Coat of arms of New Zealand

Coat of arms of New Zealand
Versions
1911–1956
Details
Armiger Elizabeth II in Right of New Zealand
Adopted 1956 (26 August 1911)
Crest St Edward's Crown
(formerly a demi-lion holding a Union Flag)
Escutcheon Quarterly, azure and gules on a pale argent three Lymphads sable, between in the first quarter four mullets in cross gules, fimbriated argent, in the second a fleece; in the third a garb, and in the last two mining hammers in saltire, all or.
Supporters On the dexter side, a European female figure proper vested argent supporting in the dexter hand a flag-staff proper, hoisted thereon the ensign of New Zealand, and on the sinister side a Māori male figure bearing a taiaha (fighting weapon) and vested in a kaitaka (flax cloak) all proper.
Compartment Silver fern leaves
Motto "New Zealand"
("Onward" 1911–1956)[1]

The coat of arms of New Zealand is the heraldic symbol representing the South Pacific island country of New Zealand. Its design reflects New Zealand's history as a bicultural nation, with a European female figure on one side and a Māori rangatira (chief) on the other. The symbols on the central shield represent New Zealand's trade, agriculture and industry, and a Crown represents New Zealand's status as a constitutional monarchy.

The initial coat of arms was granted by warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911, and the current version was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1956. While the use of the coat of arms is restricted to the New Zealand Government, the symbol enjoys wide use on state decorations; it appears on the uniform of the police and is on the cover of the national passport.

History

Until 1911, New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom. The provinces of New Zealand used their own arms.[2]

In 1908 a competition was held to design a coat of arms. This entry, 'Nostra Patria Nostro Generi', is by an unknown designer and was one of the final three selected. It features traditional heraldic imagery of a hippocamp, a lion rampant and a 'sea-lion guardian'.

With the evolution of New Zealand self-government, especially the granting of Dominion status in 1907, it was decided that a new coat of arms was required. An official competition held in 1908 received 78 designs.[2] The winning entry was a design by James McDonald, a draughtsman in the Department of Tourist and Health Resorts. Some adjustments were made to the design, and the arms were granted by Royal Warrant of King George V on 26 August 1911. The warrant was published in the New Zealand Gazette of 11 January 1912.[3]

The arms have remained similar to the original design, with minor changes made in 1956. The central shield has remained unaltered since 1911. It comprises a quartered shield containing in the first quarter four stars representing the Southern Cross constellation (as depicted on the national flag, but with the stars in different proportions); in the second quarter, a golden fleece; in the third, a wheat sheaf; and in the fourth, two hammers. (See symbolism below.) Overall this is a pale—a broad vertical strip—with three ships representing the importance of maritime trade and "recalling the 19th-century settlement of the country by European migrants".[4]

1956 redesign

In 1956, some of the features surrounding the shield were changed. In the original design, the crest was a demi-lion (the upper half of a rampant lion) holding the Union Flag, and the scroll at the shield's base featured the then motto of the country, "Onward". Early renditions of the coat of arms often featured stylised scrolling, replaced in 1956 by fern leaves.[5]

One month prior to New Zealand's adoption of the Statute of Westminster (which formally accepted the full external autonomy offered by the British Parliament) on 25 September 1947, a special committee was formed by then Prime Minister Peter Fraser. Responsible for the "redrawing and standardisation of the Coat of Arms", the committee consisted of Alistair McIntosh, Joseph Heenan, Dr Colin Aickman, Frank Corner, Foss Shanahan and Professor John Cawte Beaglehole.[6] One of the committee's concerns was that the female supporter looked too much like a "Soviet heroine". Following the election of the First National Government in 1949, the new Attorney-General, Jack Marshall (later Prime Minister) took up responsibility for the committee. Marshall requested the woman to be re-drawn based on the likeness of Grace Kelly, a favourite actress of his.[6]

Blazon

The Compartment, which is what the Supporters stand on, is not always part of the Blazon but in this case it is two New Zealand Ferns in their natural colour.

Symbolism

New Zealand coat of arms explained

The coat of arms depicts a shield with four quadrants divided by a central "pale":[4]

  • The first quadrant depicts the four stars on the national flag, representing the asterism within the constellation of Crux; the second quadrant depicts a golden fleece, representing the nation's farming industry; the third depicts a sheaf of wheat for agriculture; and the fourth quadrant depicts crossed hammers for mining.
  • The pale depicts three ships, representing the importance of sea trade, and the immigrant nature of all New Zealanders.
  • The dexter supporter is a European woman carrying the flag of New Zealand, while the sinister supporter is a Māori rangatira (chief) holding a taiaha (fighting weapon) and wearing a kaitaka (flax cloak).
    • The female figure is said to be a depiction of Zealandia, a common national personification of New Zealand during the first half of the 20th century. It also broadly represents all "non-indigenous citizens of the country".[4]
  • The shield is surmounted by a rendition of St. Edward's Crown, which has been used in the coronations of New Zealand's monarchs. The Crown also represents New Zealand's historic ties to the United Kingdom.
  • Below is a scroll with "New Zealand" on it, behind which (constituting the "heraldic compartment" on which the supporters stand) are two fern branches, representing the native vegetation.

Status and uses

Reproduction of the coat of arms on the New Zealand passport

None of New Zealand's national symbols—the flag, the anthem or the coat of arms—are mentioned in the Constitution Act 1986. The official use of the coat of arms was mandated by Royal Warrant in 1917.[3] The use of state, royal, and viceregal emblems is also protected by the Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981.[7]

The arms are the official symbol of New Zealand as a sovereign entity. As such, official usage of the coat of arms is restricted to the New Zealand Government. It is used as a mark of authority by various government agencies and representatives, including the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and most courts, including the Supreme Court.[8] The coat of arms also feature on all Acts of Parliament; and on the cover of the New Zealand passport, alongside the silver fern, another common symbol of New Zealand.[9]

The flag of the Governor-General of New Zealand has, since 2008, featured the shield of the arms of New Zealand on a blue background.[10]

On a few occasions—such as royal visits or jubilee celebrations—individuals and private organisations can display the coat of arms temporarily. It can only be used or published with the permission of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Coat of Arms". www.mch.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  2. 1 2 "National Arms of New Zealand". www.ngw.nl. Heraldry of the World. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 "New Zealand Coat of Arms warranted". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 27 July 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 Levine, Stephen (20 June 2012). "Coat of arms - Coat of arms overview". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  5. ↑ "New Zealand Coat of Arms 1911-1956'". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 20 December 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  6. 1 2 Harshan Kumarasingham (2010). Onward with Executive Power - Lessons from New Zealand 1947 - 1957. Institute of Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN 978-1-877347-37-5.
  7. ↑ "Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981 No 47 (as at 03 June 2017), Public Act Contents". www.legislation.govt.nz. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  8. ↑ Levine, Stephen. "Coat of arms, Supreme Court building, Wellington – Coat of arms". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  9. ↑ Levine, Stephen. "New Zealand passport – Coat of arms". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  10. ↑ "The Governor-General's Flag". Government House. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
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