. | ||||
Rosablanca Fm. | Arenal del Sur Simití Socorro Zapatoca |
Bolívar Santander |
Diaulax rosablanca, Natica cf. bulimoides, Toxaster roulini, Trigonia transitoria quintucoensis, Acanthodiscus sp., Crioceras sp., Favrella sp., Hamulina sp., ?Kilianella sp., Nicklesia sp., Olcostephanus sp. Pseudohaploceras sp., Thurmanniceras sp. | ||||
Valanginian | |||||||
Murca Fm. | Ubalá Labranzagrande |
Cundinamarca Boyacá |
Berriasella colombiana, Leptoceras ublanese n. sp., Pseudoosterella ubalaensis | ||||
Berriasian | |||||||
Early Berriasian | Arcabuco Fm. | Chíquiza | Boyacá | Dinosaur footprints | |||
Tithonian | |||||||
Late Jurassic | Valle Alto Fm. | San Félix, Salamina | Caldas | Piazopteris branneri, Cladophlebis sp., Classopollis sp., Ctenozamites sp., Desmiophyllum sp., Gleichenites sp., Nilssoniopteris sp., Otozamites sp., Pachypteris sp., Ptilophyllum sp., Rhabdoderas sp., Sagenopteris sp., Sandlingites sp., Sphenopteris sp., Substeuroceras sp., Trigonia sp., Zamites sp. | |||
Kimmeridgian | Coquina Gp. Jipi Fm. |
Serranía de Cocinas | La Guajira | Adelocoenia dendroidea, Allocoenia trochiformis, Halysitastraea columbiana n. gen. n. sp., Stylina micrommata, Thamnasteria dendroidea, Calamophylliopsis sp., Calamophyllia sp., Heliocoenia sp., Isastrea sp., Pholadomya sp., Algae indet., Bryozoa indet., Gastropoda indet., Porifera indet. | |||
Late Triassic | Saldaña Fm. Chicalá Mb. |
Payandé, San Luis |
Tolima | Cycloceltites cowichanensis, Lissonites canadensis, Peripleurites boeckhi, Peripleurites roemeri, Rhabdoceras suessi | |||
Middle Triassic | Payandé Fm. | Payandé | Tolima | Cidaris cf. hausmanni, C. cf. scrobiculata, Costatoria jaworskii, Gruenewaldia multicostata, Isocrinus aff. trechmanni, Metasibirites annulosus, M. tolimensis n. sp., Monotis subcircularis, Myophorigonia ex gr. paucicostata, Rhabdoceras ex gr. suessi, Spiriferina abichi, Zygopleura cf. modestum, Z. cf. sturi, Z. cf. subanthophylloides, Coenothyris sp., ?Discophyllites sp., Gervillella sp., Homomya sp., Leptochondria sp., ?Limatula sp., Loxonema sp., Megalodon sp., ?Myophoria sp., ?Oxynautilus sp.,?Pleuromya sp., ?Pomarangina sp., Schafhaeutlia sp., ?Wittenburgella sp., Brachiopoda indet., Crinoidea indet. | |||
Middle Permian | Palmarito Fm. | Río Molino | Magdalena | Mooreoceras sp. | |||
Quebrada Manaure | La Guajira | Perrinites hilli, Eumedlicottia sp., ?Stearoceras sp. | |||||
Early Permian | |||||||
Mid Carboniferous | |||||||
Early Carboniferous | Cuche Fm. | Floresta | Boyacá | Antarctilamna sp., Asterolepis sp., Bothriolepis sp., Holoptychius sp., ?Strepsodus sp., ?Ginkgo lamariensis, Baiera sp., Welleria sp., Lingula sp. | |||
Frasnian | |||||||
Early Givetian | Floresta Fm. | Platyceras aff. nodosum | |||||
Placoderm fishes, Colombianaspis carvalhoae gen. et sp. nov., Schizobolus pilasiensis sp. nov., Tarijactinoides sp. nov., Anchiopsis armata, Barroisella sp., Belenopyge contusa, Cordania gasepiou, Coronura cf. lessepsensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dipleura cf. dekayi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Kettneraspis callicera, Mannopyge sp., Synphoria stemmata, ?Tarutiglossa sp., Viaphacops cristata, Acrospirifer olssoni, Anoplotheca cf. silvetii, Atrypa harrisi, Australospirifer cf. antarcticus, Aviculopecten wellsi, Brachyspirifer palmerae, Camarotoechia dotis, Chonetes cf. billingsi, C. comstockii, C. cf. stubeli, Chonostrophia knodi, Cyclotrypa boyaca, C. carribeana, C. dickeyi, C. reticulata, C. stellata, Cymostrophia dickeyi, C. schucherti, C. waringi, Cypricardinia cf. subindenta, Cyrtina hamiltonensis, Dalmanites cf. patacamayaensis, Dechenella boteroi, Dictyostrophia cooperi, Elytha colombiana, Eodevonaria imperialis, Favosites aff. hamiltonensis, Fenestrellina colombiana, F. olssoni, F. acuta, F. quadrata, F. harrisi, Fistulipora anomala, F. megalopora, Florestacanthus morenoi, Greenops cf. grabaui, Heliophyllum halli, Intrapora fragilis, I. megalopora, Leiorhynchus mysia, Leptaena boyaca, Megastrophia hopkinsi, M. pygmaea, Meristella wheeleri, Nucleospira concinna, Meganteris australis, Odontopleura callicera, Pentagonia gemmisulcata, Phacops cf. salteri, Pholidops florestae, Platyostoma lineata, Pleurodictyum americanum, Polypora elegantula, P. granulifera, Prismopora inornata, Schellwienella goldringae, Semicoscinium colombiensis, S. minutum, Spinocyrtia cf. valenteana, Spinulicosta spinulicosta, Spirifer kingi, Strophonella floweri, S. meridionalis, Sulcoretepora olssoni, S. subramosa, Taeniopora florestae, Tropidoleptus carinatus, Unitrypa casteri, Viaphacops cristata, Acanthograptus sp., Actinopteria sp, Amphigenia sp., Anthozoa sp., Aviculopecten sp., Camarotoechia sp., Cryptonella sp., Cyphaspis sp., Cryphaeus sp., Dalmanites sp., Derbyina sp., Gastropoda sp., Grammysia sp., Homalonotus sp., Leptostrophia sp., Mediospirifer sp., Orthoceras sp., Ostracoda sp., Orthis sp., Paraspirifer sp., Proetus sp., Pterinea sp., Strophodonta sp., Thamnopora sp., Vitulina sp. | |||||||
Late Emsian | |||||||
Devonian | Río Cachirí Gp. | Cesar-Ranchería Basin | Cesar La Guajira | Acrospirifer olssoni; Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa, Pecten sp. | |||
Early Devonian | |||||||
Silurian | |||||||
Late Ordovician | |||||||
Middle Ordovician | Caño Cristales | Meta | Dichograptus sp., Tetragraptus sp., ?Lingulella sp., ?Obolus sp. | ||||
Darriwilian | El Higado Fm. Venado Fm. |
Tarqui | Huila | Acodus deltatus, Anebolithus tafuri, Costiconus iniquus, ?Costiconus cf. ethingtoni, Cryptograptus tricornis, Didymograptus artus, Didymograptus murchisoni, Drepanodus robustus, Drepanoistodus cf. tablepointensis, Hallograptus bimucronatus, Ogygiocarella cf. debuchii, Ogygiocaris cf. macrops, ?Paltodus deltifer, Parapaltodus simplicissimus, Paroistodus numarcuatus, Protolloydolithus cf. salax, Protopanderodus rectus, Semiacontiodus cf. cornuformis, Scolapodus striatus, Cerninella sp., Cordylodus sp., Glyptograptus sp., ?Obolus sp., Porterfieldia sp., Schizocrania sp., Asaphidae sp. | |||
Floian | |||||||
Early Ordovician | ?Guapayito Fm. | Guaviare River Serranía de la Macarena |
Meta | Acrotreta sp., ?Apheoorthis sp., Basiliella sp., Geragnostus sp., Kainella sp., ?Leptoplastides sp., Lingulella sp., Megistaspis sp., ?Nanorthis sp., ?Niobella sp., ?Pseudokainella sp., Raphiophorus sp., Symphysurus sp., ?Tropidodiscus sp., Tropidopyge sp., ?Westergaardia sp. | |||
Cambrian | Duda Fm. | El Dorado | Meta | Paradoxides sp. | |||
Proterozoic | |||||||
Proposed reclassification of South American gomphotheres
Some authors, Lucas, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:[275][276][277][278]
- Stegomastodon (Pohlig 1912) is an exclusively North American genus
- Haplomastodon (Hoffstetter 1950) is a South American genus, but synonymous with Notiomastodon (Cabrera 1929)
- as Notiomastodon was defined earlier, all Haplomastodon species should be considered part of Notiomastodon
- all formerly described species as Stegomastodon sp., Haplomastodon sp. and Notiomastodon sp. belong to a single species; Notiomastodon platensis
- Cuvieronius (Osborn 1923) is the only remaining South American genus outside of Notiomastodon
Evolution
See also
Notes and references
Notes
References
- ↑ Stegomastodon waringi at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Curití at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 De Porta, 1969, p.92
- ↑ Correal Urrego, 1990, p.77
- ↑ De Porta, 1960
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Rodríguez Flórez et al., 2009
- ↑ Hammen, 1986, p.29
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996
- ↑ Hernández & De Porta, 1960, p.46
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.54
- 1 2 Soatá at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 De Porta, 1961, p.52
- 1 2 Bürgl, 1956
- ↑ Páramo & Escobar, 2010, p.55
- ↑ Villarroel & Clavijo, 2005, p.353
- ↑ Haplomastodon waringi, Rotinet at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, pp.25-27
- 1 2 (in Spanish) Mastodontes en Colombia
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.53
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.52
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.43
- 1 2 Amson et al., 2016, p.2
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.3
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.4
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.6
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.8
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.15
- ↑ Pérez et al., 2017
- ↑ Ware Vertebrates at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.9
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.12
- ↑ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.53
- 1 2 Suárez et al., 2015
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Croft, 2007, p.299
- ↑ Villarroel, 1997
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Croft, 2007, p.302
- ↑ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Croft, 2007, p.300
- ↑ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
- ↑ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cadena et al., 2008
- ↑ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
- ↑ Hsiou et al., 2010
- ↑ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta, serpientes
- ↑ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
- ↑ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
- ↑ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
- ↑ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Miller, 1953
- 1 2 Rasmussen, 1997
- ↑ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tejedor, 2013, p.22
- ↑ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Croft, 2007, p.301
- ↑ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Setoguchi, 1985
- ↑ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Marshall, 1976
- ↑ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.303
- ↑ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
- ↑ Defler, 2004, p.32
- ↑ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Takai et al., 2001
- ↑ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rosenberger et al., 1991
- ↑ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
- ↑ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Takai et al., 1991
- ↑ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
- ↑ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neoglyptatelus sincelejanus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Amson et al., 2016, p.7
- 1 2 Moreno et al., 2015, p.35
- ↑ Cadena & Jaramillo, 2015, pp.190-196
- ↑ Moreno Bernal, 2014, pp.7-30
- ↑ Moreno et al., 2015, p.29
- ↑ Hendy et al., 2015, pp.52-54
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
- ↑ Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Hoffstetter, 1971, p.39
- ↑ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Lophiodolodus chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Protheosodon at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Proadinotherium at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Billet et al., 2010
- ↑ Etayoa bacatensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroel, 1987, p.241
- ↑ Stephania palaeosudamericana, FH0903 at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Herrera et al., 2011
- ↑ Montoya & Reyes, 2002, p.59
- ↑ Herrera et al., 2014, pp.204-209
- ↑ Bloch et al., 2008
- ↑ Head et al., 2011
- ↑ Head et al., 2012
- ↑ Titanoboa cerrejonensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Head et al., 2009
- ↑ Carbonemys cofrinii at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cadena et al., 2012a
- ↑ Acherontisuchus guajiraensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hastings et al., 2011, p.1095
- ↑ Anthracosuchus balrogus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hastings et al., 2014
- ↑ Cerrejonemys wayuunaiki at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cadena et al., 2010
- ↑ Cerrejonisuchus improcerus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hastings et al., 2010
- ↑ Puentemys mushaisaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cadena et al., 2012b
- ↑ Herrera et al., 2008
- ↑ Herrera et al., 2014, p.199
- ↑ Herrera et al., 2014, p.204
- ↑ Wing et al., 2009
- ↑ Cerrejón 0315 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0318 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0319 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0322 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0323 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0324 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0706 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0707 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0708 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón 0710 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerrejón FH0705-12 at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 García González et al., 2007, p.303
- ↑ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.37
- ↑ Huertas, 1960, p.54
- ↑ Coussapoa camargoi, Ficus andrewsi at fossilworks.org
- ↑ Berhamniphyllum sp. & Archaeopaliurus boyacensis at fossilworks.org
- ↑ 'Archaeopaliurus boyacensis' in the Paleobiology Database
- ↑ Gúzman et al., 2016
- ↑ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, pp.14-15
- ↑ García González et al., 2007, p.77
- 1 2 3 García González et al., 2007, p.307
- ↑ Eonatator coellensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Páramo Fonseca, 2013
- ↑ Luque et al., 2015
- ↑ Tchegliakova & Pérez, 1995
- ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.48
- ↑ Espinel & Hurtado, 2010, p.14
- ↑ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, pp.32-33
- 1 2 3 Moreno Bedmar et al., 2015
- 1 2 García González et al., 2007, p.75
- ↑ Yaguarasaurus columbianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Páramo Fonseca, 2000
- 1 2 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.41
- ↑ Patarroyo, 2016, p.41
- ↑ Blanco et al., 2004, p.26
- 1 2 Patarroyo, 2011
- ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.54
- ↑ Gutiérrez Palma, 1971
- ↑ Acosta, 1960, p.37
- ↑ Patarroyo & Rojas, 2007
- ↑ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.31
- ↑ Olini Creek 1 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 3 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 6 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 8 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 9 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 13 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 15 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 34 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 39 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 40 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 47 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 48 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 54 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 58 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 59 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 65 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 100 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 101 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 106 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 108 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 115 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Olini Creek 122 at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.42
- ↑ Cuiza Barremian at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cuiza Aptian at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Punta Espada at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Monje et al., 2016, p.38
- ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.40
- ↑ Badouin et al., 2016, p.87
- ↑ Kronosaurus boyacensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Callawayasaurus colombiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Padillasaurus leivaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Platypterygius sachicarum at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Páramo et al., 2016
- 1 2 Brachauchenius sp., Gerhardtia sp., Heinzia sp., Karsteniceras sp., Prodesheyesites sp., Pulchellia sp., Toxancycloceras sp. at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Cadena & Parham, 2015
- ↑ Muiscasaurus catheti at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Leyvachelys cipadi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Luque, 2014
- ↑ Karasawa et al., 2014
- ↑ Luque, 2015
- ↑ Bermúdez et al., 2013
- ↑ Luque et al., 2012
- ↑ Monsalveiceras monsalvense at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Kabakadze & Hoedemaeker, 1997, pp.58-59
- ↑ Chaparro et al., 2015
- ↑ Moreno et al., 2007
- ↑ Patarroyo, 2009
- ↑ Espinel & Hurtado, p.11
- ↑ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.23
- ↑ Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Arcabuco at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Gómez et al., 2015
- ↑ Espinel & Hurtado et al., 2010, p.10
- ↑ Moreno & Hincapié, 2010, p.21
- ↑ Acosta & Ulloa, 2002, p.38
- ↑ Dorado Galindo, 1990, p.23
- ↑ Moreno, 1990, p.76
- ↑ Piraquive et al., 2011, p.207
- ↑ Pseudoosterella ubalaensis
- ↑ Ubalá at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Moreno Sánchez et al., 2011
- 1 2 Mojica, 1984, pp.131-132
- ↑ Valle Alto Formation at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Coquina Group Jurassic fauna at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé bed A at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé bed B at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé bed C at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé Río Coello at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé Quebrada Chicalá at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé El Salitre at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Payandé Cueva Tuluni at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Río Molino Permian at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Quebrada Manaure Permian at Fossilworks.org
- 1 2 Mojica & Villarroel, 1984, pp.65-69
- ↑ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998
- 1 2 Devonian Floresta at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Morzadec et al., 2015, pp.335-352
- ↑ Giroud López, 2014, pp.39-40
- ↑ Janvier & Villarroel, 1998, p.9
- ↑ García González et al., 2007, p.68
- ↑ Caño Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Moreno et al., 2008, p.10
- ↑ Borrero et al., 2007
- ↑ Guaviare Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Macarena Ordovician at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Toro Toro et al., 2014
- 1 2 Lucas, 2013
- ↑ Mothé et al., 2012
- ↑ Mothé et al., 2016a
- ↑ Mothé et al., 2016b
- ↑ Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33
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Bogotá Formation
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Cerrejón Formation
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La Frontera Formation
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Paja Formation
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- Cadena, Edwin A., and James F. Parham. 2015a. Oldest known marine turtle? A new protostegid from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia. PaleoBios 32. 1–42. Accessed 2017-03-30.
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- Carballido, José L.; Diego Pol; Mary L. Parra Ruge; Santiago Padilla Bernal; María E. Páramo Fonseca, and Fernando Etayo Serna. 2015. A new Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) from northwestern Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Online edition. e980505. Accessed 2017-03-30.
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- Kakabadze, Mikhail V., and Philip J. Hoedemaeker. 1997. New and less known Barremian-Albian ammonites from Colombia. Scripta Geologica 114. 57–117. Accessed 2017-03-30.
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- Luque, Javier. 2014. A new genus and species of raninoidian crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Lower Cretaceous of Colombia, South America. Scripta Geologica 147. 27–34. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Luque, Javier; Rodney M. Feldmann; Carrie E. Schweitzer; Carlos Jaramillo, and Christopher B. Cameron. 2012. The oldest frog crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Raninoida) from the Aptian of northern South America. Journal of Crustacean Biology 32. 405–420. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Maxwell, Erin E.; Daniel Dick; Santiago Padilla, and Mary Luz Parra. 2015. A new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Colombia. Papers in Palaeontology 2. 59–70. Accessed 2017-03-30.
- Moreno Sánchez, M.; A. de J. Gómez Cruz, and H. Castillo González. 2007. Frenelopsis y Pseudofrenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) en el Cretácico temprano de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 29. 13–19. Accessed 2017-04-06.
- Páramo, María E.; Marcela Gómez Pérez; Leslie F. Noé, and Fernando Etayo. 2016. Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 40. 84–103. Accessed 2017-04-20.
- Patarroyo, Pedro. 2009. Amonitas de un nivel de alta energía del Barremiano inferior en la Formación Paja de los sectores de Villa de Leyva (Boyacá) y Vélez (Santander). Boletín de Geología 31. 15–21. Accessed 2017-04-06.
Murca Formation
- Dorado Galindo, Jorge. 1990. Contribución al Conocimiento de la Estratigrafía de la Formación Brechas de Buenavista (Límite Jurásico-Cretácico). Región Noroeste de Villavicencio (Meta). Geología Colombiana 17. 7–38. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Moreno M., Juan Manuel. 1990. Stratigraphy of the Lower Cretaceous Rosablanca and Cumbre Formations, Útica Sandstone and Murca Formation, West Flank, Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. Geología Colombiana 17. 65–86. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Piraquive, Alejandro; Juan Sebastián Díaz; Tomas Cuéllar; Germán Pardo, and Andreas Kammer. 2011. Reactivación Neógena de estructuras de rift del Cretácico Temprano asociadas con la Falla de Chámeza, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): evidencias tectónicas y bioestratigráficas - Neogene reactivation of Early Cretaceous rift structures associated with the Chámeza Fault, Pajarito, Boyacá (Colombia): tectonic and biostratigraphic evidences. Geología Colombiana 36. 197–216. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Jurassic
- Mojica, Jairo, and Andreas Kammer. 1995. Eventos Jurásicos en Colombia. Geología Colombiana 19. 165–172. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Mojica, Jairo. 1984. An outline on the Jurassic in Colombia. Geología Colombiana 13. 129–136. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Cuche & Floresta Formations
- Giroud López, Marie Joëlle. 2014. El Mar en la Localidad Tipo del Devónico Medio, del Municipio de Floresta - Boyacá, Colombia, 1–174. Universidad de La Habana. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Janvier, Philippe, and Carlos Villarroel A. 1998. Los Peces Devónicos del Macizo de Floresta (Boyacá, Colombia). Consideraciones taxonómicas, bioestratigráficas, biogeográficas y ambientales. Geología Colombiana 23. 3–18. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Mojica, Jairo, and Carlos Villarroel A. 1984. Contribución al conocimiento de las unidades paleozoicas del área de Floresta (Cordillera Oriental Colombiana; Departamento de Boyacá) y en especial al de la Formación Cuche. Geología Colombiana 13. 55–80. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Morzadec, Pierre; Michal Mergl; Carlos Villarroel; Philippe Janvier, and Patrick R. Racheboeuf. 2015. Trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation of Colombia: a review. Bulletin of Geosciences 90. 331–358. Accessed 2017-04-04.
Cambro-Ordovician
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- Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesus Gómez Cruz, and Hardany Castillo González. 2008. Graptolitos del Ordovícico y geología de los afloramientos del Río Venado (norte del Departamento del Huila). Boletín de Geología 30. 9–19. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Toro Toro, Luz Mary; Mario Moreno Sánchez, and Arley Gómez Cruz. 2014. Metagabro del Ariarí, plutonismo MORB, Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Boletín de Geología 36. _. Accessed 2017-03-31.
Other formations
- Acosta, Jorge E., and Carlos E. Ulloa. 2002. Mapa geológico del Departamento de Cundinamarca 1:250,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–108. INGEOMINAS.
- Acosta, C.E. 1960. Estratigrafía de García Rovira. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 33–40. Accessed 2017-05-03.
- Amson, Eli; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2016. Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Palaeontology _. 1–20. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Badouin, Cyril; Gérard Delanoy; Josep Antón Moreno Bedmar; Antoine Pictet; Jean Vermeulen; Gabriel Conte; Roland Gonnet; Patrick Boselli, and Marc Bonelli. 2016. Revision of the Early Cretaceous genera Heminautilus SPATH, 1927, and Josanautilus MARTÍNEZ & GRAUGES, 2006 (Nautilida, Cenoceratidae). Carnets Geologicás 16. 61–212. Accessed 2017-01-20.
- Billet, Guillaume; Maëva Orliac; Pierre-Olivier Antoine, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2010. New observations and reinterpretation on the enigmatic taxon Colombitherium (?Pyrotheria, Mammalia) from Colombia. Palaeontology 59. 319–325. Accessed 2017-05-17.
- Espinel Arias, Valentina, and Julian Alberto Hurtado Henao. 2010. Petrografía y análisis facial de las rocas calcáreas aflorantes de la sección Tunja-Villa de Leiva (Boyacá), 1–102. Universidad de Caldas.
- García González, Mario; Ricardo Mier Umaña; Luis Enrique Cruz Guevara, and Mauricio Vásquez. 2009. Informe Ejecutivo - evaluación del potencial hidrocarburífero de las cuencas colombianas, 1–219. Universidad Industrial de Santander.
- Gómez Cruz, Arley de Jesús; Hermann D. Bermúdez, and Francisco J. Vega. 2015. A new species of Diaulax Bell, 1863 (Brachyura: Dialucidae) in the Early Cretaceous of the Rosablanca Formation, Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 67. 103–112. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Gutiérrez Palma, Diana. 1971. Exogyra squamata en el Cretáceo medio de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, 69–130. Accessed 2017-05-03.
- Gúzman, Walter; Hermann Darío Bermúdez; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Francisco J. Vega. 2016. Ophthalmoplax (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunoidea) from the late Campanian, Upper Cretaceous, of Colombia. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana 68. 93–103. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Huertas G., Gustavo. 1960. De la flora fosíl de la Sabana. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 5. 53–57.
- Luque, Javier; Stéphane Hourdez, and Olev Vinn. 2015. A new fossil bristle worm (Annelida: Polychaeta: Aphroditiformia) from the late Cretaceous of tropical America. Journal of Paleontology 89. 257–261. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Monje Durán, Camila; Camila Martínez; Ignacio Escapa, and Santiago Madriñán. 2016. Nuevos registros de helechos y coníferas del Cretácico Inferior en la cuenca del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia. Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 38. 29–42. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Moreno Bedmar, J.A; R. Martínez; J.V. Rodríguez, and Hermann Durán Bermúdez. 2015. Algunos ammonites del Cretácico de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia, _. XV Congreso Colombiano de Geología, 2015. Accessed 2017-04-06.
- Moreno Sánchez, Mario; Arley de Jesús Gómez Cruz, and Jorge Gómez Tapias. 2012. Reporte de huellas de dinsosaurios en el Santuario de Fauna y Flora de Iguaque, en cercanías de Chíquiza (Boyacá, Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Industrial de Santander 33. _. Accessed 2017-05-02.
- Moreno Sánches, Mario, and Gustavo Hincapié Jaramillo. 2010. Estudio de isótopos de carbono (delta 13C) y estroncio (87Sr/86Sr) en los depósitos cretáceos-terciarios de la Cordillera Oriental, 1–181. Universidad de Caldas. Accessed 2017-05-03.
- Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2013. Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXXVII. 499–518. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Patarroyo, Pedro. 2011. Sucesión de Amonitas del Cretácico Superior (Cenomaniano-Coniaciano) de la parte más alta de la Formación Hondita y de la Formación Loma Gorda en la Quebrada Bambucá, Aipe - Huila (Colombia). Boletín de Geología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 33. 69–92. Accessed 2017-03-31.
- Patarroyo, Pedro, and Alexis Rojas. 2007. La sucesión y la fauna del Turoniano de la Formación San Rafael en Pesca y su comparación con la sección tipo en Samacá (Boyacá-Colombia-S.A.). Geología Colombiana, Universidad Nacional de Colombia 32. 89–96. Accessed 2017-04-05.
- Pérez, María E.; María C. Vallejo Pareja; Juan D. Carrillo, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2017. A New Pliocene Capybara (Rodentia, Caviidae) from Northern South America (Guajira, Colombia), and its Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24. 111–125. Accessed 2017-04-04.
- Tchegliakova, Nadejda, and Vladimir Pérez. 1995. Registro de la Zona bioestratigrafica Dicarinella concavata (Foraminiferida) en el Extremo noroccidental de Suramerica (Colombia). Geología Colombiana 19. 131–143. Accessed 2017-04-06.
South American gomphotheres
- Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo Dos Santos Avilla; Lidiane Asevedo; Leon Borges Silva; Mariane Rosa; Ricardo Labarca Encina; Esteban Souberlich; José Luis Soibelzon, and Sergio Roman Carrion, D. Ríos, Ascanio D. Rincón, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira and Renato Pereira Lopes. 2016a. Sixty years after ‘The mastodonts of Brazil’: The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International _. 1–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Mothé, Dimila; Marco P. Ferretti, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2016b. The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha. PLoS ONE 11. 1–19. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Mothé, Dimila, and Leonardo S. Avilla. 2015. Mythbusting evolutionary issues on South American Gomphotheriidae (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Quaternary Science Reviews 110. 23–35. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Mothé, Dimila; Leonardo S. Avilla; Mário Cozzuol, and Gisele R. Winck. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the Quaternary gomphotheres (Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the South American lowlands. Quaternary International 276-277. 2–7. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Lucas, Spencer G. 2013. The palaeobiogeography of South American gomphotheres. Journal of Palaeogeography 2. 19–40. Accessed 2017-05-07.
- Lucas, Spencer G. 2008. Taxonomic nomenclature of Cuvieronius and Haplomastodon, proboscideans from the Plio-Pleistocene of the New World. Neogene Mammals - New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 44. 409–415. Accessed 2017-05-07.
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