-o
English
Etymology 1
Perhaps from a special use of the interjection O, oh; and/or perhaps from o (“one”), from Middle English o, oo, variant of a, on, oon, an (“one”). More at one.
Usage notes
-o generally does not change the meaning of the word, only making it more colloquial, often with elision (like clipping, but with a suffix), and is primarily applied to nouns, as in kiddo (“kid”) or preso (“presentation”). It is sometimes applied to adjectives, such as agro or rando. It may also be applied to certain given names or surnames, often with elision and sometimes from an already shortened form, to create a nickname form — e.g., Jacko from Jack, Davo from Dave, Smitho from Smith.
Less commonly, it results in a change in meaning, primarily meaning “a person with a characteristic”, and is generally applied to adjectives, resulting in a noun, as is weirdo (“weird person”). More rarely it can also be applied to a noun, as in wino (“wine-drinking alcoholic”).
Derived terms
Suffix
-o
Etymology 3
Back-formation from typo.
Suffix
-o (plural -os)
Derived terms
Esperanto
Etymology
Finnish
Suffix
-o (front vowel harmony variant -ö)
- Forms result or action nouns from verbs.
- Forms variants from a few nominal roots.
Usage notes
- Used deverbally especially with those verbs whose citation form ends with -aa or -ää. In stems with e or i, the suffix has its back vowel form, -o.
Declension
Inflection of -o (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -o | -ot | |
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -o | -ot | |
accusative | nom. | -o | -ot |
gen. | -on | ||
genitive | -on | -ojen | |
partitive | -oa | -oja | |
inessive | -ossa | -oissa | |
elative | -osta | -oista | |
illative | -oon | -oihin | |
adessive | -olla | -oilla | |
ablative | -olta | -oilta | |
allative | -olle | -oille | |
essive | -ona | -oina | |
translative | -oksi | -oiksi | |
instructive | — | -oin | |
abessive | -otta | -oitta | |
comitative | — | -oineen |
Derived terms
French
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /o/
Ido
Italian
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /oː/
Etymology 1
See Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- (with nominative ō made common to all cases).
Suffix
-ō m (genitive -ōnis); third declension
- suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns.
- suffixed to nouns, forms cognomina and, in post-Classical Latin, nicknames and equivalent designations.
Declension
- Singulare tantum declension in cognomina
Third declension.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Genitive | -ōnis | -ōnum |
Dative | -ōnī | -ōnibus |
Accusative | -ōnem | -ōnēs |
Ablative | -ōne | -ōnibus |
Vocative | -ō | -ōnēs |
Synonyms
- (suffixed to the roots of verbs, forms masculine agent nouns): -a¹
Derived terms
References
- “-ō¹” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 2
Developing from nouns’ ablatives of manner.
Suffix
Derived terms
References
- “-ō²” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 3
From Proto-Italic *-āō or *-aēō, from the following sources:
Alternative forms
- -aō
Suffix
present active -ō, present infinitive -āre, perfect active -āvī, supine -ātum
- suffixed to nouns — originally a-stem nouns, but later nouns with other stems — forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- suffixed to third-conjugation verbs in composition, forms regular first-conjugation verbs
- com- + pellō (pres. act. inf.: pellere) + -ō → compellō (pres. act. inf.: compellāre)
- prō- + flīgō (pres. act. inf.: flīgere) + -ō → prōflīgō (pres. act. inf.: prōflīgāre)
Conjugation
Conjugation of -o (first conjugation) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -ō | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
imperfect | -ābam | -ābās | -ābat | -ābāmus | -ābātis | -ābant | |
future | -ābō | -ābis | -ābit | -ābimus | -ābitis | -ābunt | |
perfect | -āvī | -āvistī | -āvit | -āvimus | -āvistis | -āvērunt, -āvēre | |
pluperfect | -āveram | -āverās | -āverat | -āverāmus | -āverātis | -āverant | |
future perfect | -āverō | -āveris | -āverit | -āverimus | -āveritis | -āverint | |
passive | present | -or | -āris, -āre | -ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
imperfect | -ābar | -ābāris, -ābāre | -ābātur | -ābāmur | -ābāminī | -ābantur | |
future | -ābor | -āberis, -ābere | -ābitur | -ābimur | -ābiminī | -ābuntur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
future perfect | -ātus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | -em | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
imperfect | -ārem | -ārēs | -āret | -ārēmus | -ārētis | -ārent | |
perfect | -āverim | -āverīs | -āverit | -āverimus | -āveritis | -āverint | |
pluperfect | -āvissem | -āvissēs | -āvisset | -āvissēmus | -āvissētis | -āvissent | |
passive | present | -er | -ēris, -ēre | -ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
imperfect | -ārer | -ārēris, -ārēre | -ārētur | -ārēmur | -ārēminī | -ārentur | |
perfect | -ātus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
pluperfect | -ātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
imperative | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
active | present | — | -ā | — | — | -āte | — |
future | — | -ātō | -ātō | — | -ātōte | -antō | |
passive | present | — | -āre | — | — | -āminī | — |
future | — | -ātor | -ātor | — | — | -antor | |
non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
infinitives | -āre | -āvisse | -ātūrus esse | -ārī | -ātus esse | -ātum īrī | |
participles | -āns | — | -ātūrus | — | -ātus | -andus | |
verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
nominative | genitive | dative/ablative | accusative | accusative | ablative | ||
-āre | -andī | -andō | -andum | -ātum | -ātū |
Derived terms
References
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- “-ō³” on page 1,210/1 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
Etymology 4
Regularly declined forms of -us.
Suffix
-ō
See also
- Category:Latin words suffixed with -o
Lithuanian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ā; compare Latvian -a, Proto-Slavic *-a (“id”). From the Proto-Indo-European thematic masculine ablative ending *-ōd, with regular Balto-Slavic loss of final d. Compare Sanskrit -आत् (-āt), Latin -ō and Ancient Greek ὄπ-ω (óp-ō, “whence”). In Balto-Slavic, the genitive merged with the ablative. The original genitive was retained, however, in West Baltic; compare Old Prussian -as, presumably from Proto-Indo-European *-os; compare Hittite 𒀸 (-as).
Suffix
-õ
Etymology 2
Suffix
-o
- Used to form third person present tense forms in third declension verbs.
- Used to form third person past tense forms in first declension verbs.
Etymology 3
Lower Sorbian
Synonyms
Derived terms
Norwegian Nynorsk
Suffix
-o
- Used to make plural indefinite and definite forms for some neuter nouns
- (non-standard since 1917) Used to make singular definite form for some weak feminine nouns
- (archaic)(nonstandard) Used to mark plural form for strong verbs in past tense
Old Dutch
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Derived terms
Old High German
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Descendants
- Middle High German: -e
Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”). In some cases, the root appears in the zero-grade as in boto (from biotan).
Suffix
-o m
- used to form masculine agents from verbs
Old Saxon
Etymology 1
From Proto-Germanic *-ô.
Suffix
-o
- Forms adverbs from adjectives.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Germanic *-ô. Cognate to Old English -a, in ǣta (“eater”), Gothic -𐌰 (-a), in 𐌽𐌿𐍄𐌰 (nuta, “fisher”).
Suffix
-o m
Portuguese
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -um.
Suffix
-o
- forms masculine singular nouns and adjectives
Etymology 2
From Old Portuguese -o, from Latin -ō.
Suffix
-o
- forms the first-person singular present indicative of verbs
Spanish
Swedish
Pronunciation
- when combined the stress is always on the first syllable
Suffix
-o
- (colloquial) Suffix that gives a familiar, and to some extent a diminutive nuance, when combined with an adjective to create a noun referring to a person with a certain property