Demographics of Asian Americans

The demographics of Asian Americans describe a heterogeneous group of people in the United States who trace their ancestry to one or more Asian countries.[1][2][3]

Asian American population percentage by state in 2010.
Percentage Asian American by county, 2010 Census

Manilamen began to reside in Louisiana as the first Asian Americans to live in the continental in the United States.[4] Most Asian Americans have arrived after 1965.[5] These individuals make up one-quarter of all immigrants who have arrived in the U.S. since 1965, and a majority of Asian Americans are foreign-born.[6] As of a 2016 census estimate there are nearly 21 million Asian Americans.[7] During the 2010 United States Census the largest ethnic groups were Chinese American, Filipino Americans, Indian Americans, Vietnamese Americans, Korean Americans, and Japanese Americans.[8]

The overall population is highly urbanized[9] and is concentrated in the Western United States and California.[6] Generally, Asian Americans are well educated,[10] and Asian American households have higher average incomes.[11] However, achievement is not uniform among their population.[12] No one religion has the majority of Asian Americans, however Christian Asian Americans make up a plurality of the population.[13] About 4% of Asian Americans identified as LGBT in 2012,[14] and nearly 5% of Asian Americans identified as LGBT in 2017.[15]

Background

The first recorded Asian Americans in the continental United States were a group of Filipino men who established the small settlement of Saint Malo, Louisiana, after fleeing mistreatment aboard Spanish ships.[4] Since there were no women with them, the Manilamen, as they were known, married Cajun and Native American women.[16] In 1778, Chinese and European explorers first arrived in Hawaii.[17][18] Numerous Chinese and Japanese began immigrating to the US in the mid-19th century;[19] numerous Chinese immigrants worked as laborers on the First Transcontinental Railroad, many who immigrated due to overpopulation and poverty experienced in Canton Province.[20] In the mid-20th century, refugees from Southeast Asia fled wars in the homelands to come to the United States.[21] Most Asian Americans who immigrated to the United States arrived after 1965, due to immigration reform that ended an earlier era of exclusion of Asian immigrants.[5]

Population
Asian population density
Historical population
YearPop.±%
186034,933—    
187063,254+81.1%
1880105,613+67.0%
1890109,527+3.7%
1900114,189+4.3%
1910146,863+28.6%
1920182,137+24.0%
1930264,766+45.4%
1940254,918−3.7%
1950321,033+25.9%
1960980,337+205.4%
19701,538,721+57.0%
19803,500,439+127.5%
19906,908,638+97.4%
200011,896,828+72.2%
201017,320,856+45.6%
201319,437,463+12.2%
201620,901,780+7.5%
Sources[22][23][7]
  • 2000 & 2010 figures include Multiracial Asian American Americans
    1910, 1920, 1930, 1960, 1970, and 1980 include Pacific Islands American population numbers[24][25]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Asian American population, including those of multiracial and Hispanic and Latino ancestry, per its 2017 American Community Survey was about 22,408,464.[26]

During the 2010 United States Census, there were a total of 17,320,856 Asian Americans, including Multiracial Americans identifying as part Asian. This made Asian Americans 5.6 percent of the total American population.[27] The largest ethnic groups represented in the census were Chinese (3.79 million), Filipino (3.41 million), Indian (3.18 million), Vietnamese (1.73 million), Korean (1.7 million), and Japanese (1.3 million).[8][28] Other sizable ethnic groups include Pakistani (409,000), Cambodian (276,000), Hmong (260,000), Thai (237,000), Laotian (232,000), Bangladeshi (147,000), and Burmese (100,000).[8] The total population of Asian Americans grew by 46 percent from 2000 to 2010 according to the Census Bureau, which constituted the largest increase of any major racial group during that period.[29] In 2010, there were an estimated 11,284,000 foreign born individuals who were born in Asia, of whom 57.7% had become naturalized citizens.[30] Additionally, 209,128 were Hispanic and Latino, of whom the largest population (101,654) claim Mexico as their nation of origin.[31]

The 2000 census recorded 11.9 million people (4.2 percent of the total population) who reported themselves as having either full or partial Asian heritage.[32] The largest ethnic subgroups were Chinese (2.7 million), Filipino (2.4 million), Indian (1.9 million), Vietnamese (1.2 million), Korean (1.2 million), and Japanese (1.1 million). Other sizable groups included Cambodians (206,000), Pakistanis (204,000), Lao (198,000), Hmong (186,000), and Thais (150,000).[32] About one-half of the Asian American population lived in the West, with California having the most total Asian Americans of any state, at 4.2 million.[32] As a proportion of the total population, Hawaii is the only state with an Asian American majority population, at 58 percent;[32] Honolulu County had the highest percentage of Asian Americans of any county in the nation, with 62 percent.[32] In 2000, 69 percent of all Asian Americans were foreign born, although Japanese Americans, 60 percent of whom were born in the United States, bucked this trend.[33]

The Twenty-first United States Census, conducted in 1990, recorded 6.9 million people who were called American Asians.[34] The largest ethnic groups were Chinese (23.8 percent), Filipino (20.4 percent), Japanese (12.3 percent), Indian (11.8 percent), Korean (11.6 percent), Vietnamese (8.9 percent), and Laotian (2.2 percent).[34] Smaller populations, of less than two percent, were documented of the following ethnicities: Cambodian, Thai, Hmong, Pakistani, Indonesian, Malay, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan, and Burmese.[34] Two thirds of "American-Asians" lived in the five states of California, New York, Hawaii, Texas, and Illinois.[34] Additionally their highest population concentrations were in California, New York, and Hawaii.[34] In 1990, 66 percent of American Asians were foreign-born, with Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians having this highest foreign born populations.[34]

Distribution

Asian Americans, on average, have higher incomes and education levels than White Americans. However, they paradoxically also have higher poverty rates and lower home ownership rates.[45] In addition, homeownership among Asian Americans has increased by twice as much as white Americans in recent years (see Homeownership in the United States).

Education

Asian Americans have the highest educational attainment of any racial group in the country; about 49.8% of them have at least a bachelor's degree.[10] Since the 1990s, Asian American students often have the highest math averages in standardized tests such as the SAT[46][47] and GRE.[48] Their combined scores are usually higher than those of white Americans.[46] The proportion of Asian Americans at many selective educational institutions exceeds the national population rate. Asians constitute around 10–20 percent of those attending Ivy League and other elite universities.[49][50] Asian Americans are the largest racial group on seven of the nine University of California campuses,[51] are the largest racial group of undergraduates in the system,[52] and make up more than a quarter of graduate and professional students.[53] Asian Americans are more likely to attend college,[54] are more likely to apply to competitive colleges,[55] and have significantly higher college completion level than other races.[10] According to a poll targeting Asian Americans in 14 states and the District of Columbia conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund in 2013, 40 percent of Asian Americans have a college degree, with almost a quarter of them having achieved an education attainment greater than a bachelor's degree.[56] That same year, Asian Americans in their late thirties had the highest percentage (65%) of college graduates for that age group than any other race or ethnicity in the United States.[57] These high education attainment statistics contribute to a stereotype of academic and vocational excellence for Asian Americans.[58]

However, there are concerns that the goal of diversity in American higher education has had a negative effect on Asians, with charges of quotas and discrimination starting in the 1980s.[59] Asian American test scores are also bimodal—Asians are over represented both at high scores and low scores.[60] A stereotype has been created that Asian Americans only study STEM and health-related fields at their universities (to become engineers, doctors, etc.).[61] But according to a report by the College Board, Asian Americans do have academic interest in fields like social science, humanities, and education.[62] According to an opinion piece written in The Harvard Crimson, Asian Americans are "over-represented" in higher education in the United States, specifically at elite colleges.[63] This includes Harvard University & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where over a fifth of undergraduates are Asian American.[64] Similar increases in Asian American enrollment was found in the University of California system, especially in the late 20th century.[65] However, only a small number of institutions are presented, usually selective enrollment institutions, thus making it appear that Asian Americans make up a large part of a university's student population.[62] Moreover, this discrimination brought upon Asian Americans in education has encouraged the model minority stereotype in American society.[65][66] The high expectations placed on Asian American students often cause the problems faced by these students to be overlooked.[67] Issues related to social pressure and mental health are often overlooked due to the idea of the model minority.[68] Education is one of the main aspects that are given a high regard in the social expectations of Asian Americans.[69]

Income

In 2010, the median household income of Asian Americans had increased to $67,022.[79] As with educational achievement, economic prosperity is not uniform among all Asian American groups.[80] In 2005 Census figures show that an average white male with a college diploma earns around $66,000 a year, while similarly educated Asian men earn around $52,000 a year.[81]

However by 2008, according to the College Board and United States Census Bureau, Asian American males with similar education achievement as their White American male counterparts earned more than their White American male counter parts (median AM = $71K, median WM = $66K). Asian American females also earned more than their White American female counterparts (median AF = $67K, median WF = $51K).[82]

As of 2015, that trend continued.[83][84]

Population growth

Asian American population growth is fueled largely by immigration. Natural population growth accounts for a small proportion of the 43 percent increase in total Asian American population between 2000 and 2010.[23][85][86]

Language

According to the 2000 Census, the more prominent languages of the Asian American community include the Chinese languages (Mandarin, Cantonese, Taishanese, and Hokkien), Tagalog, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Hindi, Urdu, and Gujarati.[88] In 2008, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tagalog, and Vietnamese languages were all used in elections in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, New York, Texas, and Washington state.[89]

In 2010, there were 2.8 million people (5 and older) who spoke a Chinese language at home;[90] after the English and Spanish languages, it is the third most common language in the United States.[90] Other sizeable Asian languages are Tagalog, Vietnamese, and Korean, with all three having more than 1 million speakers in the United States.[90][91][92]

In 2012, Alaska, California, Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Washington were publishing election material in Asian languages in accordance with the Voting Rights Act.[93] These include Tagalog, Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, Hindi and Bengali.[93] Election materials were also available in Gujarati, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, and Thai.[94] According to a 2013 poll conducted by the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 48 percent of Asian Americans considered media in their native language as their primary news source.[95]

LanguagePopulation
2016		Speak English
"very well"		Speak English
less than "very well"
Chinese3,372,9301,518,6191,854,311
Tagalog1,701,9601,159,211542,749
Vietnamese1,509,994634,273875,720
Korean1,088,788505,734583,054
Hindi810,877642,855172,182
Urdu474,481342,436132,045
Japanese464,535265,552197,983
Gujarati407,520265,219139,612
Telugu365,566264,368143,152
Bengali324,008182,447141,561
Tai-Kadai307,442152,210155,212
Punjabi287,491168,743118,748
Tamil273,332221,99751,355
Hmong224,133133,16390,970
Khmer203,115102,364100,751
Other Austronesian languages467,718291,405176,313
Other Indic languages409,631244,847164,784
Other Dravidian languages241,678184,23357,445
Other languages of Asia384,154175,146209,008

Religion
See also: Religion in the United States

Asian American religious preferences are wide-ranging and tend to be more diverse than those other races in the United States.[96] The growth of Asian American immigration since 1965 has contributed to this diversity.[97] Until recently, a dearth of scholarship regarding Asian American religious beliefs led to a stereotype that Asian Americans are not religious or spiritual.[98] Although 59 percent of Asian Americans believe strongly in the existence of one or more gods, 30 percent identify as "secular" or "somewhat secular." Only 39 percent of Asian American households belong to a local church or temple, due to atheism or adherence to Eastern religions without congregational traditions.[99]

Although no one religious affiliation claims a majority of Asian Americans, about 45 percent of them adhere to some form of Christianity.[100][13] A Trinity College survey, conducted in 2008, found that 38 percent of Christian Asian Americans are Catholic;[101] Filipino Americans are majority Catholic, and a significant minority of Vietnamese Americans are as well.[97] It found that of all demographic populations, Asian Americans had the highest number of respondents who did not claim a religion or refused to divulge their religious affiliation.[101] Various surveys have put this number between 23 and 27 percent of Asian Americans.[13][101] It also found that 8% of Asian Americans are Muslim;[101] many of these Muslim Asian Americans come from, or trace their ancestry to, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan.[102][103]

A Gallup poll conducted in 2010 found that Asian Americans were the group least likely to say that religion was important in their daily lives, although a 54 percent majority of respondents still said that religion was important in their daily lives.[104] In 2012, a survey was conducted by the Pew Research Center of the Faiths of Asian Americans, and it found that Christianity had the largest plurality (42%) of Asian American respondents, followed by those who were unaffiliated (26%).[105] The three next largest faiths, of those who responded, were Buddhist (14%), Hindu (10%), and Muslim (4%).[105]

Sexuality

According to a Gallup survey conducted from June to September 2012, 4.3 percent of Asian Americans self identify as LGBT. This compares with 4.6 percent of African-Americans, 4 percent of Hispanic-Americans, 3.2 percent of Caucasian-Americans, and the overall 3.4 percent of American adults that self identify as LGBT in the total population.[14]

In a Gallup survey conducted in 2017, 4.9 percent of Asian Americans identified as LGBT, representing the second-highest growth of LGBT representation among African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and Caucasian Americans.[106]

U.S. states and territories
State/TerritoryAsian American
Population
(2010)[23][107]		Percentage
Asian American
(2010)[23]		Chinese[108]Filipino[109]Indian[110]Japanese[111]Korean[112]Vietnamese[113]Other Asian
 Alabama67,0361.411,1548,22414,9514,33610,6248,4889,259
 Alaska50,4027.13,72625,4241,9113,9266,5421,4467,427
 American Samoa1,9943.64401,2173112173472
 Arizona230,9073.642,33153,06740,51019,61121,12527,87226,391
 Arkansas44,9431.56,3016,3967,9732,3843,2476,30212,340
 California5,556,59214.91,451,5371,474,707590,445428,014505,225647,589459,075
 Colorado185,5893.733,34426,24224,13522,71428,17723,93327,044
 Connecticut157,0884.436,48316,40250,8066,20311,76010,80424,630
 Delaware33,7013.87,0334,63712,3441,1963,0991,6883,704
 District of Columbia26,8574.56,5833,6706,4172,0102,9901,8563,331
 Florida573,0833.094,244122,691151,43825,74735,62965,77277,562
Georgia365,4973.854,29828,528105,44414,24760,83649,26452,880
 Guam51,38132.22,61741,944—2,3683,437337678
 Hawaii780,96857.4199,751342,0954,737312,29248,69913,266139,872
 Idaho29,6981.95,4736,2112,7865,6982,8062,1544,570
 Illinois668,6945.2119,308139,090203,66928,62370,26329,10178,640
 Indiana126,7502.026,03816,98830,9478,43713,6858,17522,480
 Iowa64,5122.111,4946,02612,5252,8547,3759,54314,695
 Kansas83,9302.913,4489,39915,6444,1787,75616,07417,431
 Kentucky62,0291.410,5128,40214,2536,1977,2645,8139,588
 Louisiana84,3351.911,95310,24313,1473,1174,75230,20210,921
 Maine18,3331.44,3902,9182,3971,1811,7412,1703,536
 Maryland370,0446.479,66056,90988,70912,82655,05126,60550,284
 Massachusetts394,2116.0136,86618,67385,44115,35828,90447,63661,343
 Michigan289,6072.951,52532,32484,75017,41230,29219,45653,848
 Minnesota[114]247,1324.730,04715,66038,0977,99520,99527,086107,252
 Mississippi32,5601.15,3335,6386,4588072,3017,7214,302
 Missouri123,5712.126,00117,70626,2637,08412,68916,53017,298
 Montana10,4821.11,9192,8299301,8541,3694811,100
 Nebraska40,5612.25,7304,9006,7083,1063,8158,6777,625
 Nevada242,9169.039,448123,89114,29021,36418,51812,36613,039
 New Hampshire34,5222.67,6523,3699,0751,8423,0212,9076,686
 New Jersey795,1639.0149,356126,793311,31019,710100,33423,53564,125
 New Mexico40,4562.07,6688,5355,7274,8893,7605,4034,474
 New York1,579,4948.2615,932126,129368,76751,781153,60934,510228,763
 North Carolina252,5852.640,82029,31463,85212,87825,42030,66549,636
 North Dakota9,1931.41,7621,7041,7406289337911,635
 Northern Mariana Islands26,90849.93,65919,017—7952,253—1,184
 Ohio238,2922.150,87027,66171,21116,99521,20715,63934,706
 Oklahoma84,1702.211,65810,85014,0785,5809,07218,09814,834
 Oregon186,2814.941,37429,10120,20024,53520,39529,48521,191
 Pennsylvania402,5873.296,60633,021113,38912,69947,42944,60554,838
 Puerto Rico10,4640.32,7514455,4753132052321,043
 Rhode Island36,7633.58,2284,1175,6451,4552,6581,61513,045
 South Carolina75,6741.611,70615,22817,9614,7457,1627,84011,032
 South Dakota10,2161.31,5701,8641,4336961,1791,0022,472
 Tennessee113,3981.818,31314,40926,6196,95513,24511,35122,506
 Texas1,110,6664.4182,477137,713269,32737,71585,332227,968170,134
 Utah77,7482.816,35810,6577,59812,7827,8889,33813,127
 Vermont10,4631.72,8331,0351,7238421,2711,2061,553
Virgin Islands (U.S.)1,4571.4——————1,457
 Virginia522,1996.572,58590,493114,47120,13882,00659,98482,522
 Washington604,2519.0120,814137,08368,97867,59780,04975,84353,887
 West Virginia16,4650.93,2083,0593,9691,1591,5711,1042,395
 Wisconsin151,5132.721,05413,15825,9985,96710,9496,19168,196
 Wyoming6,7291.21,3401,657739982803283925
 United States of America17,320,8565.64,010,1143,416,8403,183,0631,304,2861,706,8221,737,4331,962,298

The above list displays the population of Asian Americans ("Alone, or in combination") in US states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia, according to the 2010 United States Census;
Chinese Americans figures include Taiwanese Americans; Data for the territories (except Puerto Rico) is from American FactFinder's 2010 United States Census data[115][116][117][118]

See also
  • List of U.S. cities with Asian American majority populations

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