Former Liang
The Former Liang (Chinese: 前涼; pinyin: Qián Liáng; 320–376) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin dynasty (265–420) in China. It was founded by the Zhang family of the Han Chinese. Its territories included present-day Gansu and parts of Ningxia, Shaanxi, Qinghai and Xinjiang.
Former Liang (前涼) 西平, 涼 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 320–376 | |||||||||
 Former Liang in the northwest | |||||||||
| Status | Vassal of Jin Dynasty (265-420), Han Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Qin | ||||||||
| Capital | Guzang | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Prince | |||||||||
• 320-324 | Zhang Mao | ||||||||
• 324-346 | Zhang Jun | ||||||||
• 346-353 | Zhang Chonghua | ||||||||
• 353-355 | Zhang Zuo | ||||||||
• 355-363 | Zhang Xuanjing | ||||||||
• 364-376 | Zhang Tianxi | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Zhang Gui's creation as Duke of Xiping | 4 March 314[1][2] | ||||||||
• Zhang Mao's issuance of general pardon, usually viewed as establishment | 320 | ||||||||
• Zhang Mao's acceptance of Prince of Liang title | 323 | ||||||||
• Zhang Zuo's formal rejection of Jin suzerainty | 354 | ||||||||
• Zhang Xuanjing's formal acceptance of Jin suzerainty | 361 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 September[3][4] 376 | ||||||||
• Zhang Tianxi's death | 406 | ||||||||
| Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash (Wu Zhu) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | China Kyrgyzstan Mongolia | ||||||||
All rulers of the Former Liang remained largely titularly under the court of the Jin dynasty as the Duke of Xiping except Zhang Zuo who proclaimed himself wang (prince/king). However, at times the other Former Liang rulers also used the wang title when imposed on them when they were forced to submit to Han Zhao, Later Zhao, or Former Qin.
In 327, the Gaochang commandery was created by the Former Liang under the Han Chinese ruler Zhang Gui. After this, significant Han Chinese settlement occurred in Gaochang, a major, large part of the population becoming Chinese. In 383 The General Lu Guang of the Former Qin seized control of the region.[5]
Rulers of the Former Liang
| Posthumous names | Family names and given name | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cheng | Zhang Mao | 320-324 | Yongyuan 永元 320-324 |
| Zhongcheng | Zhang Jun | 324-346 | Tiayuan 太元 324-346 |
| Huan | Zhang Chonghua | 346-353 | Yongle 永樂 346-353 |
| – | Zhang Yaoling | 353 | – |
| King Wei | Zhang Zuo | 353-355 | Jin era names |
| Jingdao | Zhang Xuanjing | 355-363 | Jin era names |
| Dao | Zhang Tianxi | 364-376 | Taiqing 太清 364-376 |
Rulers family tree
| Former Liang rulers family tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- Han Chinese
- List of past Chinese ethnic groups
- Wu Hu
- Sixteen Kingdoms
- Buddhism in China
- Gansu
- Dunhuang
- Memoirs of Eminent Monks
References
- "中央研究院網站".
- Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 89.
- "中央研究院網站".
- Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 104.
- Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002). Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24. Retrieved May 17, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002). Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24. Retrieved May 17, 2011.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)