Amto–Musan languages
Amto–Musan is a language family of two closely related but not mutually intelligible Papuan languages, Amto and Siawi, spoken along the Simaia River of Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea.
| Amto–Musan | |
|---|---|
| Samaia River | |
| Geographic distribution | Simaia River, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Arai–Samaia or independent language family
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Glottolog | amto1249[1] |
Languages
Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree that the family consists of two languages.[2][3]
- Amto–Musan / Samaia River family
- Amto (Ki)
- Musan (Musian, Siawi)
External relationships
Amto–Musan was left unclassified by Ross (2005) (see Papuan languages#Ross classification) due to lack of data; Wurm (1975) had posited it as an independent family. The family has typological similarities with the Busa language isolate, but these do not appear to demonstrate a genetic relationship.
Timothy Usher links the Amto–Musan languages to their neighbors, the Arai languages and the Pyu language in as Arai–Samaia stock.[4]
Foley (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family.[2] Foley also notes that due to heavy contact and trade with Left May languages, Amto-Musan languages have borrowed much cultural vocabulary from Left May.[2]
Cognates
Amto-Musan family cognates listed by Foley (2018):[2]
Amto-Musan family cognates gloss Amto Musan ‘bad’ supuware pioware ‘bird’ ai ʔai ‘black’ towan tewane ‘breast’ ne ne ‘ear’ ye ʔe ‘eye’ mo mene ‘fire’ mari mari ‘leaf’ he sɛʔ ‘liver’ tei teʔ ‘louse’ nanu nanu ‘man’ kyu yɛnokono ‘mother’ ena inaʔ ‘nape’ tipiyari tibiare ‘older brother’ apɔ aboʔ ‘road’ mo mono ‘sago’ tɔ tawe ‘tongue’ həne hanɛ ‘tooth’ i ʔi ‘tree’ ami ameʔ ‘water’ wi wi
Possible cognates between the Amto-Musan and Left May families:[2]
Possible Amto-Musan family
and Left May family cognatesgloss Amto Musan Ama Nimo Owiniga ‘breast’ ne ne nano nɔ nano ‘arm’ næ naino ina ‘louse’ nani nanu ani eni ‘tooth’ i ʔi i i ‘water’ wi wi iwa wi bi
Possible loanwords reflecting the close trade relationship between Amto-Musan and Left May speakers:[2]
References
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Amto–Musan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- Samaia River, New Guinea World
- NewGuineaWorld, Arai and Samaia Rivers