Demographics of New Zealand

Demographics of New Zealand
Population pyramid taken from the 2013 census
Population	4,793,700 (Stats NZ 2016 estimate)
Density	17.9/km2 (46.4/sq mi)
Growth rate	2.1% (Stats NZ projection)[1]
Birth rate	12.43 per 1000 pop.[2]
Death rate	6.95 per 1000 pop.[2]
Life expectancy
• male	79.9 years[3]
• female	83.4 years[3]
Fertility rate	1.81 births per woman[2]
Infant mortality rate	3.87 per 1000 live births[2]
Net migration rate	14.72 per 1000 pop.[1]
Age structure
0–14 years	19.6%[1]
15–64 years	65.5%[1]
65 and over	14.9%[1]
Sex ratio
Total	0.97 males/female[1]
Under 15	1.05 males/female[1]
15–64 years	0.97 males/female[1]
65 and over	0.87 males/female[1]
Nationality
Nationality	New Zealander
Major ethnic	European 74.0%
Minor ethnic	Māori 14.9% Asian 11.8% Pacific peoples 7.4% [n 1][4]
Language
Official	English 96.1% Māori 3.7% New Zealand Sign Language 0.5% [5]

The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender, ethnic, religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 4.8 million people living in New Zealand. New Zealanders, informally known as "Kiwis", predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island. The five largest cities are Auckland (with one-third of the country's population), Christchurch (in the South Island, the largest island of the New Zealand archipelago), Wellington, Hamilton and Tauranga. Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand's smaller islands. Waiheke Island (near Auckland) is easily the most populated smaller island with 9,520 residents, while Great Barrier Island, the Chatham and Pitt Islands and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000. New Zealand is part of a realm and most people born in the realm's external territories of Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue are entitled to New Zealand passports. In 2006, more people who identified themselves with these islands lived in New Zealand than on the Islands themselves.

The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent (74 percent), with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority (14.9 percent), followed by Asians (11.8 percent) and non-Māori Pacific Islanders (7.4 percent).^{[n 1]} This is reflected in immigration, with most new migrants coming from Britain and Ireland, although the numbers from Asia are increasing. The largest Māori tribe (iwi) is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people or 18.8 percent of the Māori population. Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 59.3 percent identifying as Europeans, 23.1 percent as Asian, 10.7 percent as Māori and 14.6 percent as Pacific Islanders. The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years is considerably more diverse than the population aged 65 years or older. Recent increases in interracial marriages have resulted in more people identifying with more than one ethnic group.

English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic and sounds similar to Australian English, with a common exception being the centralisation of the short i. The Māori language has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 3.7 percent of the population. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification. As of the 2013 census, just under half the population identify as Christians, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the most significant minority religions. New Zealand has no state religion and just over 40 percent of the population does not have a religion.

Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand, although more people are employed as sales assistants. Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income, with a median personal income in 2013 of NZ$28,500.^[6]

Terminology

While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally^[7] and by locals.^[8] The name derives from the kiwi, a native flightless bird, which is the national symbol of New Zealand. The Māori loanword "Pākehā" usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,^[9][10] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.^[11] Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.^[12]

Population

National population projection from 1948 to 2068 using 2016 as the base year. Data before 2016 are historical estimates, beyond 2016 are projections with confidence intervals.

Change in population by region in New Zealand based on the 2006–2013 censuses

In June 2017, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,793,700,^[13] up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census.^[14] The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8.^[15] In 2010 the age-standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births.^[15] The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014-16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males,^[3] which is among the highest in the world. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.^[16] In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent.^[16] (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.^[17]) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971.^[18] As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range.^[19]

Population density

Population density as of the 2006 census

Legend

  Fewer than 1 person per square km

  1 person per square km and above

  10 people per square km and above

  250 people per square km and above

  1000 people per square km and above

  4000 people per square km and above

New Zealand's population density is relatively low, at 17.9 per square kilometre (46.4 per square mile) (June 2017 estimate).^[13] The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (9,520), the Chatham and Pitt Islands (640), and Stewart Island (381).^[13] Over three-quarters of the population live in the North Island (76.7 percent), with one-third of the total population living in the Auckland Region. This region is also the fastest growing, accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand's total population growth. Most Māori live in the North Island (86.0 percent), although less than a quarter (23.8 percent) live in Auckland.^[23] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 86.5 percent of the population living in an urban area. About 73.0 percent of the population live in the 17 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 53.8 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.^[13]

Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence (roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre), many working in the main urban area. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population. Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population.^[24]

Before local government reforms in the late 1980s, a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city.^[25][26] The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area. In 1989, all councils were consolidated into regional councils (top tier) and territorial authorities (second tier) which cover a much wider area and population than the old city councils.^[27] Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city.^[28] The 20 largest urban areas are listed below:

Largest urban areas in New Zealand Statistics New Zealand June 2017 estimate[13]
	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.	Rank	Name	Region	Pop.
Auckland Wellington	1	Auckland	Auckland	1,534,700	11	Whangarei	Northland	57,700	Christchurch Hamilton
	2	Wellington	Wellington	412,500	12	New Plymouth	Taranaki	57,500
	3	Christchurch	Canterbury	396,700	13	Invercargill	Southland	50,800
	4	Hamilton	Waikato	235,900	14	Kapiti	Wellington	42,300
	5	Tauranga	Bay of Plenty	137,900	15	Whanganui	Manawatu-Wanganui	40,300
	6	Napier-Hastings	Hawke's Bay	133,000	16	Gisborne	Gisborne	36,600
	7	Dunedin	Otago	120,200	17	Blenheim	Marlborough	31,300
	8	Palmerston North	Manawatu-Wanganui	85,300	18	Pukekohe	Auckland	30,800
	9	Nelson	Nelson	66,700	19	Timaru	Canterbury	29,000
	10	Rotorua	Bay of Plenty	58,800	20	Taupo	Waikato	24,500

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.^[29]

Population pyramid, taken from 2017 UN estimates

Population

4,510,327 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 19.69% (male 454,982/female 432,877)

15-24 years: 13.35% (male 309,707/female 292,586)

25-54 years: 39.82% (male 900,374/female 895,615)

55-64 years: 11.89% (male 261,097/female 275,151)

65 years and over: 15.25% (male 318,089/female 369,849) (2017 est.)

Median age

total: 37.9 years. Country comparison to the world: 64th

male: 37.1 years

female: 38.8 years (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.02 children born/woman (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 116th

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.8 years (2009 est.)

Population growth rate

0.79% (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 132nd

Birth rate

13.2 births/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 150th

Death rate

7.5 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Net migration rate

2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 44th

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 27th

male: 79.1 years

female: 83.5 years (2017 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 4.4 deaths/1,000 live births Country comparison to the world: 183rd

male: 4.9 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 86.5% of total population (2018)

rate of urbanization: 1.01% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 52.9

youth dependency ratio: 30.5

elderly dependency ratio: 22.4

potential support ratio: 4.5 (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female

total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 19 years

male: 18 years

female: 20 years (2014)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 13.2% Country comparison to the world: 98th

male: 13.1%

female: 13.4% (2016 est.)

Migration

New Zealand's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asian. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.

Countries of birth of New Zealand residents, 2013 census^[31]

Country	Number	%
New Zealand	2,980,827	74.85
United Kingdom[lower-alpha 1]	256,164	6.43
China[lower-alpha 2]	96,441	2.42
India	67,176	1.69
Australia	62,712	1.57
South Africa	54,279	1.36
Fiji	52,755	1.32
Samoa	50,658	1.27
Philippines	37,299	0.94
South Korea	26,604	0.67
Tonga	22,416	0.56
United States	21,462	0.54
Netherlands	19,815	0.50
Malaysia	16,353	0.41
Cook Islands	12,954	0.33
Germany	12,942	0.32
Japan	10,269	0.26
Other countries	188,814	4.74
↑ Includes Channel Islands and Isle of Man. ↑ Includes Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR.

East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280, followed by the early European explorers, notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia. Due to restrictive policies, limitations were placed on non-European immigrants.^[32] During the gold rush period (1858–1880s) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields. Apart from British, there were Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Italians and many Chinese. The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866. By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland.^[33] From 1900 there was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,^[34] and Italian immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.^[35] Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).^[36]

Just over 25 percent of New Zealand's population at the 2013 census was born overseas, up from 23 percent in 2006 and 20 percent in 2001. Over half (51.6 percent) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lives in the Auckland Region, including 72 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 64 percent of its Asian-born population, and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African- born population.^[37] In the late 2000s, Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants; today around 32 percent of overseas-born New Zealand residents were born in Asia (mainly China, India, the Philippines and South Korea) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland.^[38] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.^[39]

To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. Migrants working in some occupations (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area.^[40] Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa, while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa.^[41] Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency.^[42] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency.^[42][43]

While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere.^[44] Nearly one quarter of New Zealand's highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation.^[45] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand.^[46][47] A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency. Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa, also known as "Youth Mobility Scheme" (YMS), which grants New Zealanders 2-year rights to live and work in the UK.^[48]

Ethnicity

Ethnic groups as per the 2013 census.^[4]

  European

  Mixed European-Māori

  Māori

  Asian

  Pacific

  Other

  Mixed (excluding European-Māori)

New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century, the ethnic makeup of the population later became dominated by New Zealanders of European descent.^[49] In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact.^[49] The Māori population increased during the twentieth century,^[50] though it remains a minority.

At the latest census in 2013, 74.0 percent identified as European, 14.9 percent, as Māori, 11.8 percent as Asian, 7.4 percent as Pacific peoples, and 1.2 percent as Middle-Eastern, Latin American, and African (MELAA).^{[n 4][4]} Most New Zealanders are of English,^[51] Scottish,^[52] and Irish ancestry,^[53] with smaller percentages of other European ancestries, such as Dutch, Dalmatian, French, German and Scandinavian.^[54] Auckland was the most diverse region with 59.3 percent identifying as European, 23.1 percent as Asian, 10.7 percent as Māori, and 14.6 percent as Pacific Islanders.^[55]

All major ethnic groups increased when compared with the 2006 census,^[56] in which 67.6 percent identified as European, 14.6 percent as Māori, 9.2 percent as Asian, and 6.9 percent of Pacific Islander origin. An additional 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a "New Zealander" (or similar), and 1.0 percent identified with other ethnicities.^[57] There was significant public discussion about usage of the term "New Zealander" during the months leading up to the 2006 census.^[58] The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 (2.4 percent) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people (11.1 percent) in 2006.^[59] The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006, however, this is broadly proportional to the large increase in "New Zealanders".^[59] The number of people identifying as a "New Zealander" dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013.^[59]

As recorded in the 2013 census, the largest Māori iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people (or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent).^[23] Since 2006, the number of people of Māori descent stating Ngāpuhi as their iwi increased by 3,390 people (2.8 percent). The second-largest was Ngāti Porou, with 71,049 people (down 1.2 percent from 2006). Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third-largest overall, with a count of 54,819 people (an increase of 11.4 percent from 2006). A total of 110,928 people (or 18.5 percent) of Māori descent did not know their iwi (an increase of 8.4 percent compared with 2006).^[23] A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.^[60][61] The Moriori population was decimated, first, by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and, second, by Taranaki Māori, with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full-blooded Moriori dying in 1933.^[61] The number of people identifying as having Moriori descents increased from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006,^[62] but decreased to 738 in 2013.^[63]

Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent.^[64] In 2013, 11.2 percent of people identified with more than one ethnic group,^[59] compared with 10.4 percent in 2006.^[65] The ethnic diversity of New Zealand is projected to increase. Europeans (including "New Zealanders") will remain the largest group, although it is predicted to fall to 70 percent in 2026. The Asian, Pacific and Māori groups are the fastest growing and will increase to 3.4 percent, 10 percent and 16 percent, respectively.^[66] In 2013, the ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years was 71 percent European, 25 percent Māori, 13 percent Pacific, 12 percent Asian, and 1 percent MELAA.^[4][67] The population aged 65 years or older consisted of 87.8 percent European, 5.6 percent Māori, 4.7 percent Asian and 2.4 percent Pacific.^[17]

The maps below (taken from 2013 census data^[4]) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European, Māori, Asian, or Pacific Islander (as defined by Statistics New Zealand). As people could identify themselves with multiple groups, percentages are not cumulative.

• 
  European

    Less than 5%

    More than 5%

    More than 10%

    More than 20%

    More than 30%

    More than 40%

    More than 50%

    More than 60%

    More than 70%

    More than 80%

    More than 90%
• 
  Māori

    Less than 5%

    More than 5%

    More than 10%

    More than 20%

    More than 30%

    More than 40%

    More than 50%

    More than 60%

    More than 70%

    More than 80%
• 
  Asian

    Less than 5%

    More than 5%

    More than 10%

    More than 20%

    More than 30%

    More than 40%

    More than 50%

    More than 60%

    More than 70%
• 
  Pacific Islander

    Less than 5%

    More than 5%

    More than 10%

    More than 20%

    More than 30%

    More than 40%

    More than 50%

    More than 60%

    More than 70%

Language

English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use.^[68] In the 2013 census, 96.1 percent of respondents spoke English.^[5] The New Zealand English dialect is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago.^[69] It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.^[70] In New Zealand English the short i (as in kit) has become centralised, leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like "fush and chups" to the Australian ear.^[71] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones.^[72][73][69] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable.^[74] New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.^[75]

Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census:

  Less than 5%

  More than 5%

  More than 10%

  More than 20%

  More than 30%

  More than 40%

  More than 50%

Initially, the Māori language (te reo Māori) was permitted in native schools to facilitate English instruction, but as time went on official attitudes hardened against any use of the language. Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.^[76] The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s, and now more people speak Māori.^[77][78] The future of the language was the subject of a claim before the Waitangi Tribunal in 1985. As a result, Māori was declared an official language in 1987.^[79] In the 2013 census, 21.3 percent of Māori people—and 3.7 percent of all respondents, including some non-Māori people—reported conversational fluency in the language.^{[80][n 5]} There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.^[82] Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years.

In the 2013 census, 20,235 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language. This is down 16 percent on the 2006 census.^[5] NZSL was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.^[83]

Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2 percent),^{[n 6]} followed by Hindi (1.7 percent), "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 1.3 percent) and French (1.2 percent).^[5] A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are multilingual.

Education

Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand's education as the seventh highest in 2009.^[84] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013, listed New Zealand at 0.917, ranked second after Australia.^[85]

Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16^[86] with most children starting at 5. Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15-year-old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance.^[87] Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that their child will be taught "as regularly and as well as in a registered school".^[88] There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is nominally free from a person's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.^[88][89]

The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,^[90] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.^{[86][n 7]} In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.^[91]

Religion

New Zealand does not have a state religion,^[93] but the principal religion is Christianity. As recorded in the 2013 census, about 49 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians,^{[n 9]} although regular church attendance is estimated at 15 percent.^[94] Another 41.9 percent indicated that they had no religion (up from 34.7 percent in 2006^[95]) and around 6 percent affiliated with other religions.^[92]

The indigenous religion of the Māori population was animistic, but with the arrival of missionaries from the early nineteenth century most of the Māori population converted to Christianity.^[96] In the 2013 census, 2,595 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to traditional Māori beliefs.^[92] The largest Christian denominations are Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Presbyterianism. There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist, Pentecostal, Baptist and Latter-day Saint churches, and the New Zealand-based Rātana church has adherents among Māori.^[92] Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,^[97] especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam.^[98][99]

Income

New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.^[100] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand.^[101] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,^[102] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector.^[101] The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people.^[102] Most people are on wages or salaries (59.9 percent), with the other sources of income being interest and investments (24.1 percent) and self-employment (16.6 percent).^[103]

In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.^[104] In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita was roughly US$28,250, between the thirty-first and fifty-first highest for all countries.^{[n 10]} The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket.^[108] The median income for men was $31,500, $12,400 more than women.^[109] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900.^[110] In 2013, the median personal income had risen slightly to $28,500.^[6]

Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,^[111] before falling to a record low of 3.7 percent in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).^[112] Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009.^[113] In the June 2017 quarter, unemployment had fallen to 4.8 percent. This is the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008, after the start of the global financial crisis, when it was 4.4 percent.^[114] Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work, more women volunteer (92 percent) than males (86 percent).^[115] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006.^[116]

See also

• Demographics of Auckland
• Demographics of the Cook Islands, associated with New Zealand
• Health care in New Zealand
• List of cities in New Zealand
• New Zealand census
• Social class in New Zealand

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Bell, Daphne, ed. (2005). New to New Zealand: a guide to ethnic groups in New Zealand (3rd ed.). Reed Books. ISBN 978-0-790-00998-8.
• Bain, Carolyn (2006). New Zealand. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74104-535-5.
• Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53033-0.
• Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). Dialects of English: New Zealand English. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1.
• Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar; Burridge, Kate; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (2004). A handbook of varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
• 2013 Census QuickStats, Statistics New Zealand, 2013, ISBN 978-0-478-40864-5