Darien, Connecticut

Darien (/dɛəriˈæn/) is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States 37 miles northeast of New York City. With a population of 20,732 for the 2010 census and a land area of just under 13 square miles, it is the smallest town on Connecticut's "Gold Coast".[2] It also has the youngest population of any non-college town in Connecticut and has a high rate of marriage. Darien is one of the wealthiest communities in the U.S.—it is listed at #2 on CNN Money's list of "top-earning towns" in the United States as of 2010.[3] Bloomberg's 2020 "America's 100 Richest Places" ranking placed Darien in the top 10, with an average household income of $352,839, the highest in Connecticut.[4]

Darien, Connecticut

Town of Darien
Town
Boston Post Road in Darien's retail district

Seal
Location within Fairfield County and the state of Connecticut
Darien
Location within Connecticut
Darien
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 41°03′04″N 73°28′45″W
Country United States
U.S. state Connecticut
CountyFairfield
Metropolitan areaBridgeport-Stamford
Incorporated1820
Government
 • TypeRepresentative town meeting
 • First selectmanJayme J. Stevenson (R)
 • SelectmenSusan J. Marks (R)
Charles "Kip" Koons (R)
Marc Thorne (D)
Pamela Sparkman (D)
[1]
Area
 • Total23.4 sq mi (60.6 km2)
 • Land12.9 sq mi (33.4 km2)
 • Water10.6 sq mi (27.4 km2)
Elevation
52 ft (16 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total20,732
 • Density886.0/sq mi (342.1/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Code
06820
Area code(s)203/475
FIPS code09-18850
GNIS feature ID0213416
WebsiteDarien, Connecticut

Situated on Long Island Sound between the cities of Stamford and Norwalk, the town has relatively few office buildings. Many residents commute to Manhattan with two Metro-North railroad stations – Noroton Heights and Darien – linking the town to Grand Central Terminal. For recreation, the town boasts eleven parks,[5] two public beaches, the private Tokeneke beach club, three country clubs including the first organized golf club in Connecticut, a hunt club, the public Darien Boat Club, and Noroton Yacht Club.

History

According to early records, the first clearings of land were made by men from the New Haven and Wethersfield colonies and from Norwalk in about 1641. It was not until 1739, however, that the Middlesex Society of the Town of Stamford built the first community church, now the First Congregational Church of Darien (which stands on the original site at the corner of Brookside Road and the Boston Post Road).[6]

Tories raided the town several times during the Revolution, at one point taking 26 men in the parish prisoner for five months, including the Reverend Moses Mather, pastor of the parish. The Loyalist-Patriot conflict in Darien is the setting for the novel Tory Hole, the first book by children's author Louise Hall Tharp. Middlesex Parish was incorporated as the Town of Darien in 1820.

Contentment Island, about 1914

According to the Darien Historical Society,[7] the name Darien was decided upon when the residents of the town could not agree on a name to replace Middlesex Parish, many families wanting it to be named after themselves. Some proposed naming the town "Belleville" in honor of Thaddeus Bell, a veteran of the revolutionary war. He apparently rejected the honor while supporting the Darien option.[8] A sailor who had traveled to Isthmus of Darien,[9] then part of the Spanish Empire, suggested the name Darien, which was eventually adopted by the people of the town. The town name is pronounced /dɛəriˈæn/ (like "Dairy-Ann"), with stress on the last syllable, and has been referred to as such at least as far back as 1913.[10] Residents say this is still the proper pronunciation. "You can always tell when someone is not from here, because they do pronounce it the way it's spelled," Louise Berry, director of the town library, said in a 2006 interview.[11]

Ring's End Landing, the original settlement and shipping port for early residents includes a historic stone bridge providing easier access to Long Neck, essential after the creation of the New Haven Railroad. The bridge crosses a dam dividing Gorham's Pond from the Gut. New Haven Railroad station opened in 1848.

Until the advent of the railroad, Darien remained a small, rural community of about 1,000. After the Civil War, the town became one of the many resorts where New Yorkers built grand, luxurious summer homes.

In the early 1900s, Darien had a well-established reputation as a sundown town,[12] and was mostly white Protestant through the middle of the century.[13] While economic diversity remains limited today, the town now has a diversity of ethnicities and religions similar to other affluent towns in the region.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 14.8 square miles (38 km2), of which 12.9 square miles (33 km2) is land and 2.0 square miles (5.2 km2), or 13.41%, is water. The town has four exits on the northbound-traffic side of Interstate 95 (Exits 10–13) and three on the southbound-traffic side (where there is no Exit 12). Its northern border is just south of the historic Merritt Parkway, where Exits 36 and 37 are closest to the town. It also has two Metro-North railroad stations for commuter trains into New York City, with a 38 to 39 miles (61 to 63 km) commute of 46–50 minutes from Noroton Heights and 49–53 minutes from Darien. In addition, the Glenbrook railroad station and the Talmadge Hill railroad station, both on the New Canaan Branch, are within walking distance of homes near the Holmes elementary school and at the far northwestern corner of town. The Rowayton railroad station on the New Haven Line is also within walking distance of homes near Raymond Street in the southeastern part of town. Most trains run non-stop after Stamford into New York City's 125th Street, then Grand Central Terminal. Along with the New Haven Line of Metro-North Railroad and Interstate 95, US Route 1, known locally as the Boston Post Road, or, more commonly, the Post Road, runs east–west through the southern side of town. Except for the Noroton Heights business district, commercial zoning is extremely limited outside of the town-wide strip along the Post Road.

Darien is bordered on the west by Stamford, on the north by New Canaan, and on the east by Norwalk. On the south it faces Long Island Sound and the North Shore of Long Island. It is part of the "panhandle" of Connecticut jutting into New York state. The town has 16.5 miles (26.6 km) of coastline and five harbors.

Sections of the town

In addition to some small neighborhoods, the larger divisions of the town are Downtown Darien (area surrounding Boston Post Road from I-95 to Brookside Road), Noroton (roughly in the southwest corner of town on Boston Post Road), Ox Ridge (northern end of Mansfield Avenue), (Noroton Heights) (roughly north of Interstate 95 to Middlesex Middle School with an eastern boundary of Noroton Avenue), Noroton Bay (southern end of Noroton Neck), Long Neck Point (southernmost part of town up to historic Ring's End Landing), Delafield Island (waterfront community in between Long Neck and Tokeneke) and Tokeneke (mostly private community in the southeastern end of town).

Church in Darien.

The name Noroton originates from the Native American "Norporiton". Long Neck includes Long Neck Point which provides westerly views of Manhattan. Though the general geographic reference to this land feature is Long Neck Point, therein are two different neighborhoods, each with their own main road and distinct features.

A key part of Connecticut's Gold Coast, Long Neck Point is consistently ranked one of the best places to live in America. In 1902 during the Gilded Age, Anson Phelps Stokes of the Stokes family built an elegant Georgian manor on the point, dubbed "Brick House" which was later occupied by Andrew Carnegie. Brick House was later run as the Convent of the Sacred Heart before it was split in half and sold as two private residences. The property on the tip was divided in two and neither home can rise above 20 feet. Historically, it has also been called Collender's Point and "La Belle" Point.

On its east side, Long Neck Point Road stretches south beginning near the Ring's End Landing bridge and terminating at the southerly most tip of land. This area is somewhat inland and away from the eastern shoreline and at a relatively high elevation above the water. The west coast of Long Neck runs along Goodwives River and includes Pear Tree Point. Situated on Noroton Harbor, Pear Tree Point includes a public beach (Pear Tree Point Beach Park) and a private club (Darien Boat Club). Pear Tree Point Road, begins at the Ring's End Landing bridge, runs south along the western side of Long Neck adjacent to "The Gut" and to outer Noroton Harbor. This charming route hugs the shoreline at an elevation close enough to the tides such that storm conditions can bring the water level over the road. Approximately half-way south along the peninsula, Pear Tree Point Road turns abruptly to the east, ninety degrees, heading uphill and connecting to Long Neck Point Road, distinguishing Long Neck from Long Neck Point.

The large island to the east is the remaining estate of the late William Ziegler. The Ziegler Estate is the most expensive waterfront plot on the eastern seaboard. With an assessed property value of over $22,000,000 and thousands of feet of direct undeveloped waterfront, it boasts the fourth largest property tax in town. For the first time in over a century, the 63-acre portion of the estate known as Great Island was listed for sale and is expected to set a national record at $175,000,000.[14]

Darien's eastern coastline is almost entirely Tokeneke, a private community with a beach, club, and police patrol. Tokeneke is a private neighborhood and tax district established in January 1957. All homeowners within the district pay a separate tax to maintain the roads and police constables in the neighborhood. Coveted Contentment Island sits in the southeastern most part of town, encompassed by Tokeneke.

Noroton Heights "blew up around the Noroton Heights train station and housed the European immigrants who serviced the old estates," according to an article about the community in The New York Times. The densely populated streets of this part of town are full of "modest Capes and colonials" along with other house styles.[15]

Climate

Darien has a humid continental climate, similar to that of New York City, with mild to warm humid summers and cold to very cold winters. The highest recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) in July 1966, while the lowest recorded temperature was −15 °F (−26 °C) in 1968.[16] Snowfall is generally frequent in winter while average precipitation is most common in September.

Demographics and safety
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18201,126—
18501,454—
18601,70517.3%
18701,8086.0%
18801,9497.8%
18902,27616.8%
19003,11636.9%
19103,94626.6%
19204,1846.0%
19306,95166.1%
19409,22232.7%
195011,76727.6%
196018,43756.7%
197020,33610.3%
198018,892−7.1%
199018,196−3.7%
200019,6077.8%
201020,7325.7%
Est. 201421,689[17]4.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[18]

As of the census of 2000, there were 19,607 people, 6,592 households, and 5,385 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,525.2 people per square mile (588.7/km²). There were 6,792 housing units at an average density of 203.9 persons/km² (528.3 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 95.97% White, 0.45% African American, 0.04% Native American, 2.42% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.19% of the population.

There were 6,592 households out of which 46.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a woman whose husband did not live with her, and 18.3% were non-families. Of all households 15.6% were made up of individuals and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the town, the population was spread out with 32.5% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $160,274, and the median income for a family was $195,905.[19] As of the 2000 Census, males had a median income of $100,000 versus $59,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $77,519. 2.0% of the population and 0.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 1.6% are under the age of 18 and 2.6% are 65 or older.

Darien has been ranked the #1 safest "city" in Connecticut for 2018 by Safewise,[20] and the 54th safest city in the United States.[21]

Government and politics

Elected bodies in the town government are a five-member Board of Selectmen, a nine-member Board of Education, a seven-member Board of Finance, a six-member Planning and Zoning Commission, three-member Board of Assessment Appeals, and a 100-member, nonpartisan Representative Town Meeting. The town has several elective offices as well: the town clerk, probate judge, registrar of voters, tax collector and treasurer.[22]

The Board of Finance approves financial measures, including the town budget; the Board of Education controls the town's public schools; the Representative Town Meeting is the main legislative body of the town.


At the federal level, Darien is included in Connecticut's 4th congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Jim Himes.

Presidential election results

Historically, Darien has been a Republican stronghold; however, Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2016 became the first Democrat to win the town in over 60 years.

Darien was one of five towns in Connecticut that backed former Governor John Kasich over Donald J. Trump in the 2016 Republican presidential primary. Kasich received 1,284 votes (48.89 percent) ahead of Trump who garnered 1,070 votes (41.54 percent). U.S. Senator Ted Cruz of Texas finished third with 186 votes (7.22 percent).[23]

Darien town vote
by party in presidential elections[24]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2016 52.75% 5,942 41.06% 4,625 6.20% 698
2012 34.42% 3,777 65.39% 7,175 0.19% 21
2008 45.10% 4,943 54.28% 5,949 0.62% 68
2004 36.69% 4,057 62.30% 6,888 1.01% 112
2000 34.22% 3,496 63.09% 6,446 2.69% 275
1996 31.12% 2,988 63.10% 6,058 5.78% 555
1992 28.12% 3,089 58.21% 6,396 13.67% 1,502
1988 25.76% 2,696 73.34% 7,676 0.90% 94
1984 21.58% 2,341 78.01% 8,463 0.41% 45
1980 18.57% 1,900 67.62% 7,245 13.80% 1,479
1976 25.75% 2,784 73.92% 7,992 0.33% 36
1972 24.29% 2,662 75.07% 8,228 0.65% 71
1968 26.90% 2,713 70.96% 7,157 2.14% 216
1964 44.95% 4,264 55.05% 5,222 0.00% 0
1960 21.37% 2,055 78.63% 7,561 0.00% 0
1956 13.43% 1,214 86.57% 7,825 0.00% 0
Election results from statewide races
Year Office Results
2018 Governor Stefanowski 62.47 – 36.35%
U.S. Senator Corey 50.20 – 49.14%
U.S. Representative Arora 51.66 – 48.34%
2016 President Clinton 52.75 – 41.06%
U.S. Senator Carter 54.51 – 44.08%
U.S. Representative Shaban 57.35 – 42.64%
2014 Governor Foley 68.49 – 31.29%
U.S. Representative Debicella 63.32 – 36.68%
2012 President Romney 65.39 – 34.42%
U.S. Senator McMahon 63.91 – 34.95%
U.S. Representative Obsitnik 59.70 – 40.30%
2010 Governor Foley 69.01 – 30.49%
U.S. Senator McMahon 65.94 – 32.94%
U.S. Representative Debicella 66.75 – 33.25%
2008 President McCain 54.28 – 45.10%
U.S. Representative Shays 69.73 – 29.40%
2006 Governor Rell 81.88 – 17.47%
U.S. Senator Lieberman 60.24 – 28.38 – 10.94%
U.S. Representative Shays 67.01 – 32.05%
2004 President Bush 62.30 – 36.69%
U.S. Senator Orchulli 55.17 – 44.29%
U.S. Representative Shays 71.90 – 28.10%
Voter registration and party enrollment as of October 29, 2019[25]
Party Active voters Inactive voters Total voters Percentage
Republican 5,658 378 6,036 40.30%
Democratic 3,094 196 3,290 21.97%
Unaffiliated 4,978 508 5,486 36.63%
Minor parties 156 10 166 1.10%
Total 13,886 1,092 14,978 100%

Taxes

Darien has the lowest property taxes of the Fairfield County suburbs of its size, with a mill rate of 15.35 being consistently lower than New Canaan at 15.985 and Westport at 18.09 (rates as of 2016).[26][27]

Environmental sustainability

The town of Darien is part of "Sustainable Fairfield County"—a cooperative organization made up of ten Fairfield County communities that have joined forces to help advance environmental sustainability and responsibility county-wide. The other municipalities include Easton, Fairfield, Greenwich, New Canaan, Norwalk, Trumbull, Weston, Westport and Wilton.[28]

Economy

JetBlue Airways has finance and scheduling operations at 19 Old Kings Highway South in Darien.[29] In mid-2012 JetBlue combined the Darien and Forest Hills, Queens, New York City headquarters into its headquarters in Long Island City, Queens.[30]

Education

Darien is served by the Darien Public Schools, and Darien High School was ranked No. 1 in the "U.S. News Best High Schools in Connecticut" in 2019. The school also ranked in the top 150 in the national rankings, and in the top 50 in STEM high schools in the United States.[31] Darien has five elementary schools: Hindley School, Holmes School, Ox Ridge School, Royle School, and Tokeneke School. A $27 million addition was completed in 2000 to the town's middle school, Middlesex Middle School, and a new $73 million campus for Darien High School was completed in the fall of 2005.[15] Darien sports teams go by the name of the "Blue Wave".

The Connecticut State Department of Education has ranked the Darien Public Schools district in its highest-rated District Reference Group, A (formerly the Educational Reference Group A), which consists of the nine most affluent and low-need-for-extra-assistance districts among the 162 school districts in Connecticut. Also included are the elite New Canaan, Westport, Wilton, Weston, Easton, Redding, and Ridgefield school districts.[32]

In June 2012, 24/7 Wall St. ranked Darien as the 10th wealthiest school district in the United States.[33]

Pear Tree Point School, originally named Plumfield School, is a private school on Long Neck, educating students in pre-kindergarten through Grade 5. The school was closed in summer 2018.[34][35]

The library has existed in Darien as an institution since 1894, primarily in locations on the Post Rd (four sites including the current site), as well as a location just off the Post Road, on Leroy Avenue (which currently houses the Darien Board of Education). Andrew Carnegie offered funds for a library, but he was turned down by the town.[36] The Darien Library is the most heavily utilized library in Connecticut. It has consistently ranked in the top ten of its category in the HAPLR (Hennen's American Public Library Ratings) Index of libraries. In 2012, it was named a Five Star library by Library Journal, which used four objective measures: visits, circulation, program attendance and internet computer use per capita to compare the level of services libraries provide to their communities.[37] The current building was funded over a three-year capital campaign, with town residents backing the initiative. 1,800 families contributed to the capital campaign. The Library is built to the LEED Gold certified standard.[36]

Emergency services

Post 53
Post 53 headquarters

An ambulance service, known as "Darien EMS – Post 53" is the only ambulance service in the nation staffed and run entirely by high school student volunteers, covers one of the deadliest stretches of Interstate 95, and responds to over 1,500 emergency calls annually.[38] The Explorer post is chartered under the Connecticut Yankee Council, and is considered a scouting unit. The service provides emergency care at no cost to the patient, funded entirely by private donations from town residents. Teenagers are allowed to perform patient care due to the fact that Connecticut is one of the few states in the nation which allows emergency medical technicians to be certified at age 16.[39]

Students start training while they are in their freshman year of high school. They are elected by current members of Post and then they continue their training supervised by trained adults, Post 53 lets in 20 teenagers a year to join the crew, and includes boys and girls.

Fire Department

The town of Darien is protected by three independent all-volunteer fire departments in three fire districts.[40]

Transportation

The town is served by two train stations, one in Noroton Heights and the other in downtown Darien. The Connecticut Turnpike (Interstate 95) runs through town, as does the Post Road, U.S. Route 1. Just to the north of town, the Merritt Parkway (Route 15) runs roughly parallel to the northern border between Darien and New Canaan. The Talmadge Hill railroad station is just north of the border as well. Along with the Post Road, major east–west thoroughfares in town are West Avenue and Middlesex Road. Major north–south roads are Hoyt Street, Hollow Tree Ridge Road, Nearwater Lane, Noroton Avenue, Middlesex Road, Mansfield Avenue and Brookside Road.

Interstate 95 has rest stops in Darien both for the southbound and northbound lanes. The state Department of Transportation has added "speed change" lanes between entrances and exits up to Exit 10 (and points westward). The phase of the highway widening from Exit 9 to Exit 10, at a cost of $7.5 million, was expected to be complete by October 2007, state Transportation officials said in August of that year. The state is in the process of planning more such lanes through the rest of the highway in town in a project expected to cost $24.5 million. About 150,000 vehicles pass Exit 12 each day, according to the state Department of Transportation. The state was closed the southbound entrance for Exit 12 in 2008 during work on the project.[41]

Chapter 14 of English author Nigel Williams' 1994 travelogue From Wimbledon to Waco tells of his difficulties in reaching Darien from Interstate 95.

In December 2007 a 15-month, $5.5 million project was completed to add fourth (or "operational") lanes in each direction between the entrances and exits at Exits 10 and 11 in Darien. An earlier project added a fourth lane on the southbound side from the entrance at Exit 10 to Exit 8. After that lane was added, a state Department of Transportation study concluded that accidents were down on that stretch of the highway by 20 percent, amounting to about 160 fewer accidents per year. Construction of operational lanes at exits 11, 12, and 13 was expected to begin in the late spring of 2008.[42]

Westchester County Airport is the closest commercial airport to Darien, with direct service to Chicago, Charlotte, Atlanta, West Palm Beach, Fort Myers, Orlando, Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, Pittsburgh, Detroit, and Washington DC. Seasonal service also exists to Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Hyannis, Vero Beach and Provincetown. It takes approximately 25 minutes to drive to from the town's center. This is followed by LaGuardia Airport in Queens, New York, a 45-minute drive from Darien. John F. Kennedy International Airport in Queens, New York, is the closest major international airport, a one-hour+ drive. Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey is also easily accessible from Darien, approximately one hour and 10 min away.

Landmarks
Autumn in Stony Brook Park, Ledge Road
  • The Convent of St. Birgitta[43]
  • A notable work of modern architecture in town is the Frederick J. Smith House, designed by architect Richard Meier. The house was planned starting in 1965 and completed in 1967. The home has been featured in numerous books.[44] "There is a formal layering, giving a sense of progression, as one moves across the site from the entrance road down to the shore, and the 'line of progression' determines the major site axis," said Richard Meier. "Perpendicular to this axis, the intersecting planes in the house respond to the rhythms of the slope, trees, rock outcroppings, and the shoreline."[45]
  • The Mather Homestead, a National Historic Landmark and on the National Register of Historic Places. The home was built during the Revolutionary War, and is considered one of the finest examples of 18th century architecture, with a wood frame structure and two stories plus a basement and attic. Stephen Mather owned the home, the founder and first Director of the National Park Service.[46]
  • The Darien Historical Society[47]

Redevelopment projects

Downtown Darien

Baywater Properties (run by Darien resident, David Genovese, the developer responsible for a slew of high-end additions in downtown Darien), has proposed a new significant redevelopment of Downtown Darien in the area bounded by Post Road, Corbin Dr, I-95 and Old Kings Highway. It will include upscale residences targeted to empty-nesters, and locally owned retailers.[48][49] As of September 2016, it appeared that the P&Z commission would reject the proposed building heights despite overwhelming public support. Baywater Properties revised their proposal and the P&Z commission approved the revision. In December 2017, Baywater has chosen to redesign the project with smaller buildings and a less aggressive parking and traffic design.[50] The developer is in talks with L.L.Bean as an anchor store.[51] In November 2018, the project received unanimous approval from the Planning and Zoning Commission. The project will include 116 luxury apartments for rent or sale, nearly 100,000 square feet of space for retail, restaurant, fitness and service businesses, and over 80,000 square feet of class A office space. The project is to begin in early 2020.[52]

Noroton Heights

The town's Planning and Zoning Commission approved two redevelopment project in the Noroton Heights district, one for a new Noroton Shopping Center proposed by the owners of Palmer's Market, and the other for a new development called The Commons, proposed by Federal Reality. Both projects will incorporate mixed-use development, bringing new apartments to the neighborhood while expanding the existing retail and restaurant space in the area. Noroton Heights has long been a target for redevelopment, with town officials identifying the neighborhood as a focus in the 2016 update of the Town Plan of Conservation and Development. One of the project's goals is to give the Noroton Heights area a new sense of place by redeveloping the area in the style of a village. This includes new public plaza spaces and a complete restructuring of the shopping center's traffic flow. Representatives for the shopping center have said the new village would have a pedestrian focus and seeks to capitalize on the proximity of the Noroton Heights train station. The area remains a priority for the town's infrastructure improvements with an ongoing access study being conducted by a consultant and the active replacement of the Noroton Heights train station platform. Department of Public Works Director Ed Gentile has said the town is still reviewing options to install a culvert and improve drainage in the area as well.[53]

Community

Recreation
Hanging floral decorations adorn the main street of Darien
  • Darien Y – the local YMCA offers more than 300 programs. It houses the Holly Pond Nursery School and features two pools and workout facilities overlooking Holly Pond.[54] The facility completed a major $9M renovation in 2012, adding a large modern entry hall with a cafe, a new wing to house the nursery school, a 10,000 square foot gymnastics wing with a ceiling made of wood trusses and an observation deck, a spin studio, and a "Mind, Body Studio" for yoga. The project took 5 years to complete due to delays "after a long series of hearings before the town Planning & Zoning Commission." [55][56]
  • YWCA of Darien-Norwalk is located in Darien.[57]
  • The Depot – an adult-supervised youth center for town teenagers, located in the former Noroton Heights Railroad Station building since the organization's founding in 1989. A student board runs the day-to-day programming; an adult board focuses on fundraising, operations management and capital building projects.[58]
  • Darien Ice House – Darien's sole ice rink.[59]
  • Darien Playhouse – Darien's sole commercial cinema.

Parks and beaches
  • Weed Beach – 22.12 acres (89,500 m2) at 155 Nearwater Lane, Noroton. The park includes a bathing area, picnic areas, 6 tennis courts, 5 paddle tennis courts, children's play areas, a bathhouse, a fit trail with equipment, a fully operational concession stand, the Paddle Tennis warming hut, and is home to Darien Junior Sailing Team. The public beach is restricted to Darien residents only in the summer months, with visitor passes available for a fee.[60] The town acquired an acre of waterfront land adjacent to Weed beach and cleared it in 2018, adding to the park.[61]
Tilly Pond Park gazebo on a very green pond
  • Pear Tree Point Beach – 7.95 acres (32,200 m2) at 127 Pear Tree Point Road. Pear Tree Point Beach is arguably one of the most beautiful beaches in Fairfield County. Pear Tree Point Beach encompasses approximately 8 acres off Pear Tree Point Road at the mouth of the Goodwives River. The beach offers a bathing area, handicap accessible picnic area with picnic tables and grills, a beautiful gazebo overlooking the sound, a bathhouse, fully operational concession stand, a boat launch ramp, and two beautiful beaches. In addition, the Darien Boat Club is located at this beach. The public beach is restricted to Darien residents only in the summer months, with visitor passes available for a fee.[62]
  • Cherry Lawn Park – 27.5 acres (111,000 m2), 120 Brookside Road, in Cherry Lawn Park. Fields, ponds, and trails surround the property.[63] The Darien Land Trust's 3 acre Cherry Lawn property is adjacent, located behind the nature center. The pond is available for winter ice skating with conditions monitored by the town Parks & Recreation department.[64]
  • Woodland Park Nature Preserve – 64.717 acres (261,900 m2) on Middlesex Road
  • Baker Park – 11.72 acres (47,400 m2) at 75 Noroton Ave. (site of the former Baker School)
  • Frate Park – 0.83 acres (3,400 m2) at the corner of Middlesex Road and Leroy Avenue
  • McGuane Park – 7.5 acres (30,000 m2), 221 Noroton Ave.
  • Selleck's Woods Nature Preserve – 28.093 acres (113,690 m2) on Little Brook Road. Selleck's Woods has densely wooded areas, two ponds, marshes, swamps, streams, and several prairie pockets throughout the park. The Darien Land Trust's 22-acre Dunlap Woods is adjacent to Selleck's Woods.
  • Stony Brook Park – 11.3 acres (46,000 m2) on Ledge Road
  • Town Hall and Holahan Fields – 10 acres (40,000 m2) at 2 Renshaw Road
  • Tilley Pond Park – 8.651 acres (35,010 m2) on Lakeside Avenue. The pond is available for winter ice skating with conditions monitored by the town Parks & Recreation department.[64]
  • Gorham Pond – a watershed very popular with Darien residents in the winter months for open-air ice skating and hockey, creating a bucolic Currier & Ives scene.[65]
  • Darien Community Association bird sanctuary- nearly four acres of woodland, open to the public behind the historic Meadowlands manor at 274 Middlesex Road.[66]

Private membership clubs
  • Country Club of Darien – The club has the second-largest estimated property value of any entity in town, with $23.2 million in assessed value (equal to 70 percent of estimated actual value) behind only the Wee Burn Country Club.[67]
  • Darien Boat Club – founded in the late 1940s, the club's membership has grown from a few charter members to more than 850, as well as their families.
  • Noroton Yacht Club – Former members of "the world-renowned" club "have included two America's Cup skippers." As of 2015, current members include Bruce Kirby, designer of the Laser dinghy. The club runs the largest junior sailing program in the county.[15] The club was founded in 1928 and built its first clubhouse the following year. It was replaced in 2017.
  • Ox Ridge Hunt Club – On 37 acres (150,000 m2), the club hosts a popular annual horse show held since 1926. The club was founded in 1911.[68] In 2017, the town of Darien purchased the Ox Ridge Field (16.25 acres) from the Hunt Club for $6.25 million. The club is using the sale to help fund a revitalization process that includes a new name, the Ox Ridge Riding & Racquet Club. With a legacy of more than 100-years the property has a historic significance in town and will soon become a public resource. The Ox Ridge Riding & Racquet Club will be adding several new facilities to their remaining property, including a new clubhouse with eight squash courts, a fitness center, locker rooms and a member pub. The club will also add four lighted courts for paddle tennis, and two new rings for horseback riding ring. In addition to the new facilities, the club plans to approve as many as 250 new members who will have access to the full range of the club's offerings, from horseback riding and racquet sports to special events on the club's lawn.[69] The town is currently debating the best future use of the newly town-owned property.[70]
  • Piedmont Club – Not a country club, the "Società Umberto Principe di Piemonte, Inc." was organized July 15, 1916 and "a well-appointed and commodious clubhouse" just off Noroton Avenue was erected in 1923, according to a town history published in 1935.[71]
  • Tokeneke Club – When developers of Tokeneke were trying to sell real estate there, they found that ensuring access to a beach removed some hesitation on the part of prospective buyers, so they founded the Tokeneke Beach Club in 1907, acquiring "a small stretch of shore on which stood a dilapidated double-decker bathhouse and a broken pier," soon replaced.[72] The club's original wooden buildings caught fire at a Saturday night party in 1932 and burned to the ground; replacement buildings were later battered by hurricanes. In 2017, the club celebrated its 110-year anniversary.[43][73]
  • Wee Burn Country Club – formed in 1895, it is the first organized golf club in the state and "either the second or third in the United States." The name of the club was taken from a small stream, Stony Brook, which ran through the old grounds. Originally a small house on the Post Road in Noroton (across the street from St. Luke's Episcopal Church[74]) was rented for a clubhouse and nearby land for a seven-hole course was rented. The lease stipulated that the links couldn't prevent the landlord from continuing to use the fields as pasture for his cows. Eventually more land was bought on Hollow Tree Ridge Road[74] and the course was enlarged to nine holes and then 18 by (at the latest) the 1930s.[75] The club is the largest taxpayer in Darien, with an assessed property value (equal to 70 percent of estimated value) of $29.8 million.[67] As recently as 1999, the club did not allow women as full members – they were subject to restricted tee times and barred from the clubhouse.[76] The club also maintains a shore club in neighboring Rowayton, on the grounds of the former Roton Point Amusement Park.
  • Woodway Country Club – founded in 1916 when some members of the Wee Burn Country Club decided the small Wee Burn links, then near the Post Road in Noroton, were getting too crowded. The club bought 150 acres (0.61 km2) of land in Darien and another 45 in Stamford, and an 18-hole course was opened July 1, 1918.[77] The club was the sixth largest taxpayer, according to the October 1, 2004 town Grand List. The assessed value of the property (equal to 70 percent of actual estimated value) was $19.9 million.[67] Woodway's beach club is located in the Shippan area of Stamford.
  • Middlesex Club –The Middlesex Club, founded in 1963, is a private swimming, tennis and social club located in Darien Connecticut. This club is owned by the families who are also members. There are approximately 250 bond holding member families

Boy Scouts

Darien has many active scout units, including two Boy Scout troops, a Boy Scout Ship, and Explorer Post 53 (see Post 53 section, above), as well as three Cub Scout packs. Both troops and the ship are funded by the Andrew Shaw Memorial Trust; other funding comes from the annual May tag sale at the Scout Cabin on West Avenue, which has raised more than $50,000 in some years. These Scout units are in town:

  • Packs 55, 56, and 161 – open to boys in 1st through 5th grades.
  • Troop 35 – founded in 2004 when the town's existing troop (Troop 53) got too big; open to boys ages 11–18.
  • Troop 53 – the town's original Boy Scout troop, founded in 1918; open to boys ages 11–18.
  • Ship 53 – founded in recent years to let kids continue their scouting experience on the water; open to boys and girls ages 14–21.
  • Post 53 – see above entry

Annual events
  • February – Valentine's Day Dessert Wars "Something Sweet" (Darien Parks and Recreation) [78]
  • March – Holly Pond School book fair at Darien YMCA[79]
  • March – Community Arts Festival at Town Hall [80]
  • March – Darien Dash (Darien Youth Commission) scavenger hunt [81]
  • March – Daddy Daughter Dance at Town Hall [82]
  • April – Darien Nature Center Earth Day Celebration [83]
  • April – Lawn Easter Egg Hunt Darien Community Association) [84]
  • May – Boy Scout Troop 35 and 53 Tag Sale
  • May – Hindley Happening Fair
  • May – Tilley Pond Model Boat Regatta [80]
  • May through November- Darien Farmer's Market outdoors at the Goodwives Shopping Center [85]
  • May – Post 53 Food Fair at Tilly Pond Park and Memorial Day Parade
  • June – Weed Beach Fest- a celebration that brings the community together for music, food and fun in the sun [86]
  • June – Weed Beach Family Concert Series [80]
  • June through September – Darien Summer Nights at Grove Street Plaza & Tilley Pond Park [87]
  • July – annual Sidewalk Sale (Darien Chamber of Commerce)
  • September – Artists at Grove Street Plaza Outdoor Arts Fair
  • October – Downtown Halloween Parade (Darien Community Association) [84]
  • October – Halloween Family Fest (Darien Arts Center) [88]
  • October – Tokeneke Pumpkin Carnival
  • October – Halloween Hoot and Howl (Darien Nature Center) [89]
  • October – Post 53 Annual Haunted House [90]
  • October – Halloween Window Painting downtown [80]
  • December – Mother/Daughter Nutcracker Tea (Darien Community Association)
  • December – Holiday Scavenger Hunt [91]
  • December – Traditional town tree lighting ceremony hosted by the Darien Sport Shop [91]
  • December – An Old Fashioned Holiday festival at Tilley Pond Park [92]
  • December – Holiday Magic at Grove Street Plaza [93]
  • December – Candlelight Christmas caroling sing-along sponsored by The Friends of Gorham's Pond; residents only [94]

Ox Ridge Hunt Club Charity Horse Show

The Ox Ridge Hunt Club sponsors this annual June event, which has attracted up to 16,000 spectators and 1,300 equestrians, some from as far away as California and Europe. The 2007 Grand Prix event offered a $25,000 prize. The three-day event is free to spectators.[95]

Philanthropic groups
  • A Better Chance – for information on the Darien chapter, see Darien High School
  • Center for Hope is an organization set up in the early 1980s to provide support from trained personnel for people coping with bereavement or a serious illness. Founded in the early 1980s, the Center For Hope merged with Family Centers Inc. in 2005.[96]
  • Children's Council of Darien is a group set up to provide information and advocacy for the town's children from birth through fifth grade. It describes itself as a nonpartisan group of "parents, educators, doctors and local agency members working together in a non-profit organization to better inform the community about children's needs."[97]
  • Darien Advocates for the Education of the Gifted
  • The Community Fund of Darien, formerly The Darien United Way and Community Council, traces its origins to 1924 and assumed its current name upon withdrawing from the national United Way system in 2006. The Community Fund is a 501(c)(3) Public Charity actively working to meet health and human service needs in the greater community – primarily in Darien, Norwalk and Stamford – through strategic and financial leadership.[98]
  • CTE is a nonprofit organization founded in 1967 with a mission of countering "the basic causes of poverty in the Greater Stamford Area", according to the group's Web site. The organization is the federal and state designated Community Action Agency for Stamford, Greenwich and Darien.[99]
  • Darien Book Aid Plan is a nonprofit, all-volunteer organization that distributes free books in response to specific requests from Peace Corps volunteers, libraries and schools worldwide. Books are also donated within the United States to libraries, prisons, and hospitals, along with Native American and Appalachian groups.[100]
  • Darien Community Association is a nonprofit group founded more than 83 years ago which provides educational, cultural, recreational and civic programs; raises funds for scholarships and other community philanthropic works (partly through its Darien Thrift Shop); and maintains the Meadowlands mansion as a community resource.[101] The association also hosts "Darien Neighbors, Global Players," a popular series that includes notable speakers such as CEO's and business executives, government officials, television personalities, and celebrities; all speakers resident in Darien.
  • Darien/Stamford Chapter of the American Red Cross was formed on January 1, 2007 by the merger of the Darien and Stamford chapters of the American Red Cross. The merger created an organization with an annual budget of about $850,000, a staff of six full-time employees and about 600 volunteers.[102]
  • Darien Technology & Community Foundation
  • Junior League of Stamford-Norwalk, founded in 1923, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. The League focuses on the issues of positive youth development, child health and welfare, and self-sufficiency for women.[103]
  • The Masonic Club of Darien, Inc., a 501(c)(4) organization founded by area Freemasons in the 1860s, supports local charities and funds scholarships for college bound high school seniors. In addition to donations the Masonic Club of Darien hosts many community events that range from blood drives to informational/educational lectures open to the public. The Club is composed of Master Masons from the masonic lodge in town, Ivanhoe Lodge No. 107, which was chartered by the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of the State of Connecticut in the 1860s, upon recommendation from Union Lodge 5 of Stamford.[104]

Local media

Darien is served by two local print/online weeklies, the Darien Times and the Darien News-Review, four exclusively online local news websites, Darienite, HamletHub Darien, the Darien Patch and The Daily Voice, Darien, and an online 'Insider Guide' called AllAboutDarien.com. A monthly magazine known as New Canaan and Darien Magazine is also published comprising Darien, New Canaan, and Rowayton (a section of the city of Norwalk).[105] Most public meetings are filmed and broadcast live, and recorded for later broadcast by Cablevision's Channel 79 Government Access.[106]

Ethnic and racial controversies

Similar to many affluent towns in New England, Darien had a reputation for racism and anti-Semitism in the 1930s and 1940s.[107] In 1931, a private developer of beachfront property had an easement for access to the beach that stated beach privileges were never to be extended to "any person or persons of the Hebrew race."[13] In 1947, Laura Hobson's novel Gentleman's Agreement made Darien briefly notable for "the town's practice of not letting Jews spend the night."[108] The town changed in the second half of the 20th century, and the population became more diverse ethnically and religiously, though not economically.

More recently, the town has struggled with the issue of affordable housing. While some affordable housing was built, the priority list was such that it effectively excluded minorities by giving excessive priority to current and former residents. In 2010, the U.S. Department of Justice opened an investigation into Darien for possible violations of the Fair Housing Act.[109] In 2012, they appeared satisfied and closed their investigation after the controversial legislation had been repealed. The town also adopted a policy of verifying incomes for people applying for affordable housing units and maintaining a waiting list.[13]

Darien is one of the few municipalities in Connecticut that comply with the State's mandate to report the racial and ethnic makeup of people stopped by the police. 82% of the people stopped are white, 12% are black, and 15% are Hispanic. This is a higher proportion of black people than live in the town, but consistent with the makeup of the population of the general area.[110] In July 2016, a black man accused the Darien Police of racial profiling when he was stopped on his way to work.[111] The man uploaded footage of the encounter online which soon reached over 50,000 views, followed by a Bridgeport man's online petition for an apology and racial sensitivity training for officers.[112][113] The Darien Police denied the allegation and no apology was issued.[114] The incident prompted U.S. Representative Jim Himes to host a panel discussion at the Darien Library on race relations and institutional racism in Darien and Connecticut.[115]

Notable people

Several people notable for their esteemed place in American history have called Darien home: Charles Lindbergh the late aviator, and his wife, author Anne Morrow Lindbergh lived at 21 Tokeneke Trail in a seaside cottage named Tellina. It is on this property where Charles Lindbergh docked his sea plane. The cottage was positioned on the legendary aviators' favorite spot, a place where they had kept a trailer that had been a gift from friend Henry Ford.[116] Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie vacationed for several summers at what became the Convent of the Sacred Heart (divided into many private estates in the 1970s) at Long Neck Point.[117] Soong Mei-ling, First Lady of the Republic of China, rented a beach house on Noroton Bay many summers in the late 1970s. Christopher Shays, the former Republican congressman representing Connecticut's Fourth District, was born in Darien (and now lives in Bridgeport).

Actors and actresses who have lived in town include former resident Christopher Plummer,[118] Kate Bosworth, Topher Grace, Chloë Sevigny, and Robert Downey Jr..[119][120] Topher Grace notes chaperoning a field trip that Kate Bosworth was on and having been babysat by Chloë Sevigny.[121] Actress Carol Kane attended Cherry Lawn School in Darien until 1965. Film director Gus Van Sant also went to high school in Darien. Jazz saxophonist Gerry Mulligan lived in Darien in later life and died there in 1996. Guitarist Chris Risola grew up in Darien. Musician Moby lived in Darien during his adolescence, and speaks of his interactions in town with Topher Grace, Chloë Sevigny, Robert De Niro, and Robert Downey Jr..[122]

People famous in other fields have also called Darien home: Leslie Groves, military head of the Manhattan Project, lived in town after the project ended. Paul Manship, sculptor of the Prometheus figure at Rockefeller Center, spent summers living on Leroy Avenue and working on his art in the early 1930s. Photojournalist Margaret Bourke-White lived in town first with author Erskine Caldwell, then in the same home after their divorce. Helen Frankenthaler, a major American Abstract Expressionist painter, lived in Darien in later life and maintained her primary studio there.[123] Novelist and playwright Richard Bissell lived in Darien from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. Producer and NBC executive Grant Tinker reared his family there in the 1950s; Grant also co-founded MTM Enterprises and was married to Mary Tyler Moore. Former Benton & Bowles advertising agency executive and noted big band radio broadcaster G. Emerson Cole lived in Darien for 35 years. Kiss drummer Peter Criss once owned a home in Darien. Art deco artist and illustrator Major Felten spent most of his life in Darien. Emily Barringer (1876–1961), the world's first female ambulance surgeon and the first woman to secure a surgical residency, resided in Darien (and New Canaan) until her death.

Current notable residents include New York Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman; Steve Wilkos, host of The Steve Wilkos Show; 60 Minutes correspondent and CBS Evening News anchor Scott Pelley, and Tommy Mottola. Local news anchor Rebecca Surran of News 12 Connecticut and CNN anchor Ashleigh Banfield are also residents of Darien.

Other notable executive residents include billionaire Ole Andreas Halvorsen, the CEO and a co-founder of Viking Global Investors, Anthony Noto, CEO of SoFi, and the former COO of Twitter,[124]

One infamous native of Darien is convicted rapist Alex Kelly, who fled the United States to escape prosecution. His story was dramatized in the television movie Crime in Connecticut: The Story of Alex Kelly.

  • Long Neck Point from Contentment Island by John Frederick Kensett, collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, depicting the area where Andrew Carnegie spent some summers
  • Shore of Darien, Connecticut by John Kensett

Film

Films at least partially filmed in Darien with release date include:[125]

  • Gypsy (2017)[126]
  • Hope Springs (2012)
  • Hello I Must Be Going (2012)[127]
  • My Soul to Take (2010) (aka "25/8")
  • The Best Laid Plans (2009)
  • Birds of America (2008) (aka "The Laws of Motion").
  • Revolutionary Road (2008) – This is the second on-screen collaboration among Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Winslet, and Kathy Bates, who previously co-starred in Titanic. The house was completely altered for filming. When shooting was finished and the home rebuilt, including switching the roof and some windows and reinstalling the kitchen, a crew moved the family back in exactly as they lived before, referring to photographs they had taken of each room, even the inside of the china cabinet.[128] A house on Raymond Street in Darien was also used in filming.
  • Buttercup (2007)
  • High School 911 (2016)
  • The Big Wedding (2013) – The film stars Darien native Topher Grace and New Canaan native Katherine Heigl, as well as Robert De Niro, Diane Keaton, Susan Sarandon, Robin Williams, Amanda Seyfried and Ben Barnes.
  • The Life Before Her Eyes (2007)
  • Ode to Fredo (2007)
  • Ready for Action[129]
  • The Stepford Wives (2004)
  • American Dream (2002)
  • Cannonball Run II (1984)
  • The Stepford Wives (1975)
  • Gentleman's Agreement (1947) An Academy Award-winning film by Elia Kazan and based on a book by Laura Hobson that portrayed Darien as a restricted community (i.e. excludes Jews).
  • The Perfect Date (2019) – This Netflix film follows Brooks Rattigan, a young man obsessed with getting into Yale, who pretends to be from Darien to impress a wealthy Greenwich girl.

Literature
  • Graham Masterton's novel Picture of Evil, also known as Family Portrait, was set, in part, in Darien, the home of the Gray family, which, like Dorian Gray in The Picture of Dorian Gray, remain young while their counterparts in a family portrait grow old.
  • Laura Hobson's novel Gentleman's Agreement (novel) is set in Darien.
  • Louise Hall Tharp's children's novel Tory Hole, is set in American Revolutionary War era Darien.[130]

Citations
  • Case, Henry J.; Cooper, Simon W. (1935). Town of Darien: Founded 1641, Incorporated 1820. Darien Community Association.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  1. "Darien News Election Results". Darien News. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2015-11-13.
  2. "Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File (QT-PL), Darien town, Connecticut". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  3. "Top-earning towns". CNN. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013.
  4. . Bloomberg News https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-20/in-america-s-richest-town-500k-a-year-is-now-below-average. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. "Welcome to the Town of Darien, Connecticut – Beach/Park Permits". www.darienct.gov.
  6. Adapted from: Case 1935
  7. Darien Historical Society Web site
  8. https://issuu.com/darienhistoricalsociety/docs/dhs_membership_mailer_2016
  9. The Connecticut Magazine: An Illustrated Monthly. Connecticut Magazine Company. 1903. p. 331.
  10. Jenkins, Stephen, The Old Boston Post Road, (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1913), as quoted at a Web page titled "Darien: Stephen Jenkins' Darien, 1913" at the ""USGenWeb Project" Web site. Retrieved March 28, 2007.
    It is a common misconception to pronounce the town name as "Dairy-Anne", which many non-residents and non-long-term residents use. The village of Darien, Wisconsin shares this pronunciation;
  11. "The town name that sounds like a milk maid", "Grapevine" column, The Fairfield County Business Journal, July 10, 2006
  12. Loewen, James W. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005. Print.
  13. "Snob zones: Fear, money and real estate - Salon.com". 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013.
  14. Taylor, Candace (2016-09-15). "Connecticut's Great Island Seeks a Record $175 Million". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  15. Prevost, Lisa, "A Haven for Both Sailors and Commuters", The New York Times, December 14, 2003, accessed online on April 10, 2008
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  21. "2018's 100 Safest Cities in America – SafeWise". www.safewise.com.
  22. "Darien Government Guide: 2006", a brochure published by the League of Women Voters of Darien
  23. https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/SOTS/ElectionServices/StatementOfVote_PDFs/April2016RepublicanPPPSOVpdf.pdf?la=en
  24. https://authoring.ct.gov//SOTS/Election-Services/Statement-Of-Vote-PDFs/General-Elections-Statement-of-Vote-1922
  25. (PDF) https://portal.ct.gov/-/media/SOTS/ElectionServices/Registration_and_Enrollment_Stats/Nov19RE.pdf?la=en. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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  32. http://www.csde.state.ct.us/public/csde/reports/ERGbyDistrict.asp
  33. Liebeskind, Ken. "Weston Is Second Wealthiest U.S. School District". The Weston Daily Voice. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
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  36. "Darienlibrary.org: It's for you!". www.darienlibrary.org.
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  38. "Post 53". www.post53.org.
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  41. Ginocchio, Mark, "I-95 ramp in Darien may close for work", article in The Advocate of Stamford, Connecticut, pp 1, A4
  42. Lucas, Jonathan, "I-95 lanes open in time for holidays: Project aims to ease congestion in Darien", article in The Advocate of Stamford, Connecticut, December 8, 2007, pp 1, A4, Norwalk edition
  43. Prevost, Lisa, "Living In/Tokeneke, in Darien, Conn.; Like Stepping Into a (Very Expensive) Painting", article in The New York Times, May 15, 2005. Retrieved April 10, 2008.
  44. Including:
    • Roger H. Clark and Michael Pause, Precedents in Architecture, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985, ISBN 0-442-21668-8 (plan and section diagrams, p154)
    • Peter Gossel and Gabriele Leuthauser, Architecture in the Twentieth Century, Germany: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1991. ISBN 3-8228-0550-5 (large color exterior photo, p280)
    • Paul Heyer, American Architecture: Ideas and Ideologies in the Late Twentieth Century, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993 ISBN 0-442-01328-0 (exterior photo of transparent facade, p167)
    • William S. Saunders, Modern Architecture—Photographs by Ezra Stoller, New York: Harry N. Abrams, Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-8109-3816-2 (exterior photo, p200, 202; interior, p. 201; many small photos, pp. 212–213)
  45. "Great Buildings" Web site, accessed July 19, 2006, quoting from Richard Meier. Richard Meier, Architect. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
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  51. https://www.darientimes.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2018/03/CorbinNew3-1024x716.png
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  55. https://patch.com/connecticut/darien/darien-ymca-finishes-renovation-readies-for-reopening
  56. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2019-03-08. Retrieved 2019-09-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  61. https://patch.com/connecticut/darien/darien-first-selectman-stevenson-discusses-state-town
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  63. "Darien Nature Center – Darien, Connecticut". dariennaturecenter.org.
  64. http://www.darienct.gov/filestorage/28565/28567/28850/28862/Fall19Winter20Brochure.pdf
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  67. Revitalization: Town of Darien Annual Report, 2004–2005, page 11
  68. Ox Ridge Hunt Club Ox Ridge Hunt Club Web site
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  72. Case 1935, p. 20
  73. See "The Tokeneke Club a family album 1907–1987," with information compiled by long-time Tokeneke (private roads) resident and Tokeneke Club member Kay Oresman.
  74. "Darien: 1641–1820–1970: Historical Skteches," edited by Bertha Mather McPherson, published by the Darien Community Association, 1970; "A Brief History of Darien," by Louise H. McLean, p. 17
  75. Case 1935, pp. 26–27
  76. Chambers, Marcia (March 28, 1997). "Female Golfers Are Challenging Country Club Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
  77. Case 1935, p. 28
  78. https://darienite.com/dessert-war-competition-for-darien-dessert-lovers-at-pre-valentines-sampling-event-42159
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  81. "Register Now for Darien Dash on March 10: Participation Limited – DarieniteDarienite". darienite.com.
  82. "Register Soon for Darien Daddy Daughter Dance on March 23 – DarieniteDarienite". darienite.com.
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