Rail transport in the Philippines

The "Ferrocarril de Manila a Dagupan" (ca. 1885).

There has been rail transport in the Philippines for over 120 years.[8] On June 25, 1875, King Alfonso XII of Spain promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan for railroads on Luzon.[9] The plan, which was submitted five months later by Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, was entitled Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón, and was promptly approved. A concession for the construction of a railway line from Manila to Dagupan City was granted to Don Edmundo Sykes of the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan on June 1, 1887.[10] The construction and running of the railway was done by Manila Railway Company Ltd that was a British owned company.[11] The first rail tracks were laid in 1891 and its first commercial run was in 1892.[10]

With the American takeover of the Philippines, the Philippine Commission allowed the Manila Electric Railroad and Light Company (MERALCO) to take over the properties of the Compañia de los Tranvias de Filipinas,[12] with the first of twelve mandated electric tranvia (tram) lines operated by MERALCO opening in Manila in 1905.[13] At the end of the first year around 63 kilometers (39 mi) of track had been laid.[14] A five-year reconstruction program was initiated in 1920, and by 1924, 170 cars serviced many parts of the city and its outskirts.[14] Although it was an efficient system for the city's 220,000 inhabitants, by the 1930s the streetcar network had stopped expanding.[13][14][15]

At the Tutuban Central Terminal in a bustling district of old Manila was the terminal of the Philippine National Railways for two lines, to the north and to the south.[8] From the center of Manila towards Baguio in the north, the line ended in San Fernando, La Union while the south line stopped in Legazpi in the Bicol region. To and from these points it carried people and their goods, their trade and livelihood.

Most of the improvements on the rail network were destroyed during Japanese invasion of the Philippines during the World War II. Of the more than a thousand route-kilometers before the war, only 452 were operational after it. For several years after the war, work was undertaken on what could be salvaged of the railroad system.[16] By the war's end, the tram network was also damaged beyond repair amid a city that lay in ruins. It was dismantled and jeepneys became the city's primary form of transportation, plying the routes once served by the tram lines.[13] With the return of buses and cars to the streets, traffic congestion became a problem.

In 1966, the Philippine government granted a franchise to Philippine Monorail Transport Systems (PMTS) for the operation of an inner-city monorail.[17] The monorail's feasibility was still being evaluated when the government asked the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) to conduct a separate transport study.[15] Prepared between 1971 and 1973, the JICA study proposed a series of circumferential and radial roads, an inner-city rapid transit system, a commuter railway, and an expressway with three branches.[15] After further examination, many recommendations were adopted; however, none of them involved rapid transit and the monorail was never built. PMTS' franchise subsequently expired in 1974.[18] Another study was performed between 1976 and 1977, this time by Freeman Fox and Associates and funded by the World Bank. It originally suggested a street-level railway, but its recommendations were revised by the newly formed Ministry of Transportation and Communications (now the DOTr). The ministry instead called for an elevated system because of the city's many intersections.[13]

President Marcos created the Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) in 1980. The first lady Imelda Marcos, then governor of Metro Manila and minister of human settlements, became its first chairman. Construction of Line 1 started in September 1981, test-run in March 1984, and the first half of Line 1, from Baclaran to Central Terminal, opened on December 1, 1984. The second half, from Central Terminal to Monumento, opened on May 12, 1985. Overcrowding and poor maintenance took its toll a few years after opening. With Japan's ODA amounting to 75 billion yen in total, the construction of Line 2 began in the 1990s, and the first section of the line, from Santolan to Araneta Center-Cubao, was opened on April 5, 2003.[19] The second section, from Araneta Center-Cubao to Legarda, was opened exactly a year later, with the entire line being fully operational by October 2004.[20] During that time the Line 1 was modernized. Automated fare collection systems using magnetic stripe plastic tickets were installed; air-conditioned trains added; pedestrian walkways between Lines 1, 2, and the privately operated 3 were completed.[21] In 2005, the LRTA made a profit of ₱68 million, the first time the agency made a profit since the Line 1 became operational in 1984.[22]

Then President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's administration (2001–2010) worked to rehabilitate rail transportation in the country, including the Philippine National Railways, through various investments and projects.[10][23] Total reconstruction of rail bridges and tracks, including replacement of the current 35-kilogram (77-pound) track with newer 50-kilogram (110-pound) tracks and the refurbishing of stations, were part of the rehabilitation and expansion process. Much of those plans such as the Northrail Project were controversial and were never completed, due to allegations of being overpriced and anomalous.[24]

The Duterte administration is seeking to expand and rehabilitate the current rail system in Luzon. Projects include the North–South Commuter Railway, a 180 kilometres (110 mi) line from New Clark City in Capas, Tarlac to Calamba, Laguna,[25][26] the Metro Manila Subway Line 9, a 36 kilometer underground rapid transit line from Quezon City to Taguig and NAIA Terminal 3,[27][28] the Line 1 South Extension, which would extend Line 1 from Baclaran to Niog, the Subic–Clark Railway, a freight line from Subic to Clark,[29] the PNR Batangas Railway, a new branch line serving commuters to and from Batangas, and the PNR South Long Haul, a total reconstruction and expansion of South Main Line from Manila to Matnog.[25]

The current PNR service is also being expanded, with the PNR Metro Commuter now servicing Caloocan and Malabon.[30][31] PNR is also planning to reintroduce services to the Carmona branch line sometime in the 2020s.[32] New rolling stock was also acquired from PT INKA in Indonesia.[33]

Line 3, which was in poor condition under Busan Universal Rail, Inc.,[34] will also undergo a total rehabilitation in 2019, which is intended to restore it to its original state.[35][36]

The Panay line in 1917.

From the beginning of the American colonial period of the Philippines, the new American colonial Insular Government was committed to building new railways. The Philippine Railway Company, predecessor of the current Panay Railways, was incorporated in Connecticut on March 5, 1906.[37] It was part of a "Manila syndicate", a collection of Philippine infrastructure companies including the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company, incorporated in New Jersey, the Manila Construction Company, and the Manila Suburban Railways Company.[38] Later the Philippines Railways Construction Company was added.[38] Cornelius Vanderbilt and William Salomon, among other leading American railwaymen sat on the board.

On May 28, 1906, the Philippine Commission granted to the Philippine Railway Corporation a concession to construct railways on the islands of Panay, Negros and Cebu.[39]

Engine of the Panay Railways on display in a plaza of Iloilo City.

Construction began on a railroad from Iloilo City to Roxas City in Capiz with crews working from both cities and meeting in the middle in 1907.[37] Operations began immediately upon completion.[37] In 1985, passenger operations ceased while in 1989 freight operations ceased.[40]

The Philippine Railway Company, along with operating the Panay line, operated a line in Cebu from 1911 to 1942, when operations ceased because of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II.[41] The line ran from Danao south through Cebu City to Argao.[42] The line was built by the related Philippine Railways Construction Company.[43]

The Philippines currently has two operational commuter lines: the PNR Metro Commuter Line, located in Metro Manila, and the PNR Bicol Commuter Line, located in the Bicol Region. Both of these lines are operated by Philippine National Railways.

A PNR Hyundai Rotem DMU near FTI station.

The PNR Metro Commuter line stretches from Tondo, Manila to the southern and northern edge of Metro Manila. It links the cities of Manila, Caloocan, Malabon, Makati, Taguig, Parañaque and Muntinlupa and the province of Laguna.[44] Currently, there are 31 railway stations, with more stations planned to be reopened in the future.[45] The current line is colored orange on most maps.

The line will be superseded by the North–South Commuter Railway upon its completion.

The PNR Bicol Commuter line operates in the Bicol Region. Launched in 2009, the system serves passengers to and from Naga and Legazpi, with one train a day.[46][47]

A Line 1 train of the LRTA System at the Blumentritt Station.

A Line 2 train at the platform of the J. Ruiz Station.

A Line 3 train at the platform of the North Avenue station.

There are two rapid transit systems operating in the country: the Manila Light Rail Transit System, and the Manila Metro Rail System, both serving passengers in Metro Manila. Many passengers who ride the systems also take various forms of road-based public transport, such as buses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination.[48] Beep, a contactless smart card, is used to pay fares for the lines.

Manila Metro Rail network map (includes proposed and under construction lines).

The Manila Light Rail Transit System is one of the two rapid transit systems serving the Metro Manila area of the Philippines. There are two lines to the system: Line 1 and Line 2 The system is under the jurisdiction of the Light Rail Transit Authority, although the Light Rail Manila Corporation is responsible for the operations and maintenance of Line 1.

Although the system is referred to as a "light rail" system, arguably because the network is mostly elevated, the system is more akin to a rapid transit (metro) system in European-North American terms. The Manila LRT system is the first metro system in Southeast Asia, earlier than the Singapore MRT by three years.[49]

Its 31 stations along over 31 kilometers (19 mi) of mostly elevated track form two lines. Line 1, opened in 1984, travels a north–south route. Line 2, opened in 2003, travels along an east–west route. All of the stations of Lines 1 and 2 are elevated, except for the Katipunan station (which is underground).[50]

The system is not related to the Manila Metro Rail Transit System, or the Yellow Line, which forms a completely different but linked system.

The Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT) is the second rapid transit system serving Metro Manila in the Philippines. It originally began as a single line (Line 3) that was first opened in 1999 and became fully operational by the year 2000. The MRT branding is currently associated with rapid transit lines in Metro Manila not under the jurisdiction of the LRTA, including Line 7 and Line 9, although the three lines will have different operators.

The system currently has 13 stations along 16.9 kilometers (10.5 mi) of mostly elevated track in an orbital north-south route. Line 3, the first line in the system, opened in 1999. Two more lines, Line 7 and Line 9, are slated to open in 2021 and 2022 respectively, although Line 9 will only be partially operational by then; the line is planned to be fully operational by 2025.

The Philippine National Railways (PNR) is a state-owned railway company. As of 2016, it operates one commuter rail service in Metro Manila and local services between Sipocot, Naga City and Legazpi City in the Bicol Region.[51] PNR began operations on November 24, 1892 as the Ferrocarril de Manila-Dagupan, during the Spanish colonial period, and later becoming the Manila Railroad Company (MRR) during the American colonial period.[52] It became the Philippine National Railways on June 20, 1964 by virtue of Republic Act No. 4156. The PNR is an agency of the Department of Transportation.

The Light Rail Transit Authority, founded in 1981,[53] is the owner of the Manila LRT system. It was the operator of Line 1 and the current operator of Line 2.[54]

Light Rail Manila Corporation is a rail service company formed in 2014. It is the current operator of Line 1.[55][56]

A private consortium of seven companies, Metro Rail Transit Corporation is owner and operator of Line 3 under a Build–operate–transfer agreement with the Department of Transportation. It was formed in 1995.[57]

• Panay Railways: a government owned and controlled corporation of the Philippines, the company previously operated services on the Panay and Cebu islands. Panay Railways currently does not own rail and rolling stock, only properties.[58]
• SMC-Mass Rail Transit 7: previously known as the Universal LRT Corporation, the company will be the owner and operator of Line 7 upon completion, under a build–operate–transfer agreement with the Department of Transportation. It is a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation.[59]

The North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR), is a 148 km (92 mi) railway being constructed in Luzon.[60][61][62] Partial operations will begin by 2021,[63] and full operations is expected to begin by 2025.[64]

• LRT Line 1 south extension: LRT Line 1 will be extended further south, from its terminus in Baclaran station in Pasay to Niog station in Bacoor.[65] Construction started in 2019, and is expected to be partially finished by 2021.[66]
• LRT Line 2 east and west extension: LRT Line 2 will be extended by 4 kilometers eastward and 3 kilometers westward. While the east extension is currently under construction,[67] the west extension is projected to start by 2021.[68][69]

Construction of Batasan station along Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City as of August 2018.

Metro Rail Transit Line 7 (MRT Line 7 or MRT-7) is a rapid transit line under construction.[70] When completed, the line will be 22.8 kilometers long serviced by 14 stations. The line runs in a northeast-southwest direction, beginning at San Jose del Monte, Bulacan up to the under construction North Avenue Grand Central station located in North Avenue, Quezon City.

The Metro Manila Subway (MMS) [71], also called the Metro Rail Transit Line 9 (MRT Line 9/MRT-9) is an underground rapid transit line currently under construction in Metro Manila, Philippines. The 36-kilometer (22 mi) line, which will run north–south between Valenzuela City, Quezon City, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Pasay, consists of 15 stations between the Quirino Highway and FTI stations.

UP Diliman AGT

Bicutan AGT

The Department of Science and Technology has commenced a project to develop a locally-designed and manufactured Automated Guideway Transit System.

• Baguio Monorail[72][73]
• Davao People Mover: A 28-kilometer monorail project has been endorsed by the City Government of Davao to the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Philippine National Railways (PNR).[74]
• Iloilo Monorail: BYD, a Shenzhen-based company is conducting a two-month feasibility study to construct a monorail in Iloilo. The first phase of the 20-kilometer (12-mile) system was expected to start operations by 2019.[75][76]
• MRT Line 4: Targeted to be operational by 2025, MRT Line 4 will be a monorail line that will serve Metro Manila and Rizal.[77]

• LRT Line 6[78]: A proposed rapid transit line in Cavite that will connect with LRT Line 1 in Bacoor and end at Dasmariñas. The project is indefinitely shelved by the national government due to space constraints along Aguinaldo Highway where it will be routed, but a private firm has presented an unsolicited proposal that modifies the alignment so to follow Bacoor Boulevard and Molino-Paliparan Road, and include 4 branches serving southern Metro Manila.
• Cebu Light Rail Transit System: As part of the Metro Cebu Integrated Intermodal Transport System, Cebu LRT will address the worsening traffic congestion in Metro Cebu.[79] It will be partially operational by 2020, and will have a BRT feeder line.[80] It will connect Carcar City and Danao City.[79]

• Makati Intra-city Subway (LRT Line 5): On June 20, 2018, IRC Properties Inc. and its Chinese partners secured an ‘original proponent status’ from the city government of Makati for the proposed $3.7-billion Makati intra-city rail transport system.[81][82] Under the proposal, the project would consist of eight to 10 stations in Makati. Its length would be 11 kilometers. It will be interconnecting with Line 3, the proposed Metro Manila Subway and Pasig River ferry.[81] The estimated total cost of the project is $3.7 billion.[81]

The PNR South Long Haul project will involve the reconstruction of the old South Main Line and its branch to Batangas City, both as unelectrified standard-gauge lines initially to operate on single-track configuration. It will be funded by the Chinese government. The line is set to be partially operational by 2022.[83]

Considered to be one of the primary infrastructure projects of the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan, the Mindanao Railway will consist of about 2,000 kilometers of trackage, with construction of the system divided into phases. The first phase, which is 105 km, is expected to be completed by 2022.[84] The initial railway will connect the cities of Tagum, Davao City, and Digos in Davao Region, with planned phases to connect other major cities in Mindanao, such as General Santos, Cagayan de Oro, Zamboanga City, Cotabato City and Butuan.

The Subic–Clark Railway will be part of the PNR Luzon system development. Initially a freight railway, the line will connect Clark and New Clark City to Subic, forming a connected logistics hub in Central Luzon.[85]

The Department of Transportation said it plans to revive the operation of a container cargo rail from Port Area in Manila to Laguna province.[86] The tracks towards the berths of Manila International Container Terminal and Manila North Harbor to Laguna Gateway Inland Container Terminal in Calamba, Laguna will be revived to restart the container cargo service.[86]