Timeline of historical geopolitical changes

This is a timeline of country and capital changes around the world. It includes dates of declarations of independence, changes in country name, changes of capital city or name, and significant changes in territory such as the annexation, cession, or secession of land.

The types of changes listed here usually include (but are not limited to) the alteration of borders, the creation and fall of states, changes of geographical names, as well as a few geographical changes caused by unusually destructive natural disasters. Through the knowledge of such dates and events, the approximate year and age of a world map could be calculated and estimated.

Not all maps of the world created during a given age or period will be the same across the globe, as different mapmakers – or their employers – may have different views on the sovereignty or territorial integrity of the countries of the world or possess different levels of technological sophistication or geographical insight. Even maps created by the same mapmaker around the same time can differ significantly.

The timeline below presents its information in reverse chronological order, beginning in the modern era and working backwards.

This article uses the Common Calendar System, which was established as the new Christian Calendar by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. The Common Calendar uses the designation Common Era (CE or AD for Anno Domini) for years starting 1 January 1 CE, and Before Common Era (BCE or BC for Before Christ) for years before that date. The Common Calendar also follows the ordinal numbers rather than the cardinal numbers, so there was no "year zero" in this format; that is, the date 1 January 1 CE immediately followed the date 31 December 1 BCE. For the same reason, while the 2000s began on Saturday, 1 January 2000 CE, the official Third Millennium began on Monday, 1 January 2001 CE.

2000s 1900s 1800s 1700s 1600s 1500s 1400s 1300s 1200s 1100s 1000s
1st Millennium CE 1st Millennium BCE 2nd Millennium BCE 3rd Millennium BCE 4th Millennium BCE 10th Millennium BCE

1st Millennium CE

10th century

Year	Date	Event
987		Hughe Capet confirmes Paris as the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks (soon to become the Kingdom of France).
980		Lê Hoàn establishes the Early Lê dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
975		Erik Segersäll becomes first king of Sweden
968		Đinh Bộ Lĩnh establishes the Đinh dynasty in Vietnam. Hoa Lư is the capital.
965		The Ngô dynasty of Vietnam collapses.
962	2 February	Otto the Great re-establishes the Holy Roman Empire. Rome is the official capital.
960	3 January	Taizu establishes the Northern Song dynasty in China. Bianjing is the capital.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the theme of Lucania.
ca. 965		The Byzantine Empire establishes the Catepanate of Italy.
ca. 965		The Kalbids take the last remaining Byzantine territory in Sicily.
962		King Otto I of Germany and Italy has himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope, thereby forming the Holy Roman Empire.
961		King Otto I of Germany invades the Kingdom of Italy (of which his wife Adelaide of Italy was already queen) and is crowned King.
961		The Kingdom of Nri is established
959		Lower Lorraine is established
954		The Viking Kingdom of Jórvík (the Viking-ruled portion of the Kingdom Northumbria) is conquered by England, thus ending the Danelaw
951		Taizu establishes the Later Zhou dynasty in China. Kaifeng is the capital.
951		Shizu establishes Northern Han in China. Taiyuan is the capital.
948		The first Emirs of Sicily, the Kalbids, are appointed, establishing the Emirate of Sicily
947		Gaozu establishes the Later Han dynasty in China. Bianzhou is the capital.
942		England re-takes the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw
941		Jórvík reoccupies the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw for the Danes
939		Ngô Quyền establishes the Ngô dynasty in Vietnam. Cổ Loa is the capital.
938		Vietnam declares independence from the Southern Han of China. End of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.
937		Liezu establishes Southern Tang in China. Jinling is the capital.
937		Taizu establishes Dali in what is now Southwest China.
936		Gaozu establishes the Later Jin dynasty in China.
936		Goryeo Dynasty unified the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea.
934		Gaozu establishes Later Shu in China. Chengdu is the capital.
927	12 July	King Athelstan of Wessex establishes the Kingdom of England. Winchester is the capital.
927		The Kingdom of Northumbria is conquered by Wessex, thus uniting all of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms under one ruler and forming what would come to be known as the Kingdom of England
924		Wuxin establishes Jingnan in China. Jingzhou is the capital.
923		Zhuangzong establishes the Later Tang dynasty in China. Luoyang is the capital.
922		The County of Aragon falls under the control of the Kingdom of Pamplona
920		The Kingdom of Seisyllwg unites with the Kingdom of Dyfed to form the Kingdom of Deheubarth
920		The County of Horne is established
918		King Taejo establishes Goryeo Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula. Gaegyeong is the official capital.
918		The Kingdom of East Anglia is conquered by Wessex
918		The Kingdom of Mercia is absorbed into Wessex
917		Gaozu establishes Southern Han in China. Xingwang is the capital.
916-917		Mercia and Wessex reconquer the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw from the Danes
916		Taizu establishes the Liao dynasty in China.
910	10 December	The Kingdom of Asturias moves its capital to León and becomes the Kingdom of León
907		Taizu establishes Min in China. Changle is the capital.
907		The Fatimids take Raqqada from the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, establishing the Fatimid Caliphate
907		Taizu establishes the Later Liang dynasty in China. Luoyang and Kaifeng are the capitals.
		Gaozu establishes Former Shu in China.
		Liezu establishes Yang Wu in China.
		Wumu establishes Ma Chu in China.
		Taizu establishes Wuyue in China.
905		The Khúc clan establishes de facto rule over Vietnam.
902		The Byzantine city of Taormina, Sicily falls to the Emirate of Ifriqiya

9th century

Year	Date	Event
895		Grand Prince Árpád establishes the Principality of Hungary.
891		The Byzantine Empire conquers Benevento and establishes the Theme of Longobardia.
891		Harald Fairhair unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway and establishes the Kingdom of Norway. Stavanger becomes the capital.
880's		Byzantine control in southern Italy is extended over most of Apulia and Calabria.
880		Frankish kingdoms in 888 The Kings of West Francia cede their portion of Lotharingia to East Francia by the Treaty of Ribemont.
878		The Emirate of Ifriqiya takes Syracuse, Sicily from the Byzantine Empire.
876		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Bari.
873		The Byzantine Empire re-conquers Otranto from the Saracens.
872		The Kingdom of Norway is unified.
870		As a result of the Treaty of Meerssen, Lotharingia is divided between East and West Francia, and Provence is divided between East Francia, West Francia and the Kingdom of Italy.
860		Æthelberht succeeds his brother Æthelbald as king of Wessex, thus uniting it with Sussex and Kent.
858		Æthelberht is crowned king of Sussex and Kent.
855		Middle Francia is partitioned into the Kingdom of Italy, Lotharingia and the Kingdom of Provence by the Treaty of Prüm.
851		The Principality of Salerno is partitioned from the Principality of Benevento.
843		Partitions of Francia by the Treaty of Verdun Charles the Bald, grandson of Emperor Charlemagne, made Paris the capital of the Kingdom of the West Franks, established as the result of the Treaty of Verdun.
843		The Kingdom of Scotland (Kingdom of Alba) is unified.
843		The Carolingian Empire (Francia) is partitioned into three by the Treaty of Verdun, forming West, Middle and East Francia.
831	September	Palermo, Sicily is captured by the Aghlabid Emirate of Ifriqiya, is renamed al-Madinah, and becomes the capital of Muslim Sicily.
825		The Kingdom of Essex is ceded to Wessex.
825		The Kingdom of Sussex becomes subject to Wessex.
824		The Kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre) is established.
820		The title Count of Aragon is usurped and Aragon ceases to be a vassal of the Franks.
814		Cornwall loses its independence to Wessex, possibly becoming a sub-kingdom.
804		Charlemagne establishes the Holy Roman Empire. While Rome is the official capital of the empire, Aix-la-Chapelle is the de facto capital.
800		Saxony is integrated into the Frankish Kingdom as the Duchy of Saxony.

8th century

Year	Date	Event
795		The Franks create the Marca Hispanica as a buffer against the Moors
788		The Franks conquer Bavaria[52]
788		The Franks annex Chieti from the Principality of Benevento to the Duchy of Spoleto
787		Benevento submits to Frankish overlordship but retain effective autonomy
785		Franks defeat Widukind thereby conquering the remaining Frisian lands east of the Lauwers and vassalizing Saxony.
774		Franks conquer the Kingdom of the Lombards (Italy)
774		The Lombard Duchy of Benevento in the south of Italy effectively becomes independent and becomes the Principality of Benevento
769		Franks conquer Gascony
768-769		Franks conquer Aquitania
759		Franks conquer Septimania
754		The Papal States is established
751		The Exarchate of Ravenna, the center of Byzantine power in Italy, is disestablished after the Lombards invade
744		Franks conquer Alemannia
734		Franks annexed the Frisian lands between the Vlie and the Lauwers
718		Kingdom of Asturias established
717		Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
711		A Berber force under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Emir of Damascus, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa, thus starting the foundation of Al-Andalus.
705		The Tang dynasty in China is restored under Zhongzong.

7th century

Year	Date	Event
690		King Go establishes Balhae in Manchuria and northern Korean Peninsula.
		Wu Zhao establishes Wu Zhou in China. Shendu is the capital.
		Muslims conquer North Africa[53]
681		Khan Asparukh crosses the Danube Delta and settles in the Ongal area (Southern Bessarabia or northern Dobruja). Asparukh, with his Slav allies, defeats Byzantine Emperor Constantine IV and establishes the First Bulgarian Empire. Pliska is the capital.
680		The Kingdom of Ceredigion changes its name to the Kingdom of Seisyllwg.
676		Silla unified the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
634		The Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira unite to form Northumbria.
630	11 January	The Islamic prophet, Muhammad (Muhammad ibn ‘Abdullāh) conquers Mecca and unites Arabia. Medina is the capital.
628		Hwicce becomes a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia.
618	18 June	Gaozu establishes the Tang dynasty in China. Chang'an and Luoyang are the capitals.
602		The Early Lý dynasty of Vietnam is conquered by the Sui dynasty of China. Start of the Third Chinese domination of Vietnam.

6th century

Year	Date	Event
581		Wen establishes the Sui dynasty in China.
557		Xiaomin establishes the Northern Zhou dynasty in China.
557		Wu establishes the Chen dynasty in China.
555		Xuan establishes the Western Liang dynasty in China.
553		The Ostrogothic Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
550		Wenxuan establishes the Northern Qi dynasty in China.
544		Lý Nam Đế establishes the Early Lý dynasty in Vietnam. End of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
538		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Ungjin to Sabi.
538		The Vandal Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantine Empire
534		Wen establishes the Western Wei dynasty in China.
534		Xiaojing establishes the Eastern Wei dynasty in China.
508		Frankish King Clovis the Frank makes Paris the capital of the Frankish Kingdom.
502		Wu establishes the Liang dynasty in China.

5th century

Year	Date	Event
493		Ostrogoths establish a kingdom in Italy
490		Odoacer is defeated at the river Adda by the Goths and flees
486		The Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state ruled by Syagrius, is conquered by the Franks
480		A Roman rump state, Roman Dalmatia, is disestablished after Julius Nepos is murdered
479		Gao establishes the Southern Qi dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
476	4 September	Germanic General Odoacer forces Roman Emperor Romulus Augustus to abdicate, bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end.
475		The Baekje of Korea moves its capital from Wirye to Ungjin by pressure of Goguryeo.
469		The Hunnic Empire is disestablished after Dengizich dies
457-461		Western Roman Emperor Majorian makes a concerted effort to try to restore the Empire, and reconquers most of Hispania and southern Gaul
451-453		Huns attack the Western Roman Empire
435		The Vandals establish a kingdom in North Africa
429		Vandals enter Africa
427		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Gungnae City to Pyongyang.
426		Alans leave Hispania
420		Wu establishes the Liu Song dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
418		The Visigoths establish a kingdom in southern Gaul
411		The Burgundians establish a kingdom in the western bank of the Rhine
405		A mixed group of barbarians including Vandals, Alans, and Suebi enter the Western Roman Empire in the Crossing of the Rhine
402		Western Roman Empire capital moved to Ravenna

4th century

Year	Date	Event
407		Wulie establishes Hu Xia in China.
407		Huiyi establishes Northern Yan in China.
400		Wuzhao establishes Western Liang in China.
398		Xianwu establishes Southern Yan in China.
397		Wu establishes Southern Liang in China.
397		Duan Ye establishes Northern Liang in China.
395	17 January	At his death, Roman Emperor Theodosius I (Flavius Theodosius) permanently splits the Roman Empire between his two sons. Arcadius (Flavius Arcadius) rules the Eastern Roman Empire from Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey), and Honorius (Flavius Honorius) rules the Western Roman Empire from Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy).
386		Yiwu establishes Later Liang in China. Guzang is the capital.
386		Daowu establishes the Northern Wei dynasty in China.
385		Xuanlie establishes Western Qin in China.
384		Chengwu establishes Later Yan in China.
		Wuzhao establishes Later Qin in China. Chang'an is the capital.
		Liewen establishes Western Yan in China.
370		The Bosporan Kingdom is disestablished
370		Huns appear north of the Black Sea
358		Franks allowed to settle in Toxandria (present-day Belgium)
351		Jingming establishes Former Qin in China.
337		Wenming establishes Former Yan in China.
330	11 May	Roman Emperor Constantine the Great builds a new capital for the Roman Empire at Byzantium which he renames Constantinopolis (now Istanbul, Turkey).[54]
324	18 September	Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus) reunites the Roman Empire. Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey) becomes the capital.
320		Ming establishes Former Liang in China.
319		Ming establishes Later Zhao in China.
317		Yuan establishes the Eastern Jin dynasty in China. Jiankang is the capital.
304		Guangwen establishes Han Zhao in China.
304		Wu establishes Cheng Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
301	3 September	Saint Marinus establishes the Most Serene Republic of San Marino, declaring independence from the Roman Empire. The City of San Marino is the capital.

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
293		Roman co-emperors Diocletian and Maximian split the Roman Empire into a tetrarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy), Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany), Nicomedia (now İzmit, Turkey), and Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia).
286	1 April	Roman Emperor Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus) appoints Maximian (Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maximianus Herculius) co-emperor, splitting the Roman Empire into a dyarchy with capitals at Mediolanum (now Milan, Italy) and Augusta Treverorum (now Trier, Germany).
274		Roman Emperor Aurelian conquers the Palmyrene Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
273		Roman Emperor Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus) conquers the Gallic Empire which is subsumed back into the Roman Empire.
271		Roman Dacia is abandoned
269		The Palmyrene Empire conquers the Roman Province of Egypt.
269		Roman Emperor Claudius II recovers Hispania from the Gallic Empire
266		Wu establishes the Western Jin dynasty in China. Luoyang and Chang'an are the capitals.
260		Syrian Queen Zenobia breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Palmyrene Empire. Palmyra is the capital.
260		Postumus (Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus) breaks from the Roman Empire and establishes the Gallic Empire. Colonia Agrippina (now Cologne, Germany) is the capital.
240		Gupta Empire forms in India
222		Da establishes Eastern Wu in China. Wuchang and Jianye are the capitals.
221		Zhaolie establishes Shu Han in China. Chengdu is the capital.
220		Wen establishes Cao Wei in China. Xuchang and Luoyang are the capitals.

1st century

World in year 1.

Year	Date	Event
3 CE		The Goguryeo of Korea moves its capital from Jolbon to Gungnae.
5 CE		Romans conquer much of the Middle East
9 CE		Wang Mang establishes the Xin dynasty in China.
25 CE		Guangwu establishes the Eastern Han dynasty in China.
40 CE		The Trưng Sisters rebel against Chinese rule in Vietnam.
43 CE		Start of the Second Chinese domination of Vietnam.
43-47 CE		The Romans found Londinium, a town that will with time become modern London
71-84 CE		Conquest of Wales and Scotland by Romans

Before the Common Era

First Millennium BCE

Year	Date	Event
18 BCE		Onjo establishes Baekje on the central Korean Peninsula. Wiryeseong is the capital.
27 BCE	16 January	The Roman Senate grants Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus the title Augustus. This effectively ends the Roman Republic and establishes the Roman Empire. The city of Rome remains the capital.
30 BCE	1 August	Roman consul Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus conquers the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. Octavianus organizes Egypt as a province under his personal control.
35 BCE		The Romans conquer the city of Sirmium, modern Sremska Mitrovica
37 BCE		Dongmyeong establishes Goguryeo on the northern Korean Peninsula. Jolbon is the capital.
58-50 BCE		Romans conquer Gaul
57 BCE		Hyeokgeose establishes Silla on the southeast Korean Peninsula. Gyeongju is the capital.
63 BCE		Romans conquer Jerusalem
63 BCE		Romans annex western Pontus and create a client state out of the Eastern portion under Pharnaces II.
111 BCE		By this date, the Han dynasty under Wu had conquered much of what is today Southern China and Northern Vietnam from Nanyue. Start of the First Chinese domination of Vietnam.
133 BCE		Upon the death of Attalus III, he wills his kingdom of Pergamon to the Roman Republic.
133 BCE		Romans conquer Celtiberia following the Siege of Numantia
135 BCE		Western half of Minyue conquered by the Han dynasty.
146 BCE		Romans conquer Iberia
146 BCE		Ancient Carthage is disestablished
146 BCE		Romans conquer Corinth and dissolve the Achaean League
146 BCE		Roman provinces of Macedon and Achaea formed
148 BCE		Mithridates I of Parthia conquers Ectebana
168 BCE		Romans dissolve the Kingdom of Macedon after the Battle of Pydna.
180 BCE		Demetrius I of Bactria invades India, forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
187 BCE		The Shunga Empire is formed after the Mauryan Empire is destroyed
194 BCE		Wanggeom-seong becomes the capital of Wiman Joseon on the Korean Peninsula.
194 BCE		Seleucids take control of Coele Syria and Judea from Ptolemaic Egypt
194 BCE		Romans force Philip of Macedon to abandon Greece in the Peace of Flamininus, while allowing him to maintain Macedon itself.
202 BCE	28 February	Gaozu establishes the Western Han dynasty in China. Chang'an is the capital.
204 BCE		Wu establishes Nanyue in what is now Southern China. Panyu is the capital.
209 BCE		The Romans conquer Cartagena from the Carthaginians, bringing Carthaginian Spain under Roman control
211 BCE		Romans capture Syracuse
221 BCE		Qin Shi Huang unifies ancient China and establishes the Qin dynasty in China. Xianyang is the capital.
230 BCE		Han conquered by Qin.
238 BCE		Arsaces I of Parthia establishes the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia. Hecatompylus becomes the capital.
238 BCE		Sardinia and Corsica become Roman provinces
238 BCE		Sicily becomes first Roman province
266 BCE		Ashoka unifies most of South Asia
281 BCE		Lysimachus dies at the Battle of Corupedium, his empire falling to the Seleucids
291 BCE		Demetrius Poliorcetes captures Thebes after a successful siege.
294 BCE		Demetrius I of Macedon kills Alexander V of Macedon, and in claiming the throne loses Thebes to a revolt.
301 BCE		The death of Antigonus I Monophthalmus at the Battle of Ipsus results in his kingdom being divided between the remaining Diadochi, namely Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
305 BCE		Macedonian general Ptolemy establishes the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt as King Ptolemy I Soter. Alexandria remains the capital.
306 BCE		Following the death of Alexander IV of Macedon, Antigonus I Monophthalmus declares himself an independent king, soon to by followed by his fellow Diadochi Ptolemy I Soter, Seleucus I Nicator, Lysimachus, and Cassander.
309 BCE		Seleucus I Nicator forms the Seleucid Empire after conquering Babylonia, Media, and Elam from Antigonus I Monophthalmus in the Babylonian War, leaving him with one third of his empire.
312 BCE		Macedonian general Seleucus establishes the Seleucid Empire. Babylon is the capital.
316 BCE		The states of Shu and Ba are conquered by King Huiwen of Qin.
322 BCE		Chandragupta establishes the Maurya Empire of ancient India. Pataliputra (now Patna) is the capital.
323 BCE		Alexander dies and his empire splits
329 BCE		Alexander conquers Samarkand
330 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persia. Alexander makes Babylon the capital.
332 BCE		Alexander the Great of Macedon conquers Persian-occupied Egypt and establishes the Argead Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Alexander III. Alexander builds a new capital at Alexandria.
338 BCE		Phillip II of Macedon unites Greece
343 BCE		Artaxerxes III of Persia reconquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Artaxerxes III.
375 BCE		Zheng annexed by Han
380 BCE	November	Pharaoh Nectanebo I establishes the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt. Sebennytos becomes the capital.
387 BCE		The Peace of Antalcidas imposes Persian rule on the Greek cities of Asia and Cyprus.
399 BCE	autumn	Pharaoh Nefaarud I establishes the Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Mendes becomes the capital.
404 BCE		Amyrtaeus expels the Persians from Egypt and establishes the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Amyrtaeus. Sais is the capital.
404 BCE		Athens surrenders to Sparta and her allies, resulting in the dismemberment of the Delian League and a temporary Spartan hegemony
405 BCE		Gela and Camarina in Sicily are abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
406 BCE		Akragas in Sicily is abandoned by the Greeks and sacked by Carthage
409 BCE		Selinus and Himera in Sicily are destroyed by Carthage
479 BCE		Delian League established
504 BCE		King Panduvasudeva moves the capital of the Kingdom of Lanka to Upatissa Nuwara.
509 BCE		The Roman Republic supersedes the Kingdom of Rome. The city of Rome remains the capital.
515 BCE		Darius the Great moves the capital of the Persian Empire to Persepolis.
525 BCE	May	Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt and establishes the Persian Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt as Pharaoh Cambyses II.
535 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Gandhara Kingdom
539 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Neo-Babylonian Empire
543 BCE		King Vijaya establishes the Kingdom of Lanka and makes Tambapanni the new capital.
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great conquers the Lydian Empire
546 BCE		Cyrus the Great establishes the Persian Empire and makes Pasargadae the new capital.
586 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Judah at the hands of the Babylonians.
605 BCE		With the Battle of Carchemish, the Assyrian Empire is destroyed and replaced by a balance of power between Babylon, Media, Lydia and Egypt.
609 BCE		Harran, the new capital of Assyria, is destroyed by the Medes and Babylonians
612 BCE		Nineveh falls to a coalition of the Medes and Babylonians
650 BCE		Ancient Carthage is established
653 BCE		After the Battle of Ulai, Elam is vassalized by the Assyrians
657 BCE		Byzantium is settled by colonists from Megara
660 BCE	11 February	Emperor Jimmu establishes the Empire of Japan.
about 664 BCE		Pharaoh Necho I establishes the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais is the capital.
671 BCE		Esarhaddon captures Memphis and drives the Kushites out of Lower Egypt, and establishes local rulers in the delta region.
694 BCE		Deioces is elected the first King of the Medes. Ecbatana (now Hamadan) is the capital.
695 BCE		Gordium, capital of Phrygia, is destroyed by the Cimmerians, resulting in Phrygia being ruled by the Lydians
about 700 BCE		Phoenicians establish a colony in Malta with Maleth as capital.
705 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh.
706 BCE		The capital of Assyria moves from Nimrud to Dur-Sharrukin.
713 BCE		The Neo-Hittite states of Tabal and Hilakku fall to the Assyrians
717 BCE		The Neo-Hittite state of Carchemish falls to the Assyrians
720 BCE		Traditional date for the destruction of the Kingdom of Israel at the hands of the Assyrians
about 728 BCE		Pharaoh Tefnakhte establishes the Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Sais becomes the capital.
732 BCE		The Assyrians conquer Damascus, ending the kingdom of Aram-Damascus.
733 BCE-734 BCE		The city of Syracuse, Sicily is founded by settlers from Corinth and Tenea.
about 740 BCE		Nubian King Piye establishes the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt and rules Egypt from Napata in Nubia.
745 BCE		Tiglath-Pileser III founds the Neo-Assyrian Empire, annexing the city of Babylon
753 BCE	21 April	Romulus establishes the Kingdom of Rome. The new city of Rome becomes the capital.
770 BCE		Ping establishes the Eastern Zhou dynasty in China. Wangcheng is the capital.
808 BCE		Karanus establishes the Argead Dynasty of Macedon and builds Aigai to be the capital.
about 875 BCE		Pharaoh Pedubast I establishes the Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital of Upper Egypt.
879 BCE		Ashurnasirpal II moves the capital of the New Assyrian Empire to Kalhu.
911 BCE		Adad-nirari II establishes the New Assyrian Empire. Assur remains the capital.
about 930 BCE		The Kingdom of Israel under Jeroboam I separates from the Kingdom of Judah under Rehoboam. Samaria becomes the capital of Israel, Jerusalem remains the capital of Judah.
about 945 BCE		Pharaoh Shoshenq I establishes the Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis remains the capital.

Second Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 1004 BCE	King David conquers the city of Jebus and makes the renamed City of David (now Jerusalem) the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.
about 1046 BCE	Wu establishes Western Zhou dynasty in China. Fenghao is the capital.
about 1047 BCE	Shaul ben Qysh establishes the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah. Gibeah is the capital.
about 1070 BCE	Pharaoh Nesbanebdjed I establishes the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt. Tanis becomes the capital.
about 1077 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1184 BCE	Greeks destroy the city-state of Troy.
about 1188 BCE	Pharaoh Setnakhte establishes the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu remains the capital.
about 1230 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses II builds a new capital for the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt at the site of Avaris and names it Pi-Ramesses Aa-nakhtu.
about 1243 BCE	Ashur-nadin-apli of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital back to Assur.
about 1243 BCE	Tukulti-Ninurta I of the Middle Assyrian Empire moves capital to Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta.
about 1272 BCE	Mursili III of the Hittite empire moves capital back to Hattusa.
about 1293 BCE	Pharaoh Ramesses I establishes the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 1295 BCE	Pharaoh Muwatalli II of the Hittite empire moves capital to Tarhuntassa.
about 1332 BCE	Pharaoh Tutankhamun of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Memphis.
about 1340 BCE	Ashur-uballit I establishes the Middle Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1345 BCE	Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt moves capital to Amarna (Akhetaton).
about 1400 BCE	Kurigalzu I a Kassite king in Mesopotamia moves the capital to Dur-Kurigalzu.
about 1534 BCE	Agum II establishes the rule of the Kassites in Mesopotamia. Babylon becomes the capital.
about 1534 BCE	Pharaoh Ahmose I establishes the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1550 BCE	The New Kingdom of Egypt is established
about 1600 BCE	Tang establishes the Shang dynasty in China. Yin is the capital.
about 1619 BCE	Rahotep Sekhenrewahkhaw establishes the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes remains the capital.
about 1620 BCE	Djehuti establishes the Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes is the capital.
about 1624 BCE	Salitis establishes the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Avaris is the capital.
about 1650 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
about 1710 BCE	Nehesy establishes the Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Xois is the capital.
about 1763 BCE	Hammurabi establishes the Babylonian Empire. Babylon remains the capital.
about 1778 BCE	Wegaf Khutawyre establishes the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Amenemhat-itj-tawy remains the capital.
about 1810 BCE	Sumu-Epuh first attested king of the empire of Yamhad. Aleppo is the capital.
about 1894 BCE	Sumu-abum establishes the First Babylonian dynasty. Babylon is the capital.
about 1900 BCE	Zulilu establishes the Old Assyrian Empire. Assur is the capital.
about 1940 BCE	The Third Dynasty of Ur falls after an Elamite invasion
about 1983 BCE	Amenemhat I establishes the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt and builds Amenemhat-itj-tawy to be the new capital.

Third Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 2047 BCE	Ur-Nammu establishes the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur. Ur is the capital.
about 2055 BCE	The Middle Kingdom of Egypt is established.
about 2070 BCE	Yu the Great establishes the Xia dynasty in China. Yangcheng and Zhenxun are the capitals.
about 2112 BCE	Utu-hengal defeats the Gutians and establishes the Third Dynasty of Ur.
about 2130 BCE	Mentuhotep I establishes the Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Thebes becomes the capital of Upper Egypt.
about 2130 BCE	Meryhathor establishes the Tenth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut remains the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2160 BCE	Meryibre Khety establishes the Ninth Dynasty of Egypt. Henen-nesut becomes the capital of Lower Egypt.
about 2165 BCE	Neferkare Pepiseneb establishes the Eighth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2175 BCE	Netjerkare establishes the Seventh Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2181 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt collapses, beginning the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
about 2193 BCE	The Akkadian Empire collapses after an invasion by the Gutian people.
about 2270 BCE	Sargon of Akkad establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Akkad after defeating Lugal-zage-si at the Battle of Uruk. Akkad is the capital.
about 2333 BCE	Dangun Wanggeom establishes Gojoseon on the Korean Peninsula.
about 2380 BCE	Ur-Nanshe establishes the Sumerian First Dynasty of Lagash. Lagash is the capital.
about 2336 BCE	Teti establishes the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2494 BCE	Userkaf establishes the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2580 BCE	Mesannepada establishes the First Dynasty of Ur. Ur becomes the de facto capital of Sumer.
about 2655 BCE	Sneferu establishes the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2686 BCE	The Old Kingdom of Egypt is established. Memphis remains the capital. This era sees the building of the Egyptian pyramids.
about 2727 BCE	Djoser establishes the Third Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital.
about 2860 BCE	Hotepsekhemwy establishes the Second Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis remains the capital.
about 2879 BCE	Dương Vương establishes the Hồng Bàng dynasty in Vietnam.

Fourth Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 3080 BCE	Narmer (or Menes) unites Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt under the First Dynasty of Egypt. Memphis becomes the capital of all Egypt.
about 3200 BCE	The regional power centers of Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen dominate Upper Egypt.
about 3200 BCE	The city-states of Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larsa, Sippar, and Shuruppak rise to prominence in Sumer.

Tenth Millennium BCE

Year	Event
about 9000 BCE	First stone structures at Jericho are built.
about 9500 BCE	Building begins at Göbekli Tepe.

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External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "Parliament of Kazakhstan approves renaming of Astana to Nur-Sultan". meduza.io (in Russian). Retrieved 21 March 2019.

[2] "Announcement of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia for entry into force of the Final Agreement, Constitutional Amendments and Constitutional Law for Implementation of Amendments". Government of the Republic of North Macedonia. 12 February 2018. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019.

[TestoridesPaphitis2019-3] Testorides, Konstantin; Paphitis, Nicholas (11 January 2019). "Europe: Macedonian lawmakers set to vote to change country's name". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Macedonia late Friday [11 January 2019] fulfilled its part of a historic deal that will pave its way to NATO membership and normalize relations with neighboring Greece, after lawmakers approved constitutional changes to rename the country North Macedonia. ... [Under] the full implementation of the agreement ... Greece will lift its objections to Macedonia joining NATO and the EU.

[4] "Burundi Moves Political Capital From Bujumbura to Gitega". 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.

[5] "The World Factbook - What's New". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.

[6] "Map: Costa Rica & Nicaragua Settle Border Dispute in Court". Polgeonow.com. 3 February 2018. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2018.

[7] Staudenmaier, Rebecca (1 January 2018). "Belgium And Netherlands Swap Land In The New Year". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.

[8] Cone, Allen (28 November 2016). "Netherlands to grow 24.7 acres in land swap with Belgium". UPI. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[9] "Azerbaijan's Breakaway Nagorno-Karabakh Holds 'Illegal' Referendum". Radio Free Europe. 21 February 2017. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[10] "Artsakh Votes for New Constitution, Officially Renames the Republic". The Armenian Weekly. 22 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2017.

[11] Adegun, Aanu (29 January 2017). "Adama Barrow removes Islamic from Gambia's name". Naij. Archived from the original on 29 January 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.

[12] Sridharan, Vasudevan (29 January 2017). "Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' from The Gambia's official name". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[13] "Vláda schválila doplnení jednoslovného názvu Cesko v cizích jazycích do databází OSN" [The government has approved the addition of one-word Czech name in foreign languages to UN databases]. Ministerstvo zahraničních věcí České republiky (in Czech). 5 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[14] AFP (16 December 2015). "Judges side with Costa Rica in territorial dispute with Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017 – via The Guardian.

[15] Staff; agencies (11 December 2015). "The Gambia now an Islamic republic, says President Yahya Jammeh". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[AJ-16] Rifai, Ryan (12 December 2015) "Gambia's president declares Islamic statehood" Archived 12 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Al-Jazeera. Retrieved 2 September 2016.

[17] "Pakistan hands over 2000 acres to China in Gwadar port city". The Indian Express. PTI. 12 November 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[18] "India and Bangladesh sign historic territory swap deal". BBC News. 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.

[19] "Burkina Faso and Niger exchange 18 towns to settle border dispute". The Guardian. AFP. 8 May 2015. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[20] Treaty 105-53

[21] "Treaty between the Government of Niue and the Government of the United States of America on the delimitation of a maritime boundary". United Nations. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2015.

[22] Smith, Matt; Eshchenko, Alla (18 March 2014). "Ukraine cries 'robbery' as Russia annexes Crimea". CNN. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[23] "Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Peru and Chile" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2015.

[24] "Cape Verde changes name to "Cabo Verde"". PanaPress. 30 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[r1-25] "Zamboanga crisis is over, Palace: Zamboanga crisis is over". ABS-CBN News. Reuters. 28 September 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.

[26] "Who is afraid of Mindanao independence?". 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 19 November 2013.

[27] "Libyan Parliament approves decision to give up Great Jamahiriya name". The Voice of Russia. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[28] World News (30 July 2015). "UN upgrades Palestinian status, bolstering statehood claim". NBC News. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.

[29] "Judgment of the ICJ about the maritime dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[30] "Al Qaeda-linked Islamists drive Mali's Tuaregs from last stronghold". France 24. AFP. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[31] "Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali". Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[TWP-32] Flock, Elizabeth (3 January 2012). "Hungary loses 'Republic' in name, and protests fill capital". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[33] "Samoa loses a day and jumps forward in time". The Guardian. Associated Press. 20 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.

[34] Abbas, Mohammed; Blair, Edmund (28 February 2011). Drees, Caroline (ed.). "Anti-Gaddafi Figures Say Form National Council". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.

[35] "China's area increases by 1000 km²". Times of India. PTI. 12 January 2011. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[36] Marcela, Ruby (11 June 2000). "LE SUENA BOGOTÁ SIN SANTA FE" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 November 2019.

[NYT-37] Lacey, Marc (5 June 2006). "The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[38] "UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary" (PDF). United Nations. 9 January 2006. Archived from the original (transcript) on 29 August 2018.

[39] Pierre Tristam. "Text of Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) - Full Text of Palestinian Declaration of Independence, or Algiers Declaration of 1988". About.com News & Issues. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[40] "Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Venezuela de 1953". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). 15 April 1953. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014 – via archive.is.

[41] "The Avalon Project : UN General Assembly Resolution 181". yale.edu. Archived from the original on 29 October 2006.

[auto-42] Schofield, Victoria (1 January 2000). Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 9781860648984. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[Scramble_for_Africa-43] Evans, Alistair. "What Caused the Scramble for Africa". About Education. About.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.

[44] "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 93 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library". dsal.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.

[45] Chohan, Amar Singh (1 January 1997). Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 9788171561469.

[46] Beck, Roger et al.(2008). World History: Patterns of Interaction. p. 513

[47] Welcome Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine parliament.uk, accessed 30 July 2009

[48] Beck, Roger et al.(2008). World History: Patterns of Interaction. p. 555

[49] Schaghen, P. (5 November 1626). "Document: The Purchase of Manhattan Island, 1626 - Dutch New York". Dutch New York. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[50] Beck, Roger et al.(2008). World History: Patterns of Interaction. p. 417

[EB-online-51] Christopher Columbus Archived 16 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 8 June 2010.

[52] Atlas of World History. Harper Collins. 2001. p. 106

[53] "Chronology of Byzantine Empire (330-1453 A.D.)". thelatinlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

[54] Gill, N.S. "Roman Empire Dominate Timeline". About.com Education. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2017.

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