Dependency ratio

In economics, geography, demography and sociology, the dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part ages 0 to 14 and 65+) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part ages 15 to 64). It is used to measure the pressure on productive population.

Consideration of the dependency ratio is essential for governments, economists, bankers, business, industry, universities and all other major economic segments which can benefit from understanding the impacts of changes in the dependency ratio. In the article, "Minimizing the Dependency Ratio in a Population with Below-Replacement Fertility Through Immigration",[1] having an intermediate dependency ratio informs us that there are sufficient people in the working class who can support the dependent population. A lower ratio could allow for example for better pensions and better health care for residents. A higher ratio would indicate more financial stress between working people and dependents. While the strategies of increasing fertility and of allowing immigration especially of younger working age people have been formulas for lowering dependency ratios, future job reductions through automation may impact the effectivness of those strategies.

Formula

In published international statistics, the dependent part usually includes those under the age of 15 and over the age of 64.The productive part makes up the population in between, ages 15 – 64. It is normally expressed as a percentage:

As the ratio increases there may be an increased burden on the productive part of the population to maintain the upbringing and pensions of the economically dependent. This results in direct impacts on financial expenditures on things like social security, as well as many indirect consequences.

The (total) dependency ratio can be decomposed into the child dependency ratio and the aged dependency ratio:[2]

[3]

Total dependency ratio by region - history and projections

Below is a table constructed from data provided by the UN Population Division.[4] It shows a historical ratio for the regions shown for the period 1950 - 2010. Columns to the right show projections of the ratio. Each number in the table shows the total number of dependents (people aged 0-14 plus people aged over 65) per hundred people in the workforce (number of people aged 15-64). The number can also be expressed as a percent. So, the total dependency ratio for the world in 1950 was 64.8% of the workforce.

Region 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090
World 64.8 74.9 64.0 52.5 54.7 59.1 62.3 65.7
Africa 80.5 90.1 91.6 81.2 67.7 61.5 55.8 55.7
Asia 67.9 79.5 63.3 48.0 50.6 55.8 63.0 69.9
Europe 52.2 55.6 49.7 46.6 64.7 74.9 75.6 80.6
Latin America & The Caribbean 78.0 86.7 69.8 52.4 50.2 57.3 70.7 80.4
Northern America 54.4 61.7 51.7 49.0 64.8 65.2 72.3 76.2
Oceania 59.2 65.8 56.2 53.4 60.3 61.8 64.4 69.5

As of 2010, Japan and Europe had high aged dependency ratios (that is over 65 as % of workforce) compared to other parts of the world.[5] In Europe 2010, for every adult aged 65 and older there are approximately four working age adults (15-64); This ratio (one:four, or 25%) is expected to decrease to one:two, or 50%, by 2050.[6] An aging population is caused by a decline in fertility and longer life expectancy. The average life expectancy of males and females are expected to increase from 79 years in 1990 to 82 years in 2025.[7] The dependency amongst Japan residents aged 65 and older is expected to increase which will have a major impact on Japan's economy.

Inverse

The inverse of the dependency ratio, the inverse dependency ratio can be interpreted as how many independent workers have to provide for one dependent person (pension & expenditure on children).

Issues

This chart depicts the old age dependency ratio in the US[8]

A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country if a large proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education, which are most used by the youngest and the oldest in a population. The fewer people of working age, the fewer the people who can support schools, retirement pensions, disability pensions and other assistances to the youngest and oldest members of a population, often considered the most vulnerable members of society.

Nevertheless, the dependency ratio ignores the fact that the 65+ are not necessarily dependent (an increasing proportion of them are working) and that many of those of 'working age' are actually not working. Alternatives have been developed', such as the 'economic dependency ratio', but they still ignore factors such as increases in productivity and in working hours. Worries about increasing (demographic) dependency ratio should thus be taken with caution.[9]

High dependency ratios can also lead to long-term economic changes within the population such as saving rates, investment rates, the housing markets, and the consumption patterns. Typically, workers will start to increase their savings as they grow closer to retirement age, but this will eventually affect their long-term interest rates due to the retirement population increasing and the fertility rates decreasing. If the demographic population continues to follow this trend, their savings will decrease while their long-term interest rates increase. Due to the saving rates decreasing, the investment rate will prevent economic growth because there will be less funding for investment projects. There is a correlation between labor force and housing markets, so when there is a high age-dependency ratio in a country, the investments in housing markets will decrease since the labor force is decreasing due to a high dependency population.[10]

Migrant labor dependency ratio

Migrant labor dependency ratio (MLDR) is used to describe the extent to which the domestic population is dependent upon migrant labor.[3][11]

Solutions

Low dependency ratios promote economic growth while high dependency ratios decrease economic growth due to the large amounts of dependents that pay little to no taxes. A solution to decreasing the dependency ratio within a country is to promote immigration for younger people. This will stimulate a higher economic growth because the working-age population will grow in numbers if more young adults migrate into their country. This method has shown great results in Asia's economic growth.[12]

The increase in the involvement of women in the work force has contributed to the working-age population which compliments the dependency ratio for a country. Encouraging women to work will help decrease the dependency ratio. Because more women are getting a higher education, it is less likely for them to have children causing the fertility rates to decrease as well.

Dependency ratios based on the Demographic Transition Model

The age-dependency ratio can determine which stage in the Demographic Transition Model a certain country is in. The dependency ratio acts like a rollercoaster when going through the stages of the Demographic Transition Model. During stages 1 and 2, the dependency ratio is high due to significantly high crude birth rates putting pressure onto the smaller working-age population to take care of all of them. In stage 3, the dependency ratio starts to decrease because fertility and mortality rates start to decrease which shows that the proportion of adults to the young and elderly are much larger in this stage. In stages 4 and 5, the dependency ratio starts to increase once again as the working-age population retires. Because fertility rates caused the younger population to decrease, once they grow up and start working, there will be more pressure for them to take care of the previous working-age population that just retired since there will be more young and elderly people than working-age adults during that time period.[13] The population structure of a country is an important factor for determining the economic status of their country. Japan is a great example of an aging population. They have a 1:4 ratio of people 65 years and older. This causes trouble for them because there is not enough people in the working-age population to support all of the elders. Rwanda is another example of a population that struggles with a younger population (also known as the "youth bulge"). Both of these countries are struggling with high dependency ratios even though both countries are on opposite stages of the Demographic Transition Model.[14]

See also

Case studies:

References

  1. ↑ Simon, C; Belyakov, AO; Feichtinger, G. "Minimizing the dependency ratio in a population with below-replacement fertility through immigration". Theor Popul Biol. 82 (3): 158–69. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2012.06.009. PMC 3458215. PMID 22781918.
  2. ↑ Association of Public Health Epidemiologists in Ontario Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. 1 2 International Organization for Migration (2008). World Migration 2008: Managing Labour Mobility in the Evolving Global Economy. Hammersmith Press. pp. 440–. ISBN 978-92-9068-405-3. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  4. ↑ "United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects 2017, File Name: Total Dependency Ratio 1".
  5. ↑ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.DPND.OL/countries?display=map
  6. ↑ Muszyńska, Magdalena M.; Rau, Roland (2012-09-01). "The Old-Age Healthy Dependency Ratio in Europe". Journal of Population Ageing. 5 (3): 151–162. doi:10.1007/s12062-012-9068-6. ISSN 1874-7884. PMC 3412045. PMID 22924086.
  7. ↑ "Population Aging and the Savings-Investment Balance in Japan" (PDF).
  8. ↑ USA - Old-age dependency ratio (>64Y to 15-64Y) Archived 2014-11-17 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ↑ Dubois and Anderson. "Eurofound (2012), Income from work after retirement in the EU, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg" (PDF).
  10. ↑ Santacreu, Maria. "Long-Run Economic Effects of Changes in the Age Dependency Ratio". Economic Research - Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
  11. ↑ http://rspas.anu.edu.au/~athu/Journal%20Papers/International%20labou%2006.pdf
  12. ↑ "Dependency ratio and Immigration/emigration". Decisions, Decisions, Decisions. 2011-05-29. Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  13. ↑ User, Super. "Demographic Transition Model". snappington.com. Retrieved 2018-03-27.
  14. ↑ "Dependency Ratio - Economics Help". Economics Help. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
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