Dalian dialect

Dalian dialect
大连话
Pronunciation / tɑ52 lien24 huɑ52 /
Region Liaodong Peninsula
Native speakers
 ~6.69 million (date unknown)
Language codes
ISO 639-1 zh
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None

Dalian dialect (simplified Chinese: 大连话; traditional Chinese: 大連話; pinyin: dalian hua, Romaji: Dairen-ben) is a dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken on the Liaodong Peninsula, including the city of Dalian and parts of Dandong and Yingkou. Dalian dialect shares many similarities with the Qingdao dialect spoken on Shandong Peninsula (Jiaodong Peninsula) across Bohai Strait; hence the name Jiao Liao Mandarin. Dalian dialect is notable among Chinese dialects for loanwords from Japanese and Russian, reflecting its history of foreign occupation.[1]

Notable words in the Dalian dialect include 飆 ("foolish") and 熊 ("to cheat or deceive").

Voice

Comparing with Mandarin on pronunciation

Contrast of Dalianian and Mandarin on pronunciation
Mandarin → DalianianExample
zh,ch,sh,r → z,c,s,y中國人 zhōng guó rén → zōng guó yín
d,t,n,l,z,c,s+uei,uan,uen → d,t,n,l,z,c,s+ei,an,en對 dù(e)i → dèi
o and individual uo → e胳膊 gē bo → gĕ be
脫 tuō → tĕ
suffix "子" → e孩子 hái zi → hái e
w+a,ai,ei,an,en,ang,eng → v+a,ai,ei,an,en,ang,eng
wu and wo don't change		晚飯 wǎn fàn → vǎn fàn
numeral "二" → àr王二小 wáng èr xiǎo → váng àr xiǎo
瑞 → suèi
崖 → ái		瑞士 rùi shì → suèi si
泡崖 pào yá → pào ái
n+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe → gn+i,iang,ie,ian,iao,iu,in,ing,ü,üe
nu doesn't change		你 nǐ → gnǐ
虐 nüè → gnüè
z,c,s+en[ən],eng[əŋ] → z,c,s+en[ɿn],eng[ɿŋ]
other consonants+en,eng don't change		森 sēn[sən] → sēn[sɿn]

Syllables that don't exist in standard Mandarin

  • biǎng (This Chinese character is not made out yet.) -【Prefix】often used in a derogatory term, to emphasize the role of mood
  • piǎ (This Chinese character is not made out yet.) -【Verb】to ridicule sb

Erizational vowels

Basic vowelsai 蓋 an 碗 (i)an 邊(ü)an 院i 字 ei 輩 en 根ü 魚a 瓦(i)e 碟(ü)e 月o 窩
Erizational vowelsar
[ aʅ ]		(ü)anr
[ œ̜ʯ ]		er
[ əʅ ]		ür
[ yʯ ]		a'r
[ äʅ ]		(i)e'r
[ ɛʅ ]		(ü)e'r
[ øʯ ]		or
[ ǫʯ ]
Basic vowelse 歌u 肚ao 包ou 頭ang 缸(u)ang 光ong 工eng 燈
Erizational vowelse'r
[ ɤʅ ]		ur
[ uʯ ]		ao'r
[ ɑʊʯ ]		ou'r
[ ǫʊʯ ]		angr
[ ɑŋʅ̃ ]		(u)angr
[ ɔŋʯ̃ ]		ongr
[ ʊŋʯ̃ ]		engr
[ əŋʅ̃ ]
  • "瓦兒" and "碗兒" are different; "歌兒" and "根兒" are different, vowel of "根兒" is a kind of retroflex mid-central vowel.
  • i of "zi, ci, si" is an apical vowel. After erizing, i turns into er, such as "事兒"ser4.
  • The rule of i, u, ü combining with the erizational vowels is the same as the rule of those combining with the basic vowels, so the tabulation of this part is omitted.

Tones

Tones of Dalianian
Tone No.123456Not marked
Eastern Yan Chinese
  • Dalian dialect
 Yinping (LowMid falling)Yangping (Middle rising)Shangsheng (Middle concave)Yinqu (HighMid falling)Zhongqu (Middle level/Low rising)Yangqu (Low falling)Qingsheng
31242135233/1321--
Western Yan Chinese Yinping (High level)Yangping (High rising)Shangsheng (High concave)Qusheng (High falling)Qingsheng
553521451--

In Dalianian,

  • When Tone No.1 meets another Tone No.1 or Tone No.4 meets Tone No.1, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone doesn't change, like “家家戶戶”jia'r5-jia'r1-hur6-hur4, “駕崩”jia5-beng1.[2]
  • When Tone No.1 meets Tone No.4, usually the previous tone doesn't change and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “蟋蟀”xi1-suai6 or xi3-suar, “稀碎”xi1-sei6.
  • When Tone No.4 meets another Tone No.4, usually the previous tone turns to Tone No.5 and the next tone turns to Tone No.6, like “畢恭畢敬”bi5-gongr1-bi5-jingr6, “客客氣氣”ke'r4-ke'r-qi5-qi6.[3]
  • Tone No.5 and Tone No.6 are not basic tones, but modulations.

Writing system

Logograms

Syllabaries

There are 15 vowels (3 nasal vowels), 15 consonants (1 zero consonant "h"), no affricates ("gh", "kx", "dz", "ts", "bv", "pf") and no entering tone in Dalian dialect. From the first open vowels "a" to the last close vowels "m", there are 366 syllabaries (183 uppercase and 183 lowercase).

Mandarin: ji, qi, xi = Dalianian: d-ii, t-ii, s-ii

Mandarin: zhi,chi,shi,ri,zi,ci,si = Dalianian: d-i,t-i,s-i,z-i

There are no differences between voiced and voiceless consonants in Mandarin and Dalianian, but there is distinction between aspirated and unaspirated consonants in them.

Mandarin and Dalianian: g[g] = g[k], d[d] = d[t], b[b] = b[p]

Mandarin and Dalianian: k[gh] = k[kh], t[dh] = t[th], p[bh] = p[ph]

New tablation of syllabaries

183 syllabariesVowels
BackFront
OpenMidCloseOpenMidClose
unroundedroundedunroundedroundedunroundedroundedunroundedroundedunroundedroundedunroundedrounded
ConsonantsDorsalFricativeTenuis a[ɑ] / ha[ɣɑ]ao[ɒ]e[ɤ̞]ou[o̞]-i[ɯ]u[u]ai[a]uai[ɶ]ei[e̞]uei[ø̞]i[i]ü[y]
Aspirated xa[xɑ]xao[xɒ]xe[xɤ̞]xou[xo̞]x-i[xɯ]xu[xu]xai[xa]xuai[xɶ]xei[xe̞]xuei[xø̞]xi[xi]xü[xy]
StopTenuis ga[ɡɑ]gao[ɡɒ]ge[ɡɤ̞]gou[ɡo̞]g-i[ɡɯ]gu[ɡu]gai[ɡa]guai[ɡɶ]gei[ɡe̞]guei[ɡø̞]gi[ɡi]gü[ɡy]
Aspirated ka[kɑ]kao[kɒ]ke[kɤ̞]kou[ko̞]k-i[kɯ]ku[ku]kai[ka]kuai[kɶ]kei[ke̞]kuei[kø̞]ki[ki]kü[ky]
NasalPrefix nga[ŋɑ]ngao[ŋɒ]nge[ŋɤ̞]ngou[ŋo̞]ng-i[ŋɯ]ngu[ŋu]ngai[ŋa]nguai[ŋɶ]ngei[ŋe̞]nguei[ŋø̞]ngi[ŋi]ngü[ŋy]
Suffix ng[ŋ]
CoronalFricativeTenuis za[zɑ] / la[lɑ]zao[zɒ]ze[zɤ̞]zou[zo̞]z-i[zɯ]zu[zu]zai[za]zuai[zɶ]zei[ze̞]zuei[zø̞]zi[zi]zü[zy]
Aspirated sa[sɑ]sao[sɒ]se[sɤ̞]sou[so̞]s-i[sɯ]su[su]sai[sa]suai[sɶ]sei[se̞]suei[sø̞]si[si]sü[sy]
StopTenuis da[dɑ]dao[dɒ]de[dɤ̞]dou[do̞]d-i[dɯ]du[du]dai[da]duai[dɶ]dei[de̞]duei[dø̞]di[di]dü[dy]
Aspirated ta[tɑ]tao[tɒ]te[tɤ̞]tou[to̞]t-i[tɯ]tu[tu]tai[ta]tuai[tɶ]tei[te̞]tuei[tø̞]ti[ti]tü[ty]
NasalPrefix na[nɑ]nao[nɒ]ne[nɤ̞]nou[no̞]n-i[nɯ]nu[nu]nai[na]nuai[nɶ]nei[ne̞]nuei[nø̞]ni[ni]nü[ny]
Suffix n[n]
LabialFricativeTenuis va[vɑ]vao[vɒ]ve[vɤ̞]vou[vo̞]v-i[vɯ]vu[vu]vai[va]vuai[vɶ]vei[ve̞]vuei[vø̞]vi[vi]vü[vy]
Aspirated fa[fɑ]fao[fɒ]fe[fɤ̞]fou[fo̞]f-i[fɯ]fu[fu]fai[fa]fuai[fɶ]fei[fe̞]fuei[fø̞]fi[fi]fü[fy]
StopTenuis ba[bɑ]bao[bɒ]be[bɤ̞]bou[bo̞]b-i[bɯ]bu[bu]bai[ba]buai[bɶ]bei[be̞]buei[bø̞]bi[bi]bü[by]
Aspirated pa[pɑ]pao[pɒ]pe[pɤ̞]pou[po̞]p-i[pɯ]pu[pu]pai[pa]puai[pɶ]pei[pe̞]puei[pø̞]pi[pi]pü[py]
NasalPrefix ma[mɑ]mao[mɒ]me[mɤ̞]mou[mo̞]m-i[mɯ]mu[mu]mai[ma]muai[mɶ]mei[me̞]muei[mø̞]mi[mi]mü[my]
Suffix m[m]

Old tablation of syllabaries

  • ai = a + i (吖乙), ei = e + i (厄乙), uai = u + ai (五吖乙), ui = u + ei (五厄乙), ie = i + ê (乙欸),
    ao = a + u (吖五), ou = e + u (厄五), iao = i + au (乙吖五), iu = i + eu (乙厄五), üe = ü + oe (于月),
    an = a + n (吖嗯), en = e + n (厄嗯), in = i + n (乙嗯), un = u + n (五嗯), ün = ü + n (于嗯),
    ang = a + ng (吖兀), eng = e + ng (厄兀), ing = i + ng (乙兀), ong = u + ng (五兀), iong = ü + ng (于兀).

Vocabulary

Dalianian of full oyster flavor
DalianianMeaningDalianianMeaningDalianianMeaningDalianianMeaningDalianianMeaning
xiĕextremelycháo'rstupid / outdatedhuǐ leOh, no!bái huextemporaneous / to blatterzuǒ suoto waste
làngcoxcombrybiāofoolishkē'r lecan't help itguán duō'ralwaysdè seflighty
shòu'rpiquant / Cool!bàidon'tzī shinattygniàn yangshow dissatisfaction tactfullyxián hunot very gratified / to disdain
gān jingGreat!vā'rlow levelzhāngr chengrcapablehǎ hudress sb downbú lǎi xuánunderstated
kāi leexpressing dissatisfactionxuán letoo manysá mepeepgè yangdisgustingcī máo'r juē dìngrude

Grammar

According to the predicate structure analysis method of the British linguists Ricci, the Dalian dialect is the same as English and Mandarin - the sentence is generally composed of S+V+O, that is subject + predicate + object of the order, but there are special circumstances, such as the older generation of Dalian people will say "Jiǎ zóu ba! Jiǎ zóu ba! (家走吧!家走吧!)" instead of "Húi jiā ba! Húi jiā ba! (回家吧!回家吧!)". At this time, the sentence is not S+V+O, but S+O+V, that is, subject + object + predicate.

  • jiā means "home".
  • zǒu means "go".
  • húi means "go back to".
  • ba means a kind of mood which means "to persuade" or "to urge".

Others

Classification

Dalianian belongs to Da-Xiu Area of Yan Chinese, and there are 2 Subareas in Da-Xiu Area.

Distribution

Bopomofo

  • Consonants: ㄅㄆㄇㄈㄪ, ㄉㄊㄋㄌ, ㄍㄎㄫㄏ, ㄐㄑㄬㄒ, ㄓㄔㄕㄖ, ㄗㄘㄙㄭ.
  • Vowels: ㄚㄛㄜㄝ, ㄞㄟㄠㄡ, ㄢㄣㄤㄥㆲ, ㄦㄧㄨㄩ.

References

  1. ↑ 大連方言について (in ja icon).
  2. ↑ Please note that the Tone No.1 in Dalianese is a kind of falling tone, not a high level tone in Mandarin.
  3. ↑ Please note that the extraordinary nature of some reiteratives and some onomatopoeias.
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