LGBT rights in New Zealand

LGBT rights in New Zealand
Same-sex sexual intercourse legal status Male legal since 1986,
female always legal
Gender identity/expression Yes, protected in anti-discrimination law and hate crime legislation
Military service Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve
Discrimination protections The Human Rights Act 1993 covers sexual orientation and gender identity/expression
Family rights
Recognition of
relationships		 Same-sex marriage since 2013
Adoption Yes since 2013

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people have the same rights as other people in New Zealand. The protection of LGBT rights is advanced, relative to other countries in Oceania, and is one of the most liberal in the world, with the country being the first in the region and thirteenth in the world to enact same-sex marriage.[1][2]

Throughout the late 20th century, the rights of the LGBT community received more awareness and male same-sex sexual activity was decriminalised in 1986, with an equal age of consent of 16 to heterosexual intercourse. After recognising civil unions since 2004, New Zealand legalised both same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples in 2013. Discrimination regarding sexual orientation and gender identity and expression has been banned since 1993. Gays, lesbians and bisexuals have been allowed to openly serve in the military since 1993.[3]

Legality of same-sex sexual activity

Same-sex relationships and activities appear to have been acceptable amongst pre-colonial Māori.[4] Male homosexual intercourse was criminalised when New Zealand became part of the British Empire in 1840 and adopted British law making "buggery" a crime with a maximum sentence of death.[5] (In practice, New Zealand used the death penalty only for offences of murder and once for treason before abolishment in 1961).[6] In 1861, Britain replaced the death penalty for buggery with life imprisonment. New Zealand enacted similar legislation six years later.[5] In 1893, the law in New Zealand was broadened to outlaw any sexual activity between men. Penalties included life imprisonment, hard labour and flogging.[5] Sex between women has never been criminalised in New Zealand.[7]

The Dorian Society (1962–88) was the first New Zealand organisation for homosexual men. The British Homosexual Law Reform Society provided legal assistance to the society. It drafted a petition calling for the decriminalisation of homosexual acts. Signed by 75 prominent citizens, a petition was presented to (and rejected by) Parliament in 1968.[5]

In 1972, academic Ngahuia Te Awekotuku was denied a visitors permit to the United States on the grounds that she was a homosexual. Publicity around the incident was a catalyst in the formation of gay liberation groups in Wellington, Christchurch and Auckland.[8] The 1970s saw the growth of the modern feminist and gay movements in New Zealand.

Member of Parliament Venn Young introduced the Crimes Amendment Bill in July 1974, which was the first bill to propose decriminalising homosexual acts between consenting adults.[9] It was unsuccessful and was criticised by gay rights organisations for setting the age of consent at 21, as opposed to the age of 16 for heterosexual acts.[8] Gay rights organisations refused to support bills which did not present an equal age of consent.[8] A similar bill, introduced by MP Warren Freer in 1979, failed in its parliamentary reading in 1980, due to lack of support for the same reasons over the age disparity.[8]

In 1985, Labour Member of Parliament Fran Wilde consulted with gay rights groups to develop the Homosexual Law Reform Bill, which she introduced to Parliament on 8 March. It proposed removing the offence of consensual sex between males over the age of sixteen.[10] Over the course of 14 months, the bill attracted organised opposition outside Parliament, including an anti-reform petition (which was rejected by Parliament). Inside Parliament, multiple attempts to raise the age of consent to 18 were rejected. The bill passed its final reading on 9 July 1986, 49 votes in favour to 44 opposed. It achieved royal assent (became an act) on 11 July 1986, and it came into effect on 8 August that year.[10]

Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and (implicitly) gender identity was outlawed several years later by the Human Rights Act 1993.[11][12]

Individuals convicted and imprisoned for homosexual offences prior to August 1986 were not automatically eligible to hide the offences under the Criminal Records (Clean Slate) Act 2004, since the Act applies retrospectively to current and abolished offences equally. However, individuals with an otherwise clean criminal record could apply to a District Court to have the conviction disregarded. However, this process only concealed these convictions – it did not erase them altogether.[13][14] On 28 June 2017, the Government introduced the Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Bill which would allow men convicted for homosexual offences to apply to wipe out their convictions from the records.[15][16] On 6 July, the bill had its first reading. Justice Minister Amy Adams moved a motion to apologise for convictions the same day, to which Parliament agreed unanimously.[17][18][19] The bill was passed by Parliament on 3 April 2018 and received royal assent on 9 April 2018, going into effect the following day.[20]

Recognition of same-sex relationships

Same-sex civil union ceremony in Wellington, December 2006.

The Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001 gives de facto couples, whether opposite or same sex, the same property rights as existed since 1976 for married couples on the break-up of a relationship.[21]

The Civil Union Act 2004 established the institution of civil unions for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples. The Act is very similar to the Marriage Act with "marriage" replaced by "civil union". The following year, the Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005 was passed to remove discriminatory provisions from most legislation.[22]

Same-sex marriage

Labour MP Louisa Wall authored the bill which legalised same-sex marriage in New Zealand.

Same-sex marriage in New Zealand was refused judicial approval by the Court of Appeal after Quilter v Attorney-General in 1994.[23] However, unlike Australia and much of the United States, New Zealand refused to pre-emptively ban same-sex marriage in case a future Parliament decided to approve it with an amended Marriage Act 1955. In December 2005, an abortive private member's bill failed at its first reading to do so.[24] Until a marriage bill was passed in April 2013, same-sex marriage and adoption were the final barrier before full LGBT formal and substantive equality in New Zealand.

In July 2012, a private member's bill by Labour MP Louisa Wall which proposed defining marriage to be inclusive regardless of gender was drawn from the ballot. The bill passed its first reading on 29 August 2012, 80 votes in favour to 40 opposed (with one abstention). Preliminary reports evidenced widespread support for same-sex marriage both within Parliament (notably from Prime Minister John Key)[25] and amongst the general public, with polls conducted in May 2012 indicating 63% support.[26] In December 2012, former Governor-General Dame Catherine Tizard starred in an online video campaign supporting same-sex marriage, alongside New Zealand singers Anika Moa, Boh Runga and Hollie Smith, as well as Olympian Danyon Loader.[27] The bill passed its second and third readings by 77-44, and became law on 19 April 2013. However, same-sex marriages were not conducted until August, when the law went into effect.[28]

Discrimination protections

The Human Rights Act 1993 outlaws discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and, implicitly, gender identity/expression.[11] Initially, this law temporarily exempted government activities until 1999.[29] In 1998, an amendment bill was introduced making this exemption permanent; this was abandoned following a change of government in 1999. The new Labour Government instead passed another Amendment Act to apply the Human Rights Act to government activities, and also to create a new ability for the courts to "declare" legislation inconsistent with the Act.

The Royal New Zealand Navy and the New Zealand Police are amongst many government agencies to have adopted "gay-friendly" policies.[30]

Some examples of discrimination sometimes still occur. In January 2006, news headlines were made by a sperm bank's policy of refusing donations from gay men. In March 2006, the policy was amended. Reportedly, some heterosexual male sperm donors had vetoed the use of their gametes for lesbians who seek artificial insemination.[31]

Gender identity and expression

Sex reassignment surgery is legal in New Zealand.[32] An individual is permitted to change their name and legal gender on official documents, including birth certificates, if they can provide medical evidence that they have "acquired a physical conformation that accords with their gender identity".[33] Originally, this was only available to individuals who had undergone genital-reconstruction surgery. However, in June 2008, the Family Court ruled that full sex reassignment surgeries are not always necessary to meet this legal threshold.[33]

The New Zealand Human Rights Commission noted in its 2004 report on the status of human rights in New Zealand that transgender and non-binary people in New Zealand face discrimination in several aspects of their lives, however, the law is unclear on the legal status of discrimination based on gender identity.[34] Currently, the Human Rights Act 1993 does not explicitly prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender. Whilst it is believed that gender identity is protected under the laws preventing discrimination on the basis of either sex or sexual orientation,[35] it is not known how this applies to those who have not had, or will not have, sex reassignment surgery.[34] Some overseas courts have determined that transgender people are covered by prohibitions on discrimination based on sex, but there is also international case law suggesting it is not.[36] Even if it is, it is unlikely to apply to transgender people who have not or will not have sex reassignment surgery.[37] Likewise, placing gender identity under the prohibitions on the grounds of sexual orientation is problematic. While there is some inconsistent international case law, it has been noted that gender identification and sexual orientation are too unrelated for this to be suitable.[37]

The International Commission of Jurists and the International Service for Human Rights in 2007 created the Yogyakarta Principles to apply international human rights law to gender identity and sexual orientation. The first and most arguably most important is that human rights are available to all humans, regardless of gender identity, and that states should amend legislation "to ensure its consistency with the universal enjoyment of all human rights."[38]

This report suggested that transgender people were "one of the most marginalised groups" in New Zealand, leading the Human Rights Commission to publish a comprehensive inquiry entitled "To Be Who I Am" in 2008, which outlined some of the concerns listed below.[39] These concerns are particularly important considering that discrimination and exclusion towards transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming persons has been shown to increase the risk of mental health issues and suicide.[40]

Intersex rights

New Zealand laws and policies that prohibit female genital mutilation explicitly permit "normalising" medical interventions on intersex infants and girls.[41] Material presented by the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group to the Australian Senate in 2013 showed New Zealand to be a regional outlier in surgeries in cases of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, with genital surgical interventions favoured on infant girls aged less than 6 months.[42] In October 2016, the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child issued observations on practices in New Zealand, including recommendations to ensure "that no one is subjected to unnecessary medical or surgical treatment during infancy or childhood, guaranteeing the rights of children to bodily integrity, autonomy and self-determination".[43] A 2016 Intersex round table by the Human Rights Commission on genital "normalising" surgeries found that there was a lack of political will to address surgeries, and concerns with service delivery to parents and families, the development of legislative safeguards and a need to test the right to bodily autonomy against the Bill of Rights Act.[44]

New Zealand passports are available with an "X" sex descriptor.[45] These were originally introduced for people transitioning gender.[46] Birth certificates are available at birth showing "indeterminate" sex if it is not possible to assign a sex.[47]

In March 2017, representatives of Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand participated in an Australian and Aotearoa/New Zealand consensus "Darlington Statement" by intersex community organizations and others.[48] The statement calls for legal reform, including the criminalization of deferrable intersex medical interventions on children, an end to legal classification of sex, protections from discrimination and harmful practices and improved access to peer support.[48][49][50][51][52]

Adoption and parenting

There are no specific barriers preventing an LGBT individual from adopting children, except that a male individual cannot adopt a female child. The same-sex marriage law became effective from 19 August 2013, and since then married same-sex couples have been able to adopt children jointly. Unmarried couples of any sex and couples in a civil union can now jointly adopt children, under a New Zealand High Court ruling in December 2015. The ban breached the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.[53] The minimum age to adopt in New Zealand is 20 years for a related child and 25 years or the child's age plus 20 years (whichever is greater) for an unrelated child.

On 21 May 2006, Green List MP Metiria Turei raised the issue of LGBT adoption, arguing that New Zealand's Adoption Act 1955 did not meet the complexities of contemporary New Zealand society. She argued following the enactment of the Civil Union Act in particular that eligible lesbian and gay prospective parents should be enabled to legally adopt.

Many lesbian couples are now raising children in New Zealand. Where these children are conceived through donor (sperm) insemination, both of the lesbians are recognised on the children's birth certificates (the birth mother as "mother", the other mother as "other parent"). This is following the Care of Children Act 2004, which replaced the Status of Children Act 1969. Fostering and guardianship are also recognised under New Zealand law and regulation and reproductive technology has been accessible since 1994.

The donor is not recognised as a legal parent in New Zealand law. However, parents and donors can make formal agreements as to how things will work but the courts do have flexibility as to whether they recognise these agreements or not (see section 41 of the Care of Children Act 2004).

Lesbians who have trouble conceiving using private donor insemination may be eligible, as other New Zealand women are, to help through publicly funded fertility treatment. However, there are conditions on this and every woman needing fertility treatment is scored as to her eligibility.

Now passed, the current Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Act enables eligible married same-sex parents to adopt children as there is a clause to that effect contained therein. However, known-relative adoptions in New Zealand have outnumbered stranger adoptions since the mid-1970s; between 2007 and 2013, there were 18 known-relative and stepchild adoptions for every 10 stranger adoptions.[54] Also, under New Zealand law, birth parents can choose the adoptive parents for their child(ren), possibly resulting in discrimination for same-sex couples seeking to adopt.

Hate crime laws

New Zealand has a hate crime clause which includes sexual orientation and gender identity/expression, Section 9(1)(h) of the Sentencing and Parole Act 2002.[55] More recently, New Zealand's LGBT community was concerned about the continued existence of the provocation defence (Section 169 of the Crimes Act 1961) argument which they held had mitigated the seriousness of homophobic homicides through reducing probable, intentional murder convictions to the lesser charge and penalty of manslaughter (see gay panic defence).

In August 2009, Justice Minister Simon Power introduced the Crimes (Provocation Repeal) Amendment Bill to repeal sections 169 and 170 of the Crimes Act, although its introduction was largely stemmed from the trial for the murder of Sophie Elliott by her ex-boyfriend, rather than the LGBT community. The repeal bill received wide parliamentary and public support, and passed its third reading on 26 November 2009, 116 votes to 5, with only ACT New Zealand opposed, and became law effective 8 December 2009.[56][57]

Conversion therapy

Conversion therapy has a negative effect on the lives of LGBT people, and can lead to low self-esteem, depression and suicide ideation.

On 10 July 2018, Health Minister David Clark called conversion therapy "abhorrent". In August 2018, Justice Minister Andrew Little announced that a conversion therapy ban could be considered as part of a reform to the Human Rights Act 1993. The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, the Human Rights Commission, the New Zealand Association of Counsellors and every medical organisation in New Zealand support banning the pseudoscientific practice.[58] A petition to ban it was launched in mid-July, and had collected about 10,000 signatures within a week.[59] In mid-August 2018, two petitions to ban conversion therapy were presented to Parliament, with a combined total of about 20,000 signatures.[60]

Recent reports have shown that conversion therapy is "widespread" in New Zealand, and includes electroshock therapy, forced chemical castration, exorcism, the administration of nausea-inducing drugs, and especially talk therapy where the individual is told that homosexuality is erroneously caused by "insufficient male affirmation in childhood" or "an uncaring father and an overbearing mother".[61]

Blood donation

The New Zealand Blood Service (NZBS), like many countries, controversially defers any man who has had oral or anal intercourse with another man, with or without protection, in the past twelve months from donating blood, which is taken to be discrimination against gay men. The restriction is on the basis that MSM in New Zealand are 44 times more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS than the general population, and the HIV testing used is not specific enough (up to 1 in 1000 failure rate) to guarantee a 100 percent HIV-free blood supply.[62]

Politics

Gay rights were a major political issue during the Homosexual Law Reform debates, but have subsequently become much less so. The Civil Union Act was opposed by nearly half of Parliament, but in tones much more restrained than that of the Homosexual Law Reform era. There has never been a specifically LGBT political party in New Zealand. There has been a succession of unsuccessful fundamentalist Christian political parties within New Zealand or socially conservative political parties less sympathetic to LGBT rights in New Zealand since the introduction of electoral reform in New Zealand in 1993 made proportional representation possible. The Destiny political party, founded to bring "Christian morality" into politics, received only 0.62% of the party vote in the 2005 general election. Christian Heritage New Zealand polled 4.4% as part of the Christian Coalition in 1996 but closed down in 2005 after its former leader Graham Capill was sentenced to nine years imprisonment after multiple cases of sexual assault against three female children.[63] Future New Zealand, the Kiwi Party, the aforementioned Destiny New Zealand and the Family Party all succeeded it, but none lasted long. Currently, the officially secular Conservative Party of New Zealand, which has yet to gain parliamentary representation appeals to voters in this area.

A number of openly gay or lesbian politicians have served in New Zealand's Parliament. The first to be elected was Chris Carter, who became the first openly gay MP when he came out shortly after the 1993 election.[64] He lost his seat in the 1996 election, but won it again in the 1999 election and became New Zealand's first openly gay cabinet minister in 2002. Carter united in civil union to his long-time partner of thirty-three years, Peter Kaiser, on 10 February 2007.[65]

Tim Barnett was the first New Zealand MP to be elected as an openly gay man.

Tim Barnett was the first MP to be elected as an openly gay man, in the 1996 election.[64] In 1997, Barnett and Carter started Rainbow Labour as a branch of the Labour Party to represent LGBT people.[66]

Maryan Street was New Zealand's first openly lesbian MP, elected in the 2005 election.[64] However, the National Party's Marilyn Waring had preceded Street, and while she was outed at one point, Waring's strong pro-choice identification and vocal feminism overshadowed her lesbianism, which was then considered a private matter. Since she left Parliament in 1984, Waring has more openly acknowledged her sexual orientation.[67] In 2005, Chris Finlayson became the first openly gay National Party MP, elected to Parliament on his party's MMP party list in the 2005 election.[68] Finlayson served as Attorney-General from 2008 to 2017.

Other current openly gay MPs are Grant Robertson, former deputy leader of the Labour Party, and Kevin Hague of the Green Party. Charles Chauvel joined Grant Robertson as a gay Labour MP from 2006 to 2013. Following the resignation of Darren Hughes of the Labour Party caucus in 2011, the openly lesbian Louisa Wall became an MP. She was joined by openly lesbian Green Party MP Jan Logie following the 2011 general election.[69] National MP Paul Foster-Bell, who served in Parliament from 2013 to 2017, came out as gay in 2016.[70]

Georgina Beyer became the first transgender mayor in the world when she became the Mayor of Carterton in 1995. In the 1999 election, she became the world's first transgender MP. She retired from parliamentary politics on 14 February 2007.[71]

Expression

Pride events

Participants at the Auckland Pride Festival in 2016

Gay pride events are legal in New Zealand and were first held in the 1970s.[72] The Hero Parade, the showpiece of the Hero Festival in Auckland, was held annually between 1992 and 2001. Parades were typically attended by more than one hundred thousand people (and at its height, by as many as two hundred thousand).[73] The Hero Festival continues to this day, usually without a flagship parade. In February 2013, however, Auckland held a pride parade, called the Auckland Pride Festival.[74]

Another LGBT event is the Big Gay Out, a family event which is held annually in Auckland at Pt Chevalier's Coyle Park. The numbers of people attending has risen steadily over the past few years and includes appearances from the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and many other politicians from centre-left and centre-right parties alike, who show their support for the LGBT community.[75]

In Tokelau, Niue and the Cook Islands

Although anti-discrimination laws and laws regarding civil unions and same-sex marriage apply in New Zealand, these do not apply in the territories of Niue, Tokelau or the Cook Islands due to their separate legislatures. Homosexual acts are criminalised in the Cook Islands, although in Niue and Tokelau the sodomy laws were repealed in 2007, when sections that mention buggery were repealed.[76]

Summary table

Same-sex sexual activity (Male since 1986; Female always legal)
Equal age of consent (16) (Male since 1986; Female always legal)
Anti-discrimination laws in employment (Since 1993)
Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services (Since 1993)
Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech) (Since 1993)
Hate crime laws covering both sexual orientation and gender identity (Since 2002)
Recognition of same-sex couples (Since 2002)
Same-sex marriage (Since 2013)
Stepchild adoption by same-sex couples (Since 2013)
Joint adoption by same-sex couples (Since 2013)
Gays, lesbians and bisexuals allowed to serve in the military (Since 1993)
Right to change legal gender (Since 1993)
Third gender option
Access to IVF for lesbians (Since 2004)
Gay criminal records expunged (Since 2018)
MSMs allowed to donate blood / (Since 1998, 1-year deferral)[77]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Carroll, Aengus (May 2016). "State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. p. 183. Retrieved 4 December 2016. In Australia and New Zealand, lesbian, gay, and bisexual people continue to enjoy many legal rights denied to their comrades across the vast majority of the Pacific. New Zealand is the first and only country in Oceania to legalise same-sex marriage, and is the 13th in the world.
  2. ↑ "Gay Travel Index" (PDF). Spartacus International Gay Guide. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  3. ↑ "Gay support network for NZ military". Newshub. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  4. ↑ Aspin, Clive. 'The Place of Takatāpui Identity within Māori Society: Reinterpreting Māori Sexuality within a Contemporary Context' A paper presented at Competing Diversities: Traditional Sexualities and Modern Western Sexual Identity Constructions Conference, Mexico City, 1 to 5 June 2005.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Homosexual law reform – Setting the scene". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  6. ↑ "The death penalty". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  7. ↑ Laurie, Alison J. (5 May 2011). "Lesbian lives". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Birth of the gay movement". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  9. ↑ Guy, Laurie (2002). Worlds in Collision: The Gay Debate in New Zealand, 1960-1986. Victoria University Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780864734389.
  10. 1 2 "Reforming the law". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  11. 1 2 "Human Rights Act 1993 No 82 (as at 15 June 2016), Public Act 21 Prohibited grounds of discrimination – New Zealand Legislation". legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  12. ↑ Schmidt, Johanna (5 May 2011). "Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  13. ↑ "Cross-Examination: The Persecution Game – Historic Convictions for Homosexual Conduct". Equal Justice Project. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  14. ↑ Cowlishaw, Shane (31 October 2014). "Push to wipe homosexual convictions". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  15. ↑ NZ Moves To Expunge Historical Convictions For Homosexual Offences
  16. ↑ Criminal Records (Expungement of Convictions for Historical Homosexual Offences) Bill
  17. ↑ Parliament apologies for 'profoundly wrong' convictions of gay men
  18. ↑ New Zealand Parliament Apologises For Historical Gay Convictions
  19. ↑ Parliament apologises for homosexual convictions
  20. ↑ "Bills (proposed laws)". Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  21. ↑ "Property (Relationships) Amendment Act 2001". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  22. ↑ "Relationships (Statutory References) Act 2005". Legislation.govt.nz. 2008-11-01. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  23. ↑ "Same-sex marriage". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  24. ↑ "Marriage (Gender Clarification) Amendment Bill". New Zealand Parliamentary Votes Database. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  25. ↑ Kate Chapman (2012-07-30). "PM John Key hints at continued support for gay marriage..." Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  26. ↑ "Kiwis back gay marriage - poll". Stuff.co.nz. 7 June 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  27. ↑ "Marriage equality 'about love'". 3 News NZ. 6 December 2012.
  28. ↑ "Marriage (Definition of Marriage) Amendment Bill - First Reading". Hansard Office, New Zealand Parliament. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  29. ↑ "Observation (CEACR) - adopted 1999, published 88th ILC session (2000): Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) - New Zealand (Ratification: 1983)". International Labour Organisation. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  30. ↑ Limited, iSite Interactive. "Sexual orientation". National Equality Opportunities Network. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  31. ↑ 'Gay gene' donation row in New Zealand
  32. ↑ "Gender reassignment surgery". Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  33. 1 2 Johanna, Schmidt (5 May 2011). "6. – Gender diversity – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  34. 1 2 Human Rights Commission: “Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004. P.92
  35. ↑ Human Rights Act 1993 s21(1)(m)
  36. ↑ Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p180-181
  37. 1 2 Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003 at p182-183.
  38. ↑ The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007 p.10
  39. ↑ Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008 at 1.1.
  40. ↑ Rainbow Youth, Rainbow Communities and the New Zealand Suicide Prevention Action Plan: Briefing Paper for Associate Minister of Health Todd McClay August 2013 p. 3
  41. ↑ Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4.
  42. ↑ "Open birth sex assignments do not reduce surgical interventions". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-31.
  43. ↑ NZ Human Rights Commission (2016), Intersex Roundtable Report 2016 The practice of genital normalisation on intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand (PDF)
  44. ↑ United Nations; Committee on the Rights of Child (2016-10-07). Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of New Zealand (PDF). Geneva: United Nations.
  45. ↑ "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  46. ↑ "Jaimie Veale - Academia.edu, "The prevalence of transsexualism among New Zealand passport holders, passports with an X sex descriptor are now available in New Zealand", 2008". Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  47. ↑ Department of Internal Affairs. "General information regarding Declarations of Family Court as to sex to be shown on birth certificates" (PDF).
  48. 1 2 Androgen Insensitivity Support Syndrome Support Group Australia; Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand; Organisation Intersex International Australia; Black, Eve; Bond, Kylie; Briffa, Tony; Carpenter, Morgan; Cody, Candice; David, Alex; Driver, Betsy; Hannaford, Carolyn; Harlow, Eileen; Hart, Bonnie; Hart, Phoebe; Leckey, Delia; Lum, Steph; Mitchell, Mani Bruce; Nyhuis, Elise; O'Callaghan, Bronwyn; Perrin, Sandra; Smith, Cody; Williams, Trace; Yang, Imogen; Yovanovic, Georgie (March 2017), Darlington Statement, archived from the original on 2017-03-21, retrieved March 21, 2017
  49. ↑ Copland, Simon (March 20, 2017). "Intersex people have called for action. It's time to listen". Special Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  50. ↑ Jones, Jess (March 10, 2017). "Intersex activists in Australia and New Zealand publish statement of priorities". Star Observer. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  51. ↑ Power, Shannon (March 13, 2017). "Intersex advocates pull no punches in historic statement". Gay Star News. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  52. ↑ Sainty, Lane (March 13, 2017). "These Groups Want Unnecessary Surgery On Intersex Infants To Be Made A Crime". BuzzFeed Australia. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  53. ↑ Victory for same-sex couples wanting to adopt Radio New Zealand
  54. ↑ "Adoptions Data". Department of Child, Youth and Family. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  55. ↑ "Sentencing Act 2002 No 9 (as at 23 October 2013), Public Act 9 Aggravating and mitigating factors – New Zealand Legislation". Legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  56. ↑ New Zealand Law Commission: The Partial Defence of Provocation: Wellington: NZLC: 2007
  57. ↑ Hartevelt, John (27 November 2009). "Parliament scraps partial defence of provocation". The Press. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
  58. ↑ Conversion therapy ban could be considered - Justice Minister, Radio New Zealand, 4 August 2018
  59. ↑ Petition to ban gay conversion therapy 'once and for all' draws thousands of signatures
  60. ↑ Kyle MacDonald: Why gay conversion therapy should be banned, NZ Herald, 16 August 2018
  61. ↑ Gay conversion therapy: Kiwi Paul Stevens shares harrowing experience
  62. ↑ "Report to the New Zealand Blood Service - Behavioural Donor Deferral Criteria Review" (PDF). February 2014. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  63. ↑ "Christian Heritage NZ Closing Down". Scoop.
  64. 1 2 3 Matzner, Andrew (2004). "New Zealand" (PDF). glbtq Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  65. ↑ McNaughton, Maggie; Perry, Keith (10 February 2007). "Minister to marry in gay union". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
  66. ↑ Inclusiveness and dignity for all Rainbow New Zealanders
  67. ↑ "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual and Transgender New Zealand History. Part 4". Queer History New Zealand. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  68. ↑ "The man in the middle". 30 May 2010.
  69. ↑ Contact: Jan Logie MP (2012-02-15). "Jan Logie's maiden speech to the House". Greens.org.nz. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  70. ↑ "National MP Paul Foster-Bell says Brian Tamaki earthquake 'outburst' inspired him to speak about being gay". Stuff. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  71. ↑ Twelve Questions: Georgina Beyer
  72. ↑ "A history of Pride in New Zealand — Salient". salient.org.nz. 17 July 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  73. ↑ "HERO Parade and party, Auckland, New Zealand". qna.net.nz. 18 February 1996. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  74. ↑ "Auckland Gay Pride Parade 2013 - Photos - The Aucklander Pictures". The New Zealand Herald. 20 February 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  75. ↑ "Prime Minister Bill English's first Big Gay Out". New Zealand Herald. 12 February 2017.
  76. ↑ "Niue Amendment Act 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  77. ↑ "Detailed eligibility criteria". New Zealand Blood Service. Retrieved 26 September 2013.

Bibliography

  • Philip Webb et al.: Butterworths Family Law In New Zealand: (13th Edition): Wellington: Lexis/Nexis: 2007.
  • New Zealand Law Commission: Adoption: Options for Reform: Wellington: New Zealand Law Commission Preliminary Paper No 38: 1999: ISBN 1-877187-44-5
  • Solicitor General's opinion on the application of the Human Rights Act 1993 to transgender people
  • Human Rights Commission: To Be Who I Am: Report of the Inquiry into Discrimination Experienced by Transgender People. January 2008
  • Counties Manukau District Health Board Gender Reassignment Health Services for Trans People Within New Zealand: Good Practice Guide for Health Professionals 2012
  • Department of Labour: Transgender People at Work. June 2011
  • World Professional Association for Transgender Health: Standards of Care for the Health of Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People 7th Version, 2012
  • Human Rights Act 1993
  • Sex-change Surgery Delay Hits Youth Ben Heather, April 16, 2015.
  • Youth’12: Fact Sheet about Transgender Young People from Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen,

F. V. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand Adolescent Health Survey (Youth’12). Journal of Adolescent Health

  • Births, Deaths, Marriages and Relationships Registration Act 1995
  • Heike Polster, “Gender Identity as a New Prohibited Ground of Discrimination” New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law. Vol 1 No 1 November 2003
  • The Yogyakarta Principles: Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. 2007
  • Hansard, First Reading on Statutes Amendment Bill (No 4) 16 April 2014
  • Human Rights Commission: Human Rights in New Zealand Today – New Zealand Action Plan for Human Rights. August 2004
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.