bark
English
Pronunciation
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɑːk/
- (General American) IPA(key): /bɑɹk/
Audio (UK) (file) Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k
- Homophone: barque
Etymology 1
From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-Germanic *berkaną (“to bark, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brgljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).
Verb
bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)
- (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
- Synonym: give tongue
- The neighbour's dog is always barking.
- The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
- (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
- 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture.
- And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
- (Can we date this quote?), Fuller
- Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
- 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture.
- (transitive) To speak sharply.
- The sergeant barked an order.
Usage notes
Historically, bork existed as a past tense form and borken as a past participle, but both forms are now obsolete.
Synonyms
- latrate (obsolete)
Derived terms
- barking
- barking dogs never bite
- bark up the wrong tree
- bebark
- dogs bark
- the dogs bark, but the caravan moves on
Translations
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout#Translations.
Noun
bark (plural barks)
- The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
- (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
- circa 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, vol 11:
- Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
- circa 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, vol 11:
Translations
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Etymology 2
From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkr, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).
Noun
bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)
- (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
- 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia..., p. 346:
- The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
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- Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
- 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia..., p. 346:
- (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
- Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
- The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
- 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
- This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
- 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
- The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes
Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.
Synonyms
- (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Derived terms
- stringybark (Eucalyptus spp.)
- Winter's bark (Drimys winteri)
Translations
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Verb
bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)
- To strip the bark from; to peel.
- 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate
- Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
- 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate
- To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
- to bark one’s heel
- To girdle.
- To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
- bark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
Translations
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Etymology 3
From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),
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Alternative forms
Noun
bark (plural barks)
- (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
- (poetic) a sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
- circa 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:
- It is the star to every wandering bark
- circa 1880, among the Poems of Emily Dickinson:
- Whether my bark went down at sea, Whether she met with gales, […]
- circa 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:
- (nautical) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
Translations
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from *bʰor-ukos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- ‘to carry’. Compare Old Irish bru (“belly”), bruach (“big-bellied”), Russian брю́хо (brjúxo, “lower abdomen, belly, paunch”). More at bie and barrë.
Noun
bark m (indefinite plural barqe, definite singular barku, definite plural barqet)
Declension
indefinite forms (trajta të pashquara) |
definite forms (trajta të shquara) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular (numri njëjës) |
plural (numri shumës) |
singular (numri njëjës) |
plural (numri shumës) | ||
nominative (emërore) |
bark | barqe | barku | barqet | |
accusative (kallëzore) |
bark | barqe | barkun | barqet | |
genitive (gjinore) (i/e/të/së) |
barku | barqeve | barkut | barqeve | |
dative (dhanore) |
barku | barqeve | barkut | barqeve | |
ablative (rrjedhore) |
barku | barqesh | barkut | barqeve |
Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]
Noun
bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)
- bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]
Inflection
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bɑrk/
audio (file) - Hyphenation: bark
- Rhymes: -ɑrk
Etymology 1
Etymology 2
From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque.
Faroese
Etymology
From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),
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Noun
bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)
Declension
Declension of bark | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
f2 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | bark | barkin | barkir | barkirnar |
accusative | bark | barkina | barkir | barkirnar |
dative | bark | barkini | barkum | barkunum |
genitive | barkar | barkarinnar | barka | barkanna |
Synonyms
- barkskip
Middle English
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bark/
Noun
bark (plural barkes)
- bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
- The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
- (rare, Late Middle English, figuratively) A shallow look at something.
References
- “bark (n.)” in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-08-12.
Norwegian Bokmål
Noun
bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)
- bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)
Derived terms
See also
- bork (Nynorsk)
Etymology 2
From Late Latin barca, via French barque
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
From Late Latin barca, via French barque
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bark/
Audio (file)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *brkъ.
Declension
Declension
Etymology 3
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.