Prime Minister of Spain

Prime Minister of Spain Presidente del Gobierno de España
Coat of arms of Spain
Incumbent Pedro Sánchez since 2 June 2018
Style	Excelentísimo Señor (The Most Excellent)
Member of	Council of Ministers European Council
Reports to	Cortes Generales
Residence	Palacio de la Moncloa
Seat	Madrid, Spain
Nominator	The Monarch countersigned by the President of the Congress of Deputies
Appointer	The Monarch following a vote of confidence by a majority of the Congress of Deputies and with the countersignature of the President of the Congress of Deputies
Term length	No fixed term General elections to the Congress of Deputies are held every 4 years at most. No term limits are imposed on the office.
Constituting instrument	Constitution of 1978
Formation	November 19, 1823 (1823-11-19)[1]
First holder	Francisco Martínez de la Rosa Adolfo Suárez (current Constitution)
Deputy	Deputy Prime Minister of Spain
Salary	€78,185 p.a.[2]
Website	www.lamoncloa.gob.es

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The Prime Minister of Spain, officially the President of the Government of Spain (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno de España),^[3] is the head of the government of Spain. The office was established in its current form by the Constitution of 1978.

The Spanish monarch nominates a candidate for the presidency who stands before the Congress of Deputies of Spain, the lower house of the Cortes Generales (parliament), for a vote of confidence in a process known as a parliamentarian investiture, effectively an indirect election of the head of government by the elected Congress of Deputies. In practice, the Prime Minister is almost always the leader of the largest party in the Congress. Since current constitutional practice in Spain calls for the King to act on the advice of his ministers, the Prime Minister is effectively the country's chief executive.

Pedro Sánchez of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) has been Prime Minister since 2 June 2018, after the success of a motion of no confidence against former prime minister Mariano Rajoy.

On June 8, 2018, Sánchez chose Iván Redondo as his Chief of Staff.

Official title

The Spanish head of government is since 1938 known, in Spanish, as the Presidente del Gobierno. Literally translated, the title is "President of the Government"^[4][5] but nevertheless the office-holder is commonly referred to in English as the "prime minister", the usual term for the head of government in a parliamentary system. However Spanish translations for parliamentary heads of government will follow the original titles used; thus, for example:

• the Prime Minister of France (whose original title is premier ministre, meaning Prime Minister) would be called the Primer Ministro de Francia,
• and the Prime Minister of Italy (whose original title is Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri, meaning President of the Council of Ministers) would be called Presidente del Consejo de Ministros de Italia.

However, exceptions exist:

• The Prime Minister of Israel (whose original title is רֹאשׁ הַמֶּמְשָׁלָה‬, Rosh HaMemshala, meaning Head of Government) would, under the original-titles rule, be called Jefe del Gobierno de Israel, but, as the Hebrew title ראש הממשלה, similarly to the English "prime minister", is a catch-all title used for heads of government, is actually referred to as the Primer Ministro de Israel,
• The Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (whose original title is Předseda vlády, meaning Chairman of the Government) is actually referred to as the Presidente del Gobierno de la República Checa, due to the Spanish language having no direct equivalent to the Czech Předseda or the English "Chairman".

In Spain the head of the government is often called simply Presidente, meaning "President". This sometimes causes confusion since it is the usual term for the head of state in a republic; both President George W. Bush and his brother Florida Governor Jeb Bush had, on separate occasions, referred to José María Aznar as "President" (or in Jeb's case, "President of the Republic of Spain"),^[6][7] and Donald Trump referred to Mariano Rajoy both as "President" and "Mr. President" during Rajoy's 2017 White House visit.^[8]

The custom to name the head of government as "President" dates back to the reign of Isabella II of Spain, specifically during the regency of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, when the official title was Presidente del Consejo de Ministros ("President of the Council of Ministers"), which remained until 1939, when the Second Spanish Republic ended. Before 1834 the figure was known as Secretario de Estado ("Secretary of State"), a denomination used today for junior ministers.

Origin

After a brief liberal democratic period called Liberal Triennium (1820-1823), King Ferdinand VII re-established the absolute monarchy and created in November 19, 1823 the Council of Ministers that today still exists. This Council was chair by the Secretary of State, that acted as a prime minister to the King but the Council it was just a body where the ministers chosen by the King delibarate about some topics to help the monarch to make decisions.

It was a decade later, in January 15, 1834 that the truly antecesor of the office was created, that it was the President of the Council of Ministers having executive powers and chair the Council of Ministers that was as well invested with executive powers.

This was possible due to the approval of the Royal Statute. Queen Regent Maria Christina, in an effort to get the support of the Liberals so that her daughter could reign because after the death of King Ferdinand the first Carlist war had broken out. In this war were the supporters of the King's brother, Carlos of Bourbon, who wanted absolutism and the supporters of Queen Isabela II, who fought for the constitutional monarchy that the Regent had promised them.

The name of the position changed often due to the chaotic nineteenth century in Spain. After the Revolution of 1868 that provoked the overthrow of Queen Isabela II, the office was named President of the Provisional Revolutionary Joint and later President of the Provisional Government until 1869 when it took back his original name.

With the abdication of King Amadeus I and the arrival of the First Republic, the office was named President of the Executive Power and it was also the head of state until 1874 when the office was divided and the prime minister was named again President of the Council of Ministers.

Since its inception, the Prime Minister was appointed and dismissed by the will of the monarch and this royal prerogative of the monarch was successively collected in the different constitutions: in article 47 of the Constitution of 1837,^[9] in article 46 of the Constitution of 1845,^[10] in article 68 of the Constitution of 1869^[11] and in article 54 of the Constitution of 1876.^[12] The Prime Minister was responsible before the monarch with the exception of the Constitution of 1869 that established that the Prime Minister responds before the Cortes Generales.

With the fall of the republic and the restoration of the Bourbon dinasty on King Alfonso XII the office mainteined its original name until the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, when it was renamed to President of the Military Directory but in 1925 the original name was restored again.

During the Second Republic the title was the same but when the Civil War started, in the rebel side the head of government was called Chief of the Government of the State and since January 1938 the office adquired the current denomination, President of the Government but between that date and 1973 the office was held by the dictator.

In the Republican Constitution of 1931, Prime Minister and the rest of the government were appointed and dismissed by the President of the Republic but they were responsible before the Parliament and the Parliament could do a vote to dismiss the Prime Minister or a minister even against the will of the President of the Republic.^[13]

In 1973, the dictator separated the head of the state from the head of the government and that division exists today, being the Prime Minister democratly elected by a Parliament elected by universal sufrage, free and equal.

Royal nomination and congressional confirmation

Once a general election has been announced by the king, political parties designate their candidates to stand for Prime Minister-usually the party leader. A prime minister is dismissed from office the day after the election, but remains in office as a caretaker until his/her successor is sworn in.

Following every general election to the Cortes Generales (Cortes), and other circumstances provided for in the constitution, the king meets with and interviews the leaders of the parties represented in the Congress of Deputies, and then consults with the Speaker of the Congress of Deputies (officially, Presidente de Congreso de los Diputados de España, who, in this instance, represents the whole of the Cortes Generales and was himself elected from within the Congress to be the Speaker) before nominating a candidate for the presidency. This process is spelled out in Section 99 of Title IV.^[14] Often minor parties form part of a larger major party, and through that membership it can be said that the king fulfills his constitutional mandate of consulting with party representatives with Congressional representation.

Title IV Government and Administration Section 99(1) & (2)

• (1) After each renewal of the Congress and the other cases provided for under the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominate for the Presidency of the Government.
• (2) The candidate nominated in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing subsection shall submit to the Congress the political program of the Government he or she intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the House.^[14]

Under the Spanish Constitution of 1978, the Prime Minister and the cabinet are responsible to the Congress of Deputies. Due to the need for the Prime Minister to command the confidence of the Congress, the monarch must nominate a candidate for the office after consulting the political groups with parliamentary representation. For this reason, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the Congress.^[14] For the Crown to nominate the political leader whose party controls the Congress can be seen as a royal endorsement of the democratic process— a fundamental concept enshrined in the 1978 Constitution.

By political custom established by Juan Carlos I since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress. However, there is no legal requirement for this. In theory, the largest party could end up not ruling if rival parties gather into a majority, forming a coalition—though this has never happened at the national level. As political activity in Spain has effectively coalesced into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, the two major parties usually adopt some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into parliamentary pacts to edge out their rival party in the event that no party is able to command an absolute majority of the Congress by themselves.

The monarch is normally able to announce his nominee on the day following a general election.

The monarch's order nominating a prime ministerial candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress of Deputies in a process known as a Congressional Investiture (Investidura parlamentaria). During the Investiture proceedings the nominee presents his political agenda in an Investiture Speech to be debated and submitted for a Vote of Confidence (Cuestión de confianza) by the Congress, effecting an indirect election of the head of government.^[14][15] A simple majority confirms the nominee and his program.^[14] At the moment of the vote, the confidence is awarded if the candidate receives a majority of votes in the first poll (currently 176 out of 350 MPs), but if the confidence is not awarded, a second vote is scheduled two days later in which a simple majority of votes cast (i.e., more "yes" than "no" votes) is required.

After the nominee is confirmed, the Speaker of the Congress formally reports to the king of the congressional confirmation. The king then appoints the candidate as the new Prime Minister. The king's order of appointment is countersigned by the Speaker. During the swearing-in ceremony presided over by the king, customarily at the Salón de Audiencias in the Zarzuela Palace, the Prime Minister-elect of the Government takes an oath of office over an open constitution and next to the Bible. The oath as taken by Prime Minister Zapatero on his first term in office on 17 April 2004 was:^[16]

In 2008, from the time the king nominated José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero for a second term as prime minister immediately following the 2008 general election, almost a month passed before Zapatero was able to present his Investiture Speech before the Congress and stand for a Vote of Confidence.^[15] If no overall majority was obtained on the first Vote of the Confidence, then the same nominee and program is resubmitted for a second vote within forty-eight hours.^[14] Following the second vote, if confidence by the Congress is still unreached, then the monarch again meets with political leaders and the Speaker, and submits a new nominee for a vote of confidence.^[14] If, within two months, no candidate has won the confidence of the Congress then the King dissolves the Cortes and calls for a new general election.^[14] The King's royal decree is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress.^[14]

Once appointed, the Prime Minister forms his government whose ministers are appointed and removed by the King on the Prime Minister's advice. In the political life of Spain, the king would already be familiar with the various political leaders in a professional capacity, and perhaps less formally in a more social capacity, facilitating their meeting following a general election. Conversely, nominating the party leader whose party maintains a plurality and who are already familiar with their party manifesto facilitates a smoother nomination process. In the event of coalitions, the political leaders would customarily have met beforehand to hammer out a coalition agreement before their meeting with the King.

Government and the Cortes sit for a term no longer than four years when the prime minister tenders his resignation to the king and advises the king to dissolve the Cortes, prompting a general election. It remains within the king's prerogative to dissolve the Cortes if, at the conclusion of the four years, the prime minister has not asked for its dissolution, according to Title II Section 56.^[17] The king may call for earlier elections on the advice of the prime minister, known as a snap election, but no sooner than a year after the prior general election.^[18] Additionally, if the Government loses the confidence of the Cortes, then it must resign.

In the event that a prime minister resigns without advising the monarch to call for new elections, dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, then the government as a whole resigns and the process of royal nomination and appointment takes place. The deputy prime minister, or in the absence of such office the first minister by precedence, would then take over the day-to-day operations in the meantime as acting prime-mister, even while the deputy prime minister themselves may be nominated by the King and stand for a vote of confidence.

The prime minister's position is strengthened by constitutional limits on the Congress' right to censure the government. While the Congress can censure the government at any time, the censure motion must also include the name of a prospective successor. If the censure motion is successful, the person named in the motion as the prospective successor is automatically deemed to have the confidence of the Congress, and the monarch is required to appoint him as the new prime minister.

Constitutional authority

Title IV of the Constitution defines the government and its responsibilities.^[14] The government consists of the President of the Government and ministers of state. The government conducts domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration, and the defense of the nation all in the name of the king on behalf of the people. Additionally, the government exercises executive authority and statutory regulations.^[14]

There is no provision in the Spanish Constitution for explicitly granting any emergency powers to the government, which could be understood as exorcizing the ghost of the recent dictatorship in Spain. However, Title II, Sections 56 of the constitution vests the monarch as the "arbitrator and moderator of the institutions" of government, [The King] arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions (arbitra y modera el funcionamiento regular de las instituciones).^[19][20] This provision could be understood as allowing the king or his government ministers to exercise emergency authority in times of national crisis, such as when the king used his authority to back the government of the day and call for the military to abandon the 23-F coup attempt in 1981.

Return of democracy

Adolfo Suárez was the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the post-Franco government, the 157th Spanish Prime Minister since 1834. He was appointed by King Juan Carlos on 3 July 1976. By count, he was the 138th Spanish Prime Minister overall. In the Spanish general election, 1977 his position as Prime Minister was confirmed by a vote.

Peerages

Peerages in Spain are created by the Grace of the King, according to the Spanish Ministry of Justice, and are the highest marks of distinction that he may bestow in his capacity as the fons honorum in Spain. Conventionally, the Title of Concession creating the dignity must be countersigned by a government minister. When a title is created for a former president, the succeeding president customarily countersigns the royal decree. As a reward for national service, the king awarded peerages to two of his former presidents who have since retired from active politics: Adolfo Suárez was created 1st Duke of Suárez; and Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo was created 1st Marquis de la Ría de Ribadeo. Additional titles of nobility have been created by the king for other government ministers, usually at the advice of the president of the government.

As of 2005, the king has created 40 hereditary titles of nobility.

Recent Prime Ministers

Former Prime Ministers

As of October 2018, there are four living former Spanish Prime Ministers:

Felipe González In office: 1982–1996 Age: 76

José María Aznar In office: 1996–2004 Age: 65

José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero In office: 2004–2011 Age: 58

Mariano Rajoy In office: 2011–2018 Age: 63

The most recent Prime Minister to die was Adolfo Suárez (served 1976–1981) on 23 March 2014, aged 81.

Timeline

Further information: List of Prime Ministers of Spain § Kingdom of Spain (1975–present)

See also

• Elections in Spain
• List of Prime Ministers of Spain
• Politics of Spain

References