Spanish general election, 2015

Background

Mariano Rajoy won the 2011 general election in a landslide running on a platform that promised to bring a solution to the country's worsening economic situation, marked by soaring unemployment and an out-of-control public deficit. However, shortly after taking office, Rajoy's People's Party (PP) popularity in opinion polls began to erode after its U-turn on economic policy, which included the breaching of many election pledges.^[2]

In its first months in power, Rajoy's government approved a series of tax rises,^[3] a harsh labour reform that allegedly cheapened dismissals^[4]—and which was met with widespread protests and two general strikes in March and November 2012^[5][6]—and an austere state budget for 2012.^[7] The crash of Bankia, one of the largest banks of Spain, in May 2012 resulted in a dramatic rise of the Spanish risk premium, and in June the country's banking system needed a bailout from the IMF.^[8][9] A major spending cut of €65 billion followed in July 2012, including a VAT rise from 18% to 21% which the PP itself had opposed during its time in opposition after the previous Socialist government had already raised VAT to 18%.^[10][11] Additional spending cuts and legal reforms followed throughout 2012 and 2013, including cuts in budget credit lines for the health care and education systems, the implementation of a pharmaceutical copayment, a reform of the pension system which stopped guaranteeing the increase of pensioners' purchasing power accordingly to the consumer price index, the suppression of the bonus for public employees, or the withdrawal of public subsidies to the dependent people care system. Other measures, such as a fiscal amnesty in 2012 allowing tax evaders to regularize their situation by paying a 10% tax—later reduced to 3%—and no criminal penalty, had been previously rejected by the PP during its time in opposition.^[12] Most of these measures were not included in the PP 2011 election manifesto and, inversely, many of the pledges included within were not fulfilled. Rajoy argued that "reality" prevented him from fulfilling his programme and that he had been forced to adapt to the new economic situation he found upon his accession to government.^[13]

In the domestic field, the 2011–2015 period was dominated by a perceived regression in social and political rights. Spending cuts on the health care and education systems had fueled an increase in inequality among those without enough financial resources to afford those services.^[14] The government's authorization of the enforcement and increase of court fees, requiring the payment of between €50 and €750 to appeal to the courts, was dubbed as violating the rights of effective judicial protection and free legal assistance. The controversial fees would later be removed in early 2015.^[15][16] A new Education Law—the LOMCE—received heavy criticism from the Basque and Catalan regional governments, which dubbed it as a re-centralizer bill, as well as from social sectors which considered that it prompted segregation in primary schools. Another bill, the Citizen Security Law and dubbed the "gag law" by critics, was met with a global outcry because of it being seen as a cracking down on Spaniards' rights of freedom of assembly and expression, laying out strict guidelines on demonstrations—perceived to limit street protests—and steep fines to offenders.^[17][18] Through 2013 to 2014, an attempt to amend the existing abortion law by a much stricter regulation allowing abortion only in cases of rape and of health risk to the mother^[19][20] was thwarted due to public outrage and widespread criticism both from within and outside the PP itself,^[21][22][23] resulting in its proponent, Justice Minister Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón, tendering his resignation.^[24][25]

Protesters gather outside the PP HQs in Madrid after the eruption of the Bárcenas affair.

Political corruption became one of the focus issues for Spaniards in the polls after the Bárcenas affair erupted in early 2013, amid revelations that former PP treasurer Luis Bárcenas had used a slush fund to pay out monthly amounts to leading members of the party,^[26][27] with further scandals rocking the PP for the remainder of its tenure. By late 2014, the sudden emergence of several episodes of corruption that had taken place over the previous years^[28] was compared to the Italian Tangentopoli in the 1990s.^[29] Among these were a massive expenses scandal involving former Caja Madrid senior executives and advisers—including members from the PP, PSOE and IU parties and from Spain's main trade unions, UGT and CCOO—, who were accused of using undeclared "black" credit cards for private expenditures;^[30][31][32] revelations that the PP could have spent as much as €1.7 million of undeclared money on works on its national headquarters in Madrid between 2006 and 2008;^[33] and the Punica case, a major scandal of public work contract kickbacks amounting at least €250 million and involving notable municipal and regional figures from both PSOE and PP, as well as a large number of politicians, councilors, officials and businessmen in the regions of Madrid, Murcia, Castile and León and Valencia.^[34][35] Ongoing investigations on the Gürtel scandal on the illegal financing of both the Madrilenian and Valencian branches of the People's Party brought down Health Minister Ana Mato, who was suspect from having benefited of some of the crimes allegedly committed by her former husband Jesús Sepúlveda, charged in the Gürtel case.^[36][37]

Podemos rally in Puerta del Sol, Madrid, on 31 January 2015, dubbed as "The March of Change" (La Marcha del Cambio).^[38]

The Monarchy had also come under public scrutiny as a result of a corruption scandal affecting Duke of Palma Iñaki Urdangarín, the Nóos case, and his spouse Cristina de Borbón, Infanta of Spain and daughter of King Juan Carlos I, for possible crimes of tax fraud and money laundering.^[39][40][41] These corruption allegations, coupled with other scandals—such as public anger at King Juan Carlos' elephant hunting trip to Botswana at the height of the economic crisis in 2012^[42]—as well as his own health problems, had severely eroded the Spanish Royal Family's popularity among Spaniards,^[43] and were said to have taken its toll on the monarch, who announced his abdication on his son Felipe—to become Felipe VI of Spain—in June 2014.^[44]

The social response to the ongoing political and economic crisis was mixed. The 15-M Movement had resulted in an increase of street protests and demonstrations calling for a more democratic governmental system, a halt to spending cuts and tax increases and an overall rejection of Spain's two-party system formed by both PP and PSOE. Social mobilization channeled through various protest actions, such as "Surround the Congress" (Spanish for Rodea el Congreso), the so-called "Citizen Tides" (Mareas Ciudadanas) or the "Marches for Dignity" (Marchas de la Dignidad).^[45][46][47] In Catalonia, the PP's rise to power and its perceived rightist stance were said to have been the final trigger for the independence movement to fire up. A 1.5-million strong demonstration in Barcelona on 11 September 2012 finally convinced the regional ruling Convergence and Union (CiU) of Artur Mas to switch to independence support, with a snap election being held in November 2012 resulting in a huge rise for pro-independence ERC and the CUP and a meltdown for Socialist support in the region. Finally, the PP decline and the PSOE inability to recover lost support paved the way for the rise of new parties in the national landscape, such as Podemos and Citizens (C's), which began to rise dramatically in opinion polls after 2014 European Parliament election. PSOE leader Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba resigned the day after the European election,^[48] being succeeded by Pedro Sánchez after a party leadership election in July 2014.^[49]

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a Prime Minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive, yet limited in number functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.^[50][51] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights.^[52] Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).^[53]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold were not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method might result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.^[54] Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.^{[50][55][56][57]}

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.^{[50][55][56][57]}

The electoral law provided that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors were allowed to present lists of candidates. However, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either House of Parliament at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they sought election, whereas groupings of electors were required to secure the signature of 1 percent of electors. Electors were barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.^[55][57]

Election date

The term of each House of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election Decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of the Cortes in the event that the Prime Minister did not make use of his prerogative of early dissolution. The Decree was to be published on the following day in the Official State Gazette, with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 20 November 2011, which meant that the legislature's term would expire on 20 December 2019. The election Decree was required to be published no later than 27 October 2015, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 20 December 2015.^[55][57]

The Prime Minister had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both Houses were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a Prime Minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.^[50][56] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, there being no precedent of separate elections and with governments having long preferred that elections for the two Houses take place simultaneously.

In May 2014, the Spanish newspaper ABC disclosed that the government was considering whether it was possible for a general election to be upheld until early 2016, supported on an ambiguous legal interpretation on the date of expiry of the Cortes Generales.^[58] In September 2014, the Spanish media Voz Pópuli and El Plural further inquired on the possibility that the PP cabinet would be planning to delay the legislature's expiry by as much as possible, not holding a new election until February 2016.^[59][60] However, legal reports commissioned by the government showed that the deadline for dissolving the Cortes and to call for a general election would be 26 October 2015, meaning that, with the election Decree being published on the following day, an election could be held no later than 20 December. An opinion article published in Público on 8 December 2014 suggested then that the probable date for the election would then be either on 25 October or on a Sunday in November 2015, not counting All Saints' Day.^[61]

After the 2015 local and regional elections, it was suggested that the general election would presumably be held on either 22 or 29 November.^[62][63] However, once it was confirmed that the government intended for the approval of the 2016 budget before the election, it was strongly implied that polling day would have to be delayed until December to allow for completion of the budgetary parliamentary procedure, with either 13 or 20 December being regarded as the only legally possible dates for an election to be held.^[64] Finally, during an interview on 1 October, Rajoy announced that the election would be held on 20 December, the latest possible date allowed under Spanish law.^[65] Being held 4 years and 1 month after the 2011 election, this was the longest time-span between two general elections since the Spanish transition to democracy.^[1]

Slogans

Leaders' debates

A total of four debates involving the leaders of at least two of the four parties topping opinion polls (PP, PSOE, Podemos and C's) were held throughout the pre-campaign and campaign periods.

The first debate was organized by the Demos Association and held in the Charles III University of Madrid on 27 November. The leaders of the four main parties were invited, but in the end only Pablo Iglesias and Albert Rivera attended.^[98] The debate was broadcast live on YouTube.^[99]

The second debate was held on 30 November. Organized by El País newspaper, it was broadcast live entirely through the websites of El País and Cinco Días, the Cadena SER radio station and on the 13 TV television channel. Pedro Sánchez, as well as Iglesias and Rivera, attended the debate. Mariano Rajoy (PP) was also invited to the debate but declined the offer.^[100][101] According to the organizer, PP proposed the presence of Deputy PM Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría instead but it was refused, as she "was not the PP candidate for PM".^[102] A poll conducted online immediately after the debate by El País to its readers showed Iglesias winning with 47.0%, followed by Rivera with 28.9% and Sánchez with 24.1%.^[103]

A third, televised debate was organized by Atresmedia, held on 7 December and broadcast live simultaneously on its Antena 3 and laSexta TV channels and on the Onda Cero radio station. Rajoy had also been invited to the debate, but the PP announced that Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría would attend in his place instead.^[104] The audience for the debate averaged 9.2 million, peaking at more than 10 million.^[105] Online polls conducted immediately after the debate by major newspapers coincided in showing Iglesias winning,^[106] while political pundits and journalists pointed on his strong performance.^{[107][108][109]}

A fourth, final debate, organized by the TV Academy, was held on 14 December. The signal of the debate was offered to all interested media. Among others, nationwide TV channels La 1, Canal 24 Horas, Antena 3, laSexta and 13 TV broadcast the debate live.^[110] Iglesias and Rivera were not invited to the debate, with only Rajoy and Sánchez participating.^[111] The audience for the debate averaged 9.7 million.^[112] A poll conducted by Atresmedia immediately after the debate showed 34.5% saying that "None of them" won, followed by Sánchez with 33.7%, Rajoy with 28.8% and "Both" with 3.0%.^[113]

Development

Opinion polls heading into the campaign had shown the PP firmly in first position, with both PSOE and C's tied for second place and Podemos trailing in fourth. However, as the campaign started and election day neared, Podemos numbers had begun to rebound while C's slipped. Podemos centered its campaign around the slogan of "remontada" (Spanish for "comeback"), trying to convey voters a message of illusion and optimism.^[118] After the Atresmedia televised debate on 7 December—in which Iglesias was said to have outperformed all other three with his final address^[119]—and following a series of gaffes by C's leaders that had affected their party's campaign,^[120] Podemos experienced a surge in opinion polls. By Monday 14 December it had reached a statistical tie with C's, and kept growing and approaching the PSOE, vying for second place, in the polls conducted—but unpublished by Spanish media—after the legal ban on opinion polls during the last week of campaigning had entered into force.^[121] On 18 December, the final day of campaigning, Podemos staged a massive rally in la Fonteta arena in Valencia, in support of the Compromís–Podemos–És el moment coalition and as the closing point of their campaign. With a capacity of over 9,000 people, 2,000 were left outside as the interior was entirely filled.^[122][123] It was noted by some media as a remarkable feat, as the PSOE had been unable to entirely fill the same place just a few days earlier on 13 December.^[124]

The most notable incident during the electoral campaign was an attack on Mariano Rajoy during a campaign event in Pontevedra on 16 December. At 18:50, while walking with Development Minister Ana Pastor in the vicinity of the Pilgrim Church, a 17-year-old approached him and punched him in the temple. The assailant was restrained by the Prime Minister's security guards and was subsequently transferred to the police station in the city. Rajoy, who was red-faced and stunned for a few seconds, continued to walk without his glasses, broken during the assault.^[125][126] The assailant turned out to be related to Rajoy's wife, as he was the son of a cousin of Elvira Fernández, and also a member of a family known for sympathizing with the People's Party.^[127]

The following day, Rajoy attended a European Council meeting in Brussels, where Angela Merkel and other European leaders approached him showing their support to him after the assault.^[128] During the meeting a camera recorded Rajoy, Merkel and other leaders discussing the electoral prospects of Spanish parties. Rajoy revealed to them that, according to PP internal opinion polls, Podemos was rising quickly and approaching the PSOE, to the point that there was the possibility of it becoming the second political force of the country. Merkel expressed concern about such an event.^[129]

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results →

Parties and coalitions			Popular vote			Seats
			Votes	%	±pp	Total	+/−
	People's Party (PP)1		7,236,965	28.71	–16.33	123	–64
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)		5,545,315	22.00	–6.76	90	–20
	We Can–In Common–Commitment–En Masse (Podemos)		5,212,711	20.68	New	69	+65
		We Can (Podemos)2	3,198,584	12.69	New	42	+42
		In Common We Can (En Comú)3	929,880	3.69	+2.54	12	+9
		It is time (Podemos–Compromís)4	673,549	2.67	+2.16	9	+8
		En Masse (Podemos–Anova–EU)5	410,698	1.63	+1.31	6	+6
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)		3,514,528	13.94	New	40	+40
	United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC)6		926,783	3.68	–1.81	2	–6
	Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)		604,285	2.40	+1.34	9	+6
		Republican Left–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)	601,782	2.39	+1.36	9	+6
		Now, Valencian Country (Ara PV)7	2,503	0.01	–0.02	0	±0
	Democracy and Freedom (DiL)8		567,253	2.25	–1.92	8	–8
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)		302,316	1.20	–0.13	6	+1
	Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA)		220,369	0.87	+0.45	0	±0
	Basque Country Unite (EH Bildu)9		219,125	0.87	–0.50	2	–5
	Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD)		155,153	0.62	–4.08	0	–5
	Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)		81,917	0.32	–0.27	1	–1
	We–Galician Candidacy (Nós)10		70,863	0.28	–0.48	0	–2
	Democratic Union of Catalonia (unio.cat)		65,388	0.26	New	0	±0
	Vox (Vox)		58,114	0.23	New	0	±0
	Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV)		48,675	0.19	New	0	±0
	More (Més)11		33,877	0.13	±0.00	0	±0
	Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE)		31,179	0.12	+0.01	0	±0
	Yes to the Future (GBai)12		30,642	0.12	–0.05	0	–1
	Proposal for the Isles (El Pi)		12,910	0.05	New	0	±0
	Citizens of Democratic Centre (CCD)		10,827	0.04	+0.04	0	±0
	Blank Seats (EB)		10,084	0.04	–0.36	0	±0
	Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)		7,495	0.03	+0.02	0	±0
	For the Left–The Greens (X Izda)		7,314	0.03	New	0	±0
	We Are Valencian (SOMVAL)		6,103	0.02	New	0	±0
	For a Fairer World (PUM+J)		4,586	0.02	–0.09	0	±0
	Internationalist Solidarity and Self-Management (SAIn)		4,400	0.02	–0.01	0	±0
	The Eco-pacifist Greens (Centro Moderado)		3,278	0.01	New	0	±0
	Land Party (PT)		3,026	0.01	New	0	±0
	Canaries Decides (LV–UP–ALTER)13		2,883	0.01	+0.01	0	±0
	Libertarian Party (P–LIB)		2,854	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Humanist Party (PH)		2,846	0.01	–0.03	0	±0
	United Extremadura–Extremadurans (EU–eX)		2,021	0.01	New	0	±0
	Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE)		1,909	0.01	New	0	±0
	National Democracy (DN)		1,704	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	Feminist Initiative (IFem)		1,604	0.01	New	0	±0
	Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL)		1,419	0.01	±0.00	0	±0
	In Positive (En Positiu)		1,276	0.01	New	0	±0
	United Free Citizens (CILUS)		1,189	0.00	New	0	±0
	Grouped Rural Citizens (CRA)		1,032	0.00	New	0	±0
	Navarrese Freedom (Ln)		1,026	0.00	New	0	±0
	Forward Valencians (Avant)		1,003	0.00	New	0	±0
	Málaga for Yes (mlgXSÍ)		934	0.00	New	0	±0
	Family and Life Party (PFyV)		714	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Andalusians of Jaén United (AJU)		711	0.00	New	0	±0
	Independents for Aragon (i)		676	0.00	New	0	±0
	Democratic Forum (FDEE)		456	0.00	New	0	±0
	To Solution (Soluciona)		409	0.00	New	0	±0
	Social Justice, Citizen Participation (JS,PC)		406	0.00	New	0	±0
	Death to the System (+MAS+)		313	0.00	±0.00	0	±0
	Liberal Party of the Right (PLD)		205	0.00	New	0	±0
	Welcome (Ongi Etorri)		110	0.00	New	0	±0
Blank ballots			188,132	0.75	–0.62
Total			25,211,313			350	±0
Valid votes			25,211,313	99.11	+0.40
Invalid votes			227,219	0.89	–0.40
Votes cast / turnout			25,438,532	69.67	+0.73
Abstentions			11,073,316	30.33	–0.73
Registered voters			36,511,848
Sources[130][131]
Footnotes: 1 People's Party results are compared to the combined totals of People's Party and Asturias Forum in the 2011 election. 2 Podemos does not include results in Catalonia, Valencian Community and Galicia. 3 En Comú Podem results are compared to Initiative for Catalonia Greens–United and Alternative Left totals in the 2011 election. 4 És el moment results are compared to Commitment Coalition–Equo totals in the 2011 election. 5 En Marea results are compared to United Left of Galicia totals in the 2011 election. 6 United Left–Popular Unity in Common results are compared to United Left–The Greens: Plural Left totals in the 2011 election. It does not include results in Catalonia and Galicia. 7 Now, Valencian Country results are compared to Republican Left of the Valencian Country totals in the 2011 election. 8 Democracy and Freedom results are compared to Convergence and Union totals in the 2011 election. 9 Basque Country Unite results are compared to Amaiur totals in the 2011 election. 10 We–Galician Candidacy results are compared to Galician Nationalist Bloc totals in the 2011 election. 11 Més results are compared to PSM–Initiative Greens–Agreement–Equo totals in the 2011 election. 12 Yes to the Future was supported by the Basque Nationalist Party in Navarre, but it acted on its own and was an independent alliance. 13 Canaries Decides results are compared to Unity of the People totals in the 2011 election.

Senate

← Summary of the 20 December 2015 Senate of Spain election results →

Parties and coalitions				Directly elected			Regional appointees		Total seats
				Total	Seats	+/−	Total	Seats	Total	Seats
	People's Party		People's Party (PP)1	124	120	–9	21	21	145	141
			Aragonese Party (PAR)		2	–1		0		2
			Navarrese People's Union (UPN)		1	–1		0		1
			Asturias Forum (FAC)		1	+1		0		1
	Spanish Socialist Workers' Party		Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)	47	47	–1	20	19	67	66
			Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC)		0	–6		1		1
			New Canaries (NCa)		0	±0		0		0
	Podemos and confluence platforms		We Can (Podemos)	16	9	+9	7	4	23	13
			In Common We Can (En Comú)2		4	+3		1		5
			It is time (Podemos–Compromís)		1	+1		2		3
			En Masse (Podemos–Anova–EU)		2	+2		0		2
	Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes (ERC–CatSí)			6	6	+6	2	2	8	8
	Democracy and Freedom		Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC)	6	5	–2	2	2	8	7
			Democrats of Catalonia (DC)		1	+1		0		1
	Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)			6	6	+2	1	1	7	7
	Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's)			0	0	±0	3	3	3	3
	Canarian Coalition– Canarian Nationalist Party		Canarian Coalition–Canarian Nationalist Party (CCa–PNC)	1	0	±0	1	1	2	1
			Independent Herrenian Group (AHI)		1	±0		0		1
	Basque Country Unite		Create (Sortu)	0	0	–2	1	1	1	1
			Basque Solidarity (EA)		0	–1		0		0
			Aralar (Aralar)		0	±0		0		0
	Change (Cambio/Aldaketa)			1	1	+1	0	0	1	1
	Gomera Socialist Group (ASG)			1	1	+1	0	0	1	1
	Nationalist Canarian Centre (CCN)			0	0	–2	0	0	0	0
	Democratic Union of Catalonia (unio.cat)			0	0	–2	0	0	0	0
Total				208	208	±0	58	58	266	266
Sources[132][133][134][131]
Footnotes: 1 One PP appointed seat from Castile and León remained vacant until 14 December 2016. 2 In Common We Can results are compared to Initiative for Catalonia Greens–United and Alternative Left totals in the 2011 election.

Outcome

The election results produced the most fragmented parliament in recent Spanish history. As opinion polls had predicted, the People's Party (PP) was able to secure first place with a clear lead over its rivals, but it lost the absolute majority it had held since 2011 in the Congress of Deputies. Its 123 seat-count was the worst result ever obtained by a winning party in a Spanish general election—previously been 156 seats in 1996. Its result was also slightly below the party's expected goal of reaching 30% of the vote.^[135] The party's net loss of seats (64 fewer than in 2011) and vote share drop (minus 16 percentage points) was the PP largest fall in popular support in its history, as well as the worst showing for a sitting government in Spain since 1982. Overall, it was also the worst result obtained by the PP in a general election since 1989, back to the party's refoundation from the People's Alliance.

The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) obtained its worst election result in recent history, with just 22% of the total party vote and 90 seats, well below of Pedro Sánchez's target of at least 100 seats.^[136] Losing 20 seats and nearly 7 percentage points to its already negative 2011 result, this was the first time since the Spanish transition to democracy that one of the two largest parties fell below the 100-seat mark. Overall, while able to hold on to its second place nationally in terms of votes and seats, it lost the second and first place to Podemos in 8 out of the 17 autonomous communities, and finished a poor fourth in Madrid, the capital's district. It was able to narrowly win in Andalusia and Extremadura—which it had resoundingly lost to the PP in 2011—thanks to the PP vote collapse in those regions, but it lost in Barcelona for the first time ever in a general election, and its sister party, the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), was reduced to third party status in Catalonia after decades of political dominance.

The combined results for the top two parties was also the worst for any general election held since 1977, gathering just 51% of the total party vote and 213 seats, just slightly above the required 3/5 majority for an ordinary constitutional reform. The result was regarded as a loss for bipartisanship in Spain as a whole, as the era of bipartisan politics was declared officially over by newcomers Podemos and Citizens, as well as by both national and international media.^{[137][138][139]}

Podemos, which contested a general election for the first time after having being founded in January 2014, obtained an unprecedented 21% of the vote and 69 seats together with its regional alliances, the best result ever obtained by a third party in a Spanish election. Coming short by just 340,000 votes of securing its campaign goal of becoming the main left-wing party in Spain, it managed to secure second place in 6 out of the 17 autonomous communities and came out on top in another two—the Basque Country and Catalonia. This result was way ahead of what initial pre-campaign and campaign opinion polls had predicted, and was in line with a late-campaign surge in support for the party. Citizens (C's) also had a strong performance for a national party in Spain, but its fourth place, 14% of the share and 40 seats were considered a letdown for party leader Albert Rivera, mainly as a consequence of the high expectations that had been generated around his candidacy. Pre-election opinion polls had placed C's near or above 20% of the vote share, and many also suggested a strong possibility of C's disputing second place to PSOE. Finally, it only came ahead of either PSOE or PP in Madrid and Catalonia.^[140][141] The party also found itself in a weaker political position than predicted, as the "kingmaker" position that was thought to go to C's under opinion polling projections finally went to PSOE, with the Congress' fragmentation resulting from the election meaning that neither the PP–C's nor the PSOE–Podemos–IU blocs would be able to command a majority on their own.

Government formation

Investiture Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot →		2 March 2016	4 March 2016
Required majority →		176 out of 350 N	Simple N
	Yes • PSOE (89) • C's (40) • NCa (1) • CCa (1) (on 4 Mar)	130 / 350	131 / 350
	No • PP (119) • Pod–ECP–EM (65) • ERC (9) • DiL (8) • PNV (6) • Compromís (4) • IU–UPeC (2) • EH Bildu (2) • UPN (2) • FAC (1) • Independent (1)	219 / 350	219 / 350
	Abstentions • CCa (1) (on 2 Mar)	1 / 350	0 / 350
	Absentees	0 / 350	0 / 350
Sources[142]