Deira

Deira (/ˈdaɪərə/ or /ˈdɛərə/)[1] (Old English: Derenrice or Dere) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom[2] in Northern England. The kingdom was previously inhabited by Britons and was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.[3] Deira's territory extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.

For other uses, see Deira (disambiguation).
For the district in Dubai, see Deira, Dubai.
Kingdom of Deira

c. 450–654
CapitalYork
Common languagesOld English, Common Brittonic
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraEarly Medieval
• Established
c. 450
• Shared crown with Bernicia
604
• merged with Bernicia
654
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Sub-Roman Britain
Northumbria
Location of Deira

The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin from the Proto-Celtic *daru, meaning "oak", (derw in modern Welsh) in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.[4] It is cognate with the modern Irish doire (pronounced [ˈd̪ˠɛɾˠə]); The origin of the name for County Londonderry and city of Derry stems from this word.[5][6]

According to Simeon of Durham (writing early in the 12th century), it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centred on Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by King Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital, and Eoforwic ("boar-place") was taken by the Angles.[7]

Archaeology suggests that the Deiran royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is Ælla in the late sixth century.[8] After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.[9]

Osric, the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son Oswine was put to death by Oswiu in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by Æthelwald son of Oswald of Bernicia.[10]

Bede wrote of Deira in his Historia Ecclesiastica (completed in 731).[11]

Kings of Deira
See also: List of monarchs of Northumbria
Reign Incumbent Notes
559/560 to 589 Ælla
(Aelli)		 ÆLLA YFFING DEIRA CYNING
ÆLLA REX DEIRA
589/599 to 604 Æthelric
(Aedilric)		 ÆÞELRIC IDING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING
ÆÞELRIC REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA
Bernicia Dynasty
593/604? to 616 Æthelfrith ÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING DEIRA CYNING
ÆÞELFERÞ REX DEIRA		 Killed in battle
Deira Dynasty
616 to 12/14 October 632 Edwin EDVVIN ÆLLING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING
EDVVIN REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA		 Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia
late 633 to summer 634 Osric OSRIC ÆLFRICING DEIRA CYNING
OSRIC REX DEIRA
Bernicia Dynasty
633 to 5 August 642 Oswald OSVVALD BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING
OSVVALD REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA		 Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald
642 to 644 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING BERNICIA 7 DEIRA CYNING
OSVVIO REX BERNICIA ET DEIRA
Deira Dynasty
644 to 651 Oswine OSVVINE OSRICING DEIRA CYNING
OSVVINE REX DEIRA		 Murdered
Bernicia Dynasty
summer 651 to late 654 or 655 Æthelwold ÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING DEIRA CYNING
ÆÞELVVALD REX DEIRA
654 to 15 August 670 Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING NORÞANHYMBRA CYNING
OSVVIO REX NORÞANHYMBRA		 Restored
656 to 664 Alchfrith ALCHFRIÞ DEIRA CYNING
ALCHFRIÞ REX DEIRA
670 to 679 Aelfwine ÆLFVVINE DEIRA CYNING
ÆLFVVINE REX DEIRA

Notes
  1. A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880
  2. McCarthy, Mike. "An Early Historic Celtic Kingdom near the Solway". 2014. The History Files. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
  3. Higham, p. 98
  4. Higham, p. 81
  5. Library Ireland Archived 8 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland
  6. Anthony David Mills (6 November 2003). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–. ISBN 978-0-19-852758-9. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  7. Malam, John (2011). "Yorkshire, A Very Peculiar History". Book House. ISBN 978-1907184574.
  8. Higham, pp. 77-78
  9. Garmonsway, G. N. (1954). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Dent. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0460106244.
  10. D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.
  11. Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, III, 14

References

Further reading
  • Geake, Helen & Kenny, Jonathan (eds.) (2000). Early Deira: Archaeological studies of the East Riding in the fourth to ninth centuries AD. Oxford: Oxbow. ISBN 1-900188-90-2
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