Montgomery County, Maryland

Before European colonization, the land now known as Montgomery County was covered in a vast swath of forest crossed by the creeks and small streams that feed the Potomac and Patuxent rivers. A few small villages of the Piscataway, members of the Algonquian people, were scattered across the southern portions of the county. North of the Great Falls of the Potomac, there were few permanent settlements, and the Piscataway shared hunting camps and foot paths with members of rival peoples like the Susquehannocks and the Senecas.

Captain John Smith of the English settlement at Jamestown was probably the first European to explore the area, during his travels along the Potomac River and throughout the Chesapeake region.[20]

These lands were claimed by Europeans for the first time when George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore was granted the charter for the colony of Maryland by Charles I of England.[21] However, it was not until 1688 that the first tract of land in what is now Montgomery County was granted by the Calvert family to an individual colonist, a wealthy and prominent early Marylander named Henry Darnall. He and other early claimants had no intention of settling their families. They were little more than speculators, securing grants from the colonial leadership and then selling their lands in pieces to settlers. Thus, it was not until approximately 1715 that the first British settlers began building farms and plantations in the area.[22]

These earliest settlers were English or Scottish immigrants from other portions of Maryland, German settlers moving down from Pennsylvania, or Quakers who came to settle on land granted to a convert named James Brooke in what is now Brookeville. Most of these early settlers were small farmers, growing wheat and a variety of other subsistence crops in addition to the region's main cash crop, tobacco. Many of the farmers owned slaves. They transported the tobacco they grew to market through the Potomac River port of Georgetown.[23] Sparsely settled, the area's farms and taverns were nonetheless of strategic importance as access to the interior. General Edward Braddock's army traveled through the county on the way to its disastrous defeat at Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War.[24]

Like other regions of the American colonies, the region that is now Montgomery County saw protests against British taxation in the years before the American Revolution. In 1774, local residents met at Hungerford's Tavern and agreed to break off commerce with Great Britain.[25] Following the signing of the Declaration of Independence, representatives of the area helped to draft the new state constitution and began to build a Maryland free of proprietary control.[26]

By 1776, there was a growing movement to form a new, strong federal government, with each colony retaining the authority to govern its local affairs.[27] Member of the Maryland Constitutional Convention Thomas S. Wootton thought that dividing large Frederick County into three counties, each governed by elected representatives, would result in greater self-government.[27]

When Wootton discussed his idea with the residents of southern Frederick County, the residents supported his idea for a different reason.[27] At some point, almost everyone had needed to travel to the courthouse in Frederick Town, and the travel cost and time was prohibitive.[27] The residents wanted a county courthouse to be located closer to the them.[27]

On August 31, 1776, Wootton introduced a measure to form a new county from the southern portion of Frederick County.[27]

Resolved, That after the first day of October, next, such part of the said county of Frederick as is contained within the bounds and limits following, to wit: beginning at the east side of the mouth of Rock Creek, on the Potomac River, and running thence with the said river to the mouth of Monocacy, then with a straight line to Parr's Spring, from thence with the lines of the county to the beginning shall be and is hereby erected into a new county called Montgomery County.[27]

Wootton proposed naming the new county after the well-known Major General Richard Montgomery, who had served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.[27][28] Eight months prior, Montgomery had died in Quebec City while attempting an ultimately unsuccessful invasion of the Province of Quebec.[27] Montgomery had never actually set foot on the land that would bear his name.[27]

Wootton also proposed forming a new county from the northwestern portion of Frederick County, named Washington County, named after another well-known leader of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, General George Washington.[27]

Several members of the Maryland Continental Convention opposed Wootton's proposal, and it was tabled.[27] Six days later, Wootton pressed for his proposal again, and it passed by a slim majority. As a result, Montgomery County came into existence on October 1, 1776.[27]

In 1777, the leaders of the new county chose as their county seat an area adjacent to Hungerford's Tavern near the center of the county, which became Rockville in 1801.[29][30] When deciding its name, the original idea was to call it Wattsville, after Watts Branch, a stream that runs through the land.[30] Because Watts Branch is a small stream, the idea was reconsidered, and the area was ultimately named Rockville after the nearby and larger Rock Creek.[30]

For tax purposes, Montgomery County was divided into eleven districts, called hundreds.[31] The names and areas of each hundred carried over from when the area was still part of Frederick County.[31] The eleven districts were named as follows.

• Linganor Hundred (now Clarksburg, Damascus, and Hyattstown);
• Upper Newfoundland Hundred (Brookeville, Laytonsville, Olney, Sandy Spring);
• Lower Newfoundland Hundred (Ashton, Brighton, Burtonsville);
• Rock Creek Hundred (Colesville, Layhill, Norbeck);
• Northwest Hundred (Kensington, Wheaton, Silver Spring, Takoma Park);
• Lower Potomac Hundred (Bethesda, Chevy Chase, Georgetown);
• Middle Potomac Hundred (Potomac, Rockville);
• Upper Potomac Hundred (Darnestown, Dawsonville, Seneca);
• Seneca Hundred (Gaithersburg);
• Sugar Loaf Hundred (Barnesville, Beallsville, Germantown);
• Sugarland Hundred (Poolesville).[31]

The first court was held at Hungerford's Tavern on May 20, 1777.[30] Court was held by Charles Jones, Samuel W. Magruder, Elisha Williams, William Deakins, Richard Thompson, James Offutt, and Edward Burgess, with Brook Beall as clerk.[30] Clement Beall served as the county's first sheriff.[30] The county's first courthouse was built soon thereafter, and the court was held at the new courthouse beginning in 1779.[30]

According to the 1790 census, the county's first, 18,000 people lived in the county, of which about 35 percent were black.[31]

Montgomery County supplied arms, food, and forage for the Continental Army during the Revolution, in addition to soldiers.[32]

In 1791, portions of Montgomery County, including Georgetown, were ceded to form the new District of Columbia, along with portions of Prince George's County, Maryland, as well as parts of Virginia that were later returned to Virginia.

In 1828, construction on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal commenced and was completed in 1850. Laborers were primarily Irish immigrants.[33] Throughout the 19th century, agriculture dominated the economy in Montgomery County, with slaves playing a significant role, though the vast majority of farmers owned 10 slaves or less rather than large plantations.[34] In the first half of the 19th century, low tobacco prices and worn-out soil caused many tobacco farms to be abandoned.[35] Crop production gradually shifted away from tobacco and toward wheat and corn. Prior to the Civil War, Montgomery County allied itself with other slaveholding counties in southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore.[33] Montgomery County was important in the abolitionist movement, especially among the Quakers in the northern part of the county near Sandy Spring.[36] Josiah Henson grew up as a slave on the Riley farm south of Rockville.[37] He wrote about his experiences in a memoir which became the basis for Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). A slave cabin where he is believed to have spent time still stands at the end of a driveway off Old Georgetown Road.

Until 1860, only private schools existed in Montgomery County. Initially, schools for European American students were built. A school in Rockville for free African-Americans existed until 1866.[38] Another school for African-Americans was opened by 1877 in Rockville.[39]

Montgomery County's proximity to the nation's capital and split sympathies to North and South resulted in it being occupied by Union forces during the Civil War. The county was "invaded" on multiple occasions by Confederate and Union forces.[40]

In 1855, work on the Metropolitan Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad began, in order to provide a route between Washington, D.C., and Point of Rocks, Maryland.[41] In 1873, the railroad opened. The railroad spurred development at Takoma Park, Kensington, Garrett Park and Chevy Chase. By providing a much-needed transportation link, it also greatly increased the value of farmland and spurred the development of a dairy industry in the county.[42]

During the Jim Crow era, masked mobs of local white men carried out two separate lynchings of African-American men in Montgomery County on Rockville's courthouse lawn. John Diggs was violently lynched in 1880 and Sydney Randolph similarly murdered in 1896.[43][44] Neither man was found guilty in a court of law, nor was anyone punished for the lynchings. On that same lawn, the Maryland Historical Society maintains a monument to the Confederate army as "heroes of the thin grey line",[45][46] because Montgomery County, like the rest of Maryland, was divided over the issue of secession.[47] One vocal sociologist has claimed Montgomery County was not welcoming of the Confederates during the Civil War.[48][49] No memorial exists for victims of Montgomery County's lynchings.

On July 1, 1922, the Montgomery County Police Department was established.[50] Prior to that time, law enforcement duties rested in the Montgomery County Sheriff and designated constables.[51] In 1922, the police department consisted of three to six officers who were appointed to two-year terms by the Board of County Commissioners, one of whom would be appointed as Chief.[51] In 1927, the police department was enlarged to twenty officers.[51]

The remains of author F. Scott Fitzgerald, best known for the novel The Great Gatsby, are interred at St. Mary’s Catholic Church Cemetery in Rockville.[52]

The county began with most legislative power in the hands of the Maryland state government, with a five-person Montgomery County Board of Commissioners who oversaw the administration of the county but could neither pass county laws nor enact policies.[53]

In 1915, Maryland amended its constitution.[53] According to the constitutional amendment,[54] a county's residents may propose a petition to create a nonpartisan Charter Board.[53] If the petition receives signatures from at least twenty percent of the county's registered voters, all county residents would vote to select the members of the Charter Board during the next general election.[53] The Charter Board would be authorized to draft a new system of county government, which could include a county council with the power to enact legislation and policies.[53] The Charter Board's proposal would then be voted upon by registered voters during the following general election, and it would be enacted if approved by the voters.[53]

In 1930, two-thirds of Arlington County, Virginia residents voted to appoint a county manager,[55] inspiring activists in Montgomery County to advocate for the same.[56] In 1935, a group of farmers meeting in Sandy Spring decided that Montgomery County needed a new form of governance.[56] The farmers were in favor of a professional county manager and a home-rule charter for Montgomery County.[56]

In 1936, the Montgomery County Civic Federation announced its support for a home-rule charter, a merit system for Montgomery County's employees, and a comptroller to administer the county's finances.[56] The following year, the Montgomery County Civic Federation appointed Woodside Park-resident Allen H. Gardener to head a committee to study the reorganization of the Montgomery County's government.[56] The committee recommended massive changes and, in February 1938, the Montgomery County Civic Federation passed a resolution urging the Montgomery County commissioners to engage a professional group to study the county's government.[56]

In October 1938, the Montgomery County Commissioners held a public hearing on the proposal.[56] The Commissioners decided to authorize a study of the existing county government structure with the goal of suggesting recommendations.[56] In November 1938, the Commissioners selected the Brookings Institution for Government Research to conduct the study.[57] The 720-page report opined that the county had outgrown its form of government.[58]

The Brookings Institution's study recommended the creation of a nonpartisan county council consisting of nine members representing defined districts of the county who could pass legislation, determine policy, and control over the administration of the county.[58] The county should hire a county administrator, create an independent comptroller in charge of county finances, consolidate welfare services, and establish a three-member non-political civil service commission.[56][58] Black children deserved better schools, and all children should receive military training and learn about democracy.[56] The Liquor Control Board should be abolished, and the county should hire a full-time attorney rather than retain multiple part-time legal advisers.[56] A professional consultant should reassess taxes, and the tax rate should be increased enough to retire the county's debt.[56] The Montgomery County Civic Federation praised the study for its comprehensiveness.[59]

The county commissioners appointed a citizen's committee to determine how to enact the study's recommendations.[60] The county commissioners strongly criticized the recommendation to create a county council, both because the council would be nonpartisan and because each county resident would be able to vote for only one representative rather than for all nine.[60] Implementing some of the recommendations weeks later, the county commissioners appointed a permanent Board of Assessors, reorganized the Welfare Board, hired the a County Attorney and a purchasing agent, and hired sixteen police officers.

In 1942, Montgomery County Charter Committee was organized, which was formed primarily to circulate petitions to form a Charter Board.[61] The Charter Board petitioned to form a county council with the power to pass laws without the consent of the Maryland General Assembly and with authority over the administration the county.[62] While the Democratic Party did not explicitly denounce the charter,[63] it issued a statement calling out the ostensibly nonpartisan movement for hidden partisan goals[64] and claimed that backers of the charter petition for their alleged personal and political attacks on the Democratic Party and its officials.[65] The newly formed Independent Party endorsed the charter, praising county residents' goal of improving their form of government.[66] In the November 1942 election, county residents voted in favor of forming a Charter Board.[67]

In 1943, the Charter Board released its draft charter.[68] The council would have nine unpaid members,[69] of which five would represent each of five single-member districts and four would represent the county at-large.[68] Council seats would be nonpartisan, each seat would be held for four years, and elections would occur every two years.[68] The council would have the power to enact legislation and hire a county manager, to whom all governmental department heads would report.[68] All sessions of the council would be open to the public.[68] The office of county treasurer would be abolished and replaced by a director of finance, who would be responsible for assessment and collection of taxes, assessments, and licenses, custody and disbursement of public funds and property, and preparation of monthly financial statements.[68] A department of public works, department of education, department of safety, department of welfare, and department of health would also be created.[68]

The Montgomery County Charter Board opened its campaign headquarters in Bethesda, to serve as an information center regarding the draft charter.[70] The Charter Board emphasized that the draft charter would allow for county affairs to be decided by local representatives rather than by a vote of members of the Maryland General Assembly who represent citizens of all parts of the state.[70] Another group opposing the draft charter opened its headquarters in Bethesda.[69] The group said there was no good reason to abolish the functional state-level system already in place, and that the draft charter would increase taxes and establish heads of governmental agencies with indefinite terms who are not directly accountable to the public.[69] The group also said that making the council seats nonpartisan would go against the country's political history.[69] The editorial board of The Washington Post supported the draft charter.[71] The Montgomery County League of Women Voters also endorsed the draft charter.[72]

In a near-record turnout,[73] a 1946 vote to enact a home-rule charter failed by a vote of 14,471 to 13,270.[74] Following the vote, proponents of the charter said they would not give up the fight.[75]

Several months later, Montgomery County Democratic Party leader Col. E. Brooke Lee said he would support Montgomery County home rule by way of an act of the Maryland state legislature.[75] Lee proposed a bill to create a position of county supervisor, who would be in charge of routine county business, would appoint county employees subject to civil service rules and regulations, would supervise expenditures, and would prepare the operating and capital budgets.[76] The bill did not disband the county commissioners or create a county council.[76] The bill passed the state legislature and was signed by Governor Herbert R. O'Conor in 1945.[76] The county commissioners appointed Willard F. Day to the position.[76]

In 1948, by a vote of 17,809 in favor and 13,752 against, voters approved a charter for a "Council-Manager" form of government, making Montgomery County the first home-rule county in Maryland.[77] The charter created an elected seven-member County Council with the power to pass local laws.[77] All seven Council Members would be elected at-large by all county residents.[78] Five would have to live in five different residence districts, while the other two could live anywhere within the county.[78] The Council would serve as both the legislative and executive functions of the county.[79] Council members would elect one of their own to serve as president of the Council.[79] The charter also authorized the hiring of a county manager, the top administrative official,[80] who could be dismissed by the Council after a public hearing.[81] The charter created a department of public works, department of finance, and office of the county attorney, while it abolished the positions of county treasurer and police commissioner.[81] The first County Council was elected in 1949.[80]

In 1962, a county civic group advocated for the election of a county executive.[82] The group's report said that the new position would give citizens another place to go if their concerns were refused by the Montgomery County Council.[82] The group said that the fact that the county had four appointed county managers in thirteen years demonstrates that establishing the position in 1948 had not been a stunning success.[82] The group also advocated for nonpartisan elections for council members.[83] Among the reasons for the suggested changes in governance is the fact that the county's population had more than doubled since the governmental system had been established in 1948.[82]

In 1966, the Montgomery County Council adopted a proposed charter amendment to create a new elected position of County Executive.[84] Elected to a four-year term, the County Executive could veto legislation passed by the County Council, although five members of the County Council could vote to overrule the veto.[84] All Council Members would continue to be at-large, but they would need to live in seven different residence districts.[84] Republicans favored a referendum on the proposed charter amendment, while Democrats favored it in principle but urged the specific amendment's defeat because the duties of the County Executive were not specific enough.[85][86] In the referendum held in September 1966,[87] the referendum was defeated, with 57 percent of voters opposed.[88]

In February 1967, the Montgomery County Council formed a commission to draft a charter amendment to elect a county executive.[89] The commission's plan was to separate the legislative and executive functions of government.[79] The county council would continue to be the legislative branch of county government, and an elected full-time County Executive who could veto legislation passed by the Council; it would take five votes by the Council to override a veto.[90] The County Executive would hire a chief administrative officer to supervise the daily operations of the government.[90] All Council Members would be elected at-large by all county residents, but five of the seven would need to live in each of five different residential districts of substantially equal population.[90] In November 1968, the charter amendment was approved, with 53 percent of votes in favor.[91]

In the first election for County Executive, held in 1970,[91] Republican James P. Gleason defeated Democrat William W. Greenhalgh by a margin of 420 votes.[92]

In November 1986, voters amended the Charter to increase the number of Council seats in the 1990 election from seven to nine. Now five members are elected by the voters of their council district and four are elected at-large. Each voter may vote for five council members; four at-large and one from the district in which they reside.[93]

In November 1995, the City of Takoma Park held a state-sponsored referendum asking whether the portions of the city in Prince George's County should be annexed to Montgomery County or vice versa. The majority of votes in the referendum were in favor of unification of the entire city in Montgomery County.[94] Following subsequent approval by both counties' councils and the Maryland General Assembly, the county line was moved to include the entire city into Montgomery County (including territory in Prince George's County newly annexed by the city) on July 1, 1997.[95] This added about 800 residents to Montgomery County's population.[96]

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 873,058 people living in the county. The racial makeup of the county was 65.0% white, 15.1% black or African American, 11.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 5.0% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11.5% of the population.[108]

There were 324,565 households of which 35% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.19.

25.4% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

In 2000, there were 334,632 housing units at an average density of 675 per square mile (261/km²).

Montgomery County has the tenth highest median household income in the United States, and the second highest in the state after Howard County as of 2011. The median household income in 2007 was $89,284 and the median family income was $106,093. Males had a median income of $66,415 versus $52,134 for females. The per capita income for the county was $43,073. About 3.3% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 971,777 people, 357,086 households, and 244,898 families living in the county.[109][110] The population density was 1,978.2 inhabitants per square mile (763.8/km²). There were 375,905 housing units at an average density of 765.2 per square mile (295.4/km²).[111] The racial makeup of the county was 57.5% white, 17.2% black or African American, 13.9% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 7.0% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 17.0% of the population.[109] In terms of ancestry, 10.7% were German, 9.6% were Irish, 7.9% were English, 4.9% were Italian, 3.5% were Russian, 3.1% were Polish, 2.9% were American and 2% were French.[112] 8.1% of Montgomery County was of Central American descent, with Salvadoran Americans constituting 5.4% of the county's population. Over 52,000 people of Salvadoran descent lived in Montgomery County, with Salvadoran Americans comprising approximately 32% of the county's Hispanic and Latino population. 3.8% of the county is of South American descent, with Peruvian Americans being the largest South American community constituting 1.2% of the county's population.[113]

Of the 357,086 households, 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.4% were non-families, and 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.22. The median age was 38.5 years.[109]

The median income for a household in the county was $93,373 and the median income for a family was $111,737. Males had a median income of $71,841 versus $55,431 for females. The per capita income for the county was $47,310. About 4.0% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.[114]

The United States Census Bureau estimated the county's population was 1,030,447 as of 2014.[115] If it were a city, it would be the tenth most populous city in the U.S. after San Jose, California and Austin, Texas.

The ethnic makeup of the county was estimated to be the following in 2013:[115]

• 62.6% White (47.0% Non-Hispanic White)
• 18.6% Black
• 14.9% Asian
• 0.7% Native American
• 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
• 3.1% Two or more races

In addition, 18.3% were Hispanic or Latino, of any race.[115]

People who were born on continent of Africa are 6% of the county's total residents. The plurality of these were born in Ethiopia.[116] People from China are the fastest-growing immigrant population in the county; people from Ethiopia are the county's second-fastest growing immigrant population.[116]

The United States Census Bureau estimated the county's population as 1,043,863 as of 2016.[117]

The race and Hispanic original of the county's residents was estimated to be the following as of 2016:[117]

• 60.9% White (44.7% Non-Hispanic White)
• 19.5% Black
• 15.5% Asian
• 0.7% Native American
• 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
• 3.4% Two or more races

In addition, 19.1% were Hispanic or Latino, of any race.[117]

Of residents age 25 or older, 91.2% have graduated high school, and 57.1% had a bachelor's degree.[117]

Of the county's population, 32.6% were born outside the United States.[118]

44,718 veterans lived in the county in 2016.[117]

Of residents age 5 or older, 39.8% spoke a language other than English at home in 2016.[117]

As of July 1, 2018 The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of the county to be, 1,052,567 residents.[119]

The race and Hispanic origin of the county's residents are estimated to be:[119]

• 60.2% White (43.4% Non-Hispanic White)
• 19.9% African-American or Black
• 19.9% Hispanic or Latino
• 15.6% Asian
• 3.4% Two or more races
• 0.7% American Indian or Alaskan Native
• 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander

The Age and Sex is estimated to be:[119]

• 6.3% Persons under 5 years
• 23.3% Persons under 18 years
• 15.5% Persons 65 years and over
• 51.6 Female Persons

With the amount of housing units estimated to be 390,664.

Of Montgomery County's residents, 14% are Catholic, 5% are Baptist, 3% are Methodist, 1% are Presbyterian, 1% are Episcopalian, 1% are part of the Latter Day Saint movement, 1% are Lutheran, 6% are of another Christian faith, 3% are Jewish, 1% follows Islam, and 1% are of an eastern faith.[120] Overall, 41% of the county's residents are affiliated with a religion.[120]

Montgomery County has the largest Jewish population in the state of Maryland, accounting for 45% of Maryland Jews. According to the Berman Jewish DataBank, Montgomery County has a Jewish population of 105,400 people, around 10% of the county's population.[121] The Greater Washington area, with 295,500 Jews, has become the third largest Jewish population in the United States.[122]

According to the county's comprehensive annual financial reports, the top employers by number of employees in the county are the following. "NA" indicates not in the top ten employers for the year given.

The Montgomery County Judicial Center courthouse in Rockville, Maryland, in May 2010.

The office of the county executive was established in 1970. The first executive was James P. Gleason. The current executive is Marc Elrich, who was sworn in for his first term on December 3, 2018.[125]

See also Montgomery County Council (Maryland).

The members of the County Council as of 2018 are:[126]

The last Republican serving on the Montgomery County Council, Howard A. Denis of District 1 (Potomac/Bethesda), was defeated in 2006. The board has since been all-Democratic.

Montgomery County has a budget of $2.3 billion. Approximately $1.48 billion are invested in Montgomery County Public Schools and $128 million in Montgomery College.[127]

Montgomery and Prince George's Counties share a bi-county planning and parks agency in the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (often referred to as Park and Planning or its initials M-NCPPC by county residents) and a public bi-county water and sewer utility in the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC).

Montgomery County is an alcoholic beverage control county. Beer and wine may still be sold in individual stores and at a single location within the county for a store chain.

Until 1964, only three restaurants in the county had liquor licenses to serve liquor by the drink.[128] The county stopped issuing liquor licenses to all other restaurants under a law that had existed since Prohibition.[129]

Following a voter referendum,[130] restaurants and bars could apply for county permits to sell liquor by the drink.[129] The dry towns of Kensington, Poolesville, and Takoma Park were allowed to keep their own bans in place.[129]

Anchor Inn in Wheaton was the first establishment to serve liquor in the county under the new law.[128]

In the 116th Congress, Montgomery is represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by John Sarbanes of the 3rd district, David Trone of the 6th district, and Jamie Raskin of the 8th district.

I-270 northbound in Rockville

Poor transportation was a hindrance for Montgomery County's farmers who wanted to transport their crops to market in the early 18th century. Montgomery County's first roads, often barely adequate, were built by the 18th century.

One early road connected Frederick and Georgetown. There was a road that connected Georgetown and the mouth of the Monocacy River. Plans to continue the road to Cumberland did not come to fruition. Another road connected the Montgomery County Courthouse with Sandy Spring and Baltimore, and one other road connected the courthouse with Bladensburg and Annapolis.[31][132]

The county's first turnpike was chartered in 1806, but its construction began in 1817. In 1828, the turnpike was completed, running from Georgetown to Rockville. It was the first paved road in Montgomery County.[31][132]

In 1849, the Seventh Street Turnpike (now called Georgia Avenue) was extended from Washington to Brookeville. The Colesville–Ashton Turnpike was built in 1870 (now parts of Colesville Road, Columbia Pike, and New Hampshire Avenue).[132]

The United States Army Corps of Engineers built the Washington Aqueduct between 1853 and 1864, to supply water from Great Falls to Washington. The aqueduct was covered in 1875, and it became known as Conduit Road. The Union Arch Bridge, which carries the aqueduct across Cabin John Creek, was the longest single-arch bridge in the world at the time it was completed in 1864. The road is now named MacArthur Boulevard.[31][132]

• I-270
• 
  I-270 Spur
• I-370
• I-495
• US 29
• MD 27
• MD 28
• MD 97
• MD 107
• MD 108
• MD 109
• MD 112
• MD 115
• MD 117
• MD 118
• MD 119
• MD 121
• MD 124
• MD 182
• MD 185
• MD 186
• MD 187
• MD 188
• MD 189
• MD 190
• MD 191
• MD 198
• 
  MD 200 Toll
• MD 320
• MD 355
• MD 390
• MD 396
• MD 410
• MD 586
• MD 650

Montgomery County operates its own bus public transit system, known as Ride On.[133] Major routes closer to its rail service area are also covered by WMATA's Metrobus service.[134]

The county began building a bus rapid transit (BRT) system along US 29 in 2018. The system will provide service between Silver Spring and Burtonsville and is scheduled to begin operation in 2020.[135][136]

The Corridor Cities Transitway is a proposed BRT line that would provide an extension of the Red Line corridor from Gaithersburg to Germantown, and eventually to Frederick County.[137]

Montgomery County is served by three passenger rail systems, with a fourth line under construction.

Amtrak, the U.S. national passenger rail system, operates its Capitol Limited to Rockville, between Washington Union Station and Chicago Union Station.

The Brunswick line of the MARC commuter rail system makes stops at Silver Spring, Kensington, Garrett Park, Rockville, Washington Grove, Gaithersburg, Metropolitan Grove, Germantown, Boyds, Barnesville, and Dickerson, where the line splits into its Frederick and Martinsburg branches.

Both suburban arms of the Red Line of the Washington Metro serve Montgomery County. It follows the CSX right of way to the west, roughly paralleling Route 355 from Friendship Heights to Shady Grove. The eastern side runs between the two tracks of the CSX right of way from Washington Union Station to Silver Spring, and roughly parallels Georgia Avenue, from Silver Spring to Glenmont.

The Purple Line, a light rail system, is currently under construction and is scheduled to open in 2022.[138] The line will run in a generally east-west direction, connecting Montgomery and Prince George's Counties near the Beltway, with 21 stations. The Purple Line will connect directly with four Metro stations, MARC trains and Amtrak.[139]

The Montgomery County Airpark (FAA GAI, ICAO KGAI), a general aviation facility in Gaithersburg, is the major airport in the county. Davis Airport (FAA Identifier W50), a privately owned airstrip, is located in Laytonsville on Hawkins Creamery Road.[140] Commercial air service is provided at the nearby Ronald Reagan Washington National, Washington Dulles International, and BWI Airports.

Elementary and secondary public schools are operated by the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS). The county public school system is the largest school district in Maryland, serving about 162,000 students with 13,000 teachers and 10,000 support staff. The public school system operating budget for Fiscal Year 2019 is $2.6 billion.[141]

MCPS operates under the jurisdiction of an elected Board of Education. Its current members are:[142]

MCPS conducted its first 'data deletion week' in 2019, purging its databases of unnecessary student information.[143] Parents said they hoped to shield children from being held accountable in adulthood for youthful mistakes, as well as to guard them from exploitation by what one parent termed “the student data surveillance industrial complex”.The district also requires tech companies to annually delete data they collect on schoolchildren. In December 2019 it said GoGuardian had sent formal certification that it had deleted its data, but the district was still waiting for confirmation from Google.[144]

The county is also served by Montgomery College, a public, open access community college that has a budget of $315 million USD for FY2020. The county has no public university of its own, but the state university system does operate a facility called Universities at Shady Grove in Rockville that provides access to baccalaureate and Master's level programs from several of the state's public universities.

Montgomery County Public Libraries (MCPL) is the public library system for residents of Montgomery County, Maryland. The system includes 23 individual libraries. It has a budget $38 million for 2015.

On November 11, 2014, the Board approved an amendment introduced by Rebecca Smondrowksi to modify the school calendar to delete all references to religious holidays such as Christmas, Easter, Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah. The amendment was in response to requests by an interfaith organization called Equality for Eid which asked that the listing for the Islamic holiday, Eid Al-Adha be listed alongside Yom Kippur which occurred on the same day.

The Smondrowski amendment received both national[145] and international[146] attention. Criticism of the Smondrowski amendment came from a variety of sources including the Montgomery County Executive, Isiah Leggett, and congressman John Delaney.[147]

Montgomery County is religiously diverse. Of Montgomery County's population, according to the Associations of Religion Data, 13% is Catholic, 5% is Baptist, 4% is Evangelical Protestant, 3% is Jewish, 3% is Methodist/Pietist, 2% is Adventist, 2% is Presbyterian, 1% is Episcopalian/Anglican, 1% is Mormon, 1% is Muslim, 1% is Lutheran, 1% is Eastern Orthodox, 1% is Pentecostal, 1% is Buddhist, and 1% is Hindu.[148][N 2]

The Seventh-day Adventist Church maintains its General Conference headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland.[149]

The county is home to the National Women's Soccer League team Washington Spirit, a professional soccer team that plays its home games at the Maryland SoccerPlex sports complex in Germantown.[150]

Bethesda's Congressional Country Club has hosted four Major Championships, including three playings of the U.S. Open, most recently in 2011 which was won by Rory McIlroy. The Club also hosts the Quicken Loans National, an annual event on the PGA Tour which benefits the Tiger Woods Foundation. Previously, neighboring TPC at Avenel hosted the Booz Allen Classic.

The award-winning Members Club at Four Streams is located on a former farm in Beallsville, Maryland.

The Bethesda Big Train, Rockville Express, and Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts all play college level wooden bat baseball in the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League.

Montgomery County is home of the Montgomery County Swim League, a youth (ages 4–18) competitive swimming league composed of ninety teams based at community pools throughout the county.

The King Farm Park in Rockville, open and accessible 24/7 without cost, provides a first-class 16-station Bankshot Playcourt, the Home Court for the Rockville based Bankshot Sports Organization advocating "Total-mix diversity based on Universal Design." Hundreds of communities provide Bankshot Playcourts mainstreaming differently-able participants in community sports. Bankshot basketball Playcourts are also at Montrose park, the JCC among other locations.

Montgomery County Fairgrounds

Since 1949 the Montgomery County Agricultural Fair, the largest in the state, showcases farm life in the county. The week long event offers family events, carnival rides, live animals, entertainment and food. Visitors can also view entries of canned and baked goods, clothing, quilts and produce from local county farmers.[151]

• Gaithersburg
• Rockville (county seat)
• Takoma Park

• Chevy Chase, Village of, Section 3
• Chevy Chase, Village of, Section 5
• Martin's Additions
• North Chevy Chase

Occupying a middle ground between incorporated and unincorporated areas are Special Tax Districts, quasi-municipal unincorporated areas created by legislation passed by either the Maryland General Assembly or the county.[152] The Special Tax Districts generally have limited purposes, such as providing some municipal services or improvements to drainage or street lighting.[152] Special Tax Districts lack home rule authority and must petition their cognizant governmental entity for changes affecting the authority of the district. The four incorporated villages of Montgomery County and the town of Chevy Chase View were originally established as Special Tax Districts. Four Special Tax Districts remain in the county:

• Drummond
• Oakmont

Unincorporated areas are also considered as towns by many people and listed in many collections of towns, but they lack local government. Various organizations, such as the United States Census Bureau, the United States Postal Service, and local chambers of commerce, define the communities they wish to recognize differently, and since they are not incorporated, their boundaries have no official status outside the organizations in question. The Census Bureau recognizes the following census-designated places in the county:

• Ashton
• Beallsville
• Boyds
• Derwood
• Dickerson
• Hyattstown
• Sandy Spring