辛

See also: 幸 and 羍

辛	U+8F9B, 辛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B

← 辚
[U+8F9A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

辜 →
[U+8F9C]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

辛 (radical 160, 辛+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 0040₁, composition ⿱立十 or ⿱亠𢆉)

Kangxi radical #160, ⾟.

Derived terms

Index:Chinese radical/辛

References

KangXi: page 1250, character 25

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630

Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31

Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 4036, character 1

Unihan data for U+8F9B

Chinese

simp. and trad.		辛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 辛
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (辛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
親	sʰin, sʰins
寴	sʰin, sʰins
儭	sʰins, sʰrins
瀙	sʰins, ʔsrin, *sʰrins
辛	*siŋ
新	*siŋ
薪	*siŋ
襯	*sʰrins
櫬	*sʰrins
嚫	*t͡sʰrinh
莘	*sriŋ
騂	*seŋ
垶	*seŋ
觪	*seŋ

Pictogram (象形) – Picture of a tool - a carving knife or a chisel - used to mark slaves and criminals.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”).

symplectic: From English symplectic.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xīn (xin¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ
Cantonese (Jyutping): san¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sîn
Min Bei (KCR): séng
Min Dong (BUC): sĭng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sin

(Teochew, Peng'im): sing¹
Wu (Wiktionary): xin (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: xīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
  - Wade–Giles: hsin¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
  - IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: san¹
  - Yale: sān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: san¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sen¹
  - IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: xin´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xin¹
  - IPA: /ɕin²⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: séng
  - IPA ^(key): /seiŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
  - IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
  - Tâi-lô: sin
  - Phofsit Daibuun: syn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕin³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕin⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: sing¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing
  - IPA ^(key): /siŋ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: xin (T1)
  - IPA ^(key): /ɕɪɲ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: /siɪn/▼

Rime
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	息鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/siɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/sin/
Shao Rongfen	/sjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sin/
Li Rong	/siĕn/
Wang Li	/sĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/si̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xīn

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]i[n]/, /*si[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*siŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	辛	辛
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xīn	xīn
Middle Chinese	‹ sin ›	‹ sin ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]i[n]/	/*si[n]/
English	pungent; painful	8th heavenly stem
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
No.	13810
Phonetic component	辛
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	新
Old Chinese	/*siŋ/
Notes	甲文象黥刺刀具，𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

辛

spicy; hot; pungent
辛辣 ― xīnlà ― spicy
hard; laborious; toilsome
辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious
suffering; hardship; misery
辛酸 ― xīnsuān ― bitter
The eighth of the ten heavenly stems.
(in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
(organic chemistry) octa-
(mathematics) symplectic
A surname.

Coordinate terms

(heavenly stems) 天干; 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Compounds

下辛 (Xiàxīn)
下辛店 (Xiàxīndiàn)
不辭辛勞／不辞辛劳
停辛佇苦／停辛伫苦
備嘗辛苦／备尝辛苦
千辛百苦
千辛萬苦／千辛万苦 (qiānxīnwànkǔ)
后辛
含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
庚辛
悲辛
戴奧辛／戴奥辛 (dài'àoxīn)
歷盡艱辛／历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
白辛樹／白辛树

祕辛
細辛／细辛 (xìxīn)
艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
苦辛 (kǔxīn)
茹苦含辛
萬苦千辛／万苦千辛
葷辛／荤辛
赫爾辛基／赫尔辛基 (Hè'ěrxīnjī)
辛丑和約／辛丑和约
辛亥革命 (Xīnhài gémìng)
辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
辛勤 (xīnqín)
辛夷 (xīnyí)

辛安驛／辛安驿
辛巴威 (Xīnbāwēi)
辛巴達／辛巴达
辛榨 (Xīnzhà)
辛盤／辛盘
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
辛螫
辛辛苦苦
辛辛那提 (Xīnxīnnàtí)
辛辣 (xīnlà)
辛酸 (xīnsuān)
酸辛
高辛氏

Japanese

Kanji

辛

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
Kun: からい (karai, 辛い, Jōyō); つらい (tsurai, 辛い); かのと (kanoto, 辛)

Compounds

辛党
辛味
辛気
辛気臭い
辛苦
辛酸
辛勝
辛抱
辛辣
辛労

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
辛
しん Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin)

Pronunciation

On’yomi
- (Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
- IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]
Homophones: 心, 臣, 参, 芯, 信, 神, 真, 紳, 軫, 寝, 新, 箴, 震, 親, 讖

Proper noun

辛 (hiragana しん, rōmaji Shin)

the eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
辛
かのと Grade: S
kun’yomi

金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) かのと [kànóꜜtò] (Nakadaka – [2])
- (Tokyo) かのと [kànótó] (Heiban – [0])
- IPA^(key): [ka̠no̞to̞]

Proper noun

辛 (hiragana かのと, rōmaji Kanoto)

the eighth of the ten Heavenly Stems

Korean

Hanja

辛 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer shin, sin, Yale sin)

bitter
toilsome, laborious
8th heavenly stem

Vietnamese

Han character

辛 (tân, tăn, tơn)

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