Banten

Sultanate of Banten

In 1527, just as the Portuguese fleet was arriving off the coast, newly converted Javanese Muslims under Sunan Gunungjati captured the port of Banten and the surrounding area from the Sundanese leaders and established the Sultanate of Banten. The center of this sultanate, according to J. de Barros, was Banten which was a major port in Southeast Asia rivaling Malacca and Makassar. The city of Banten was located in middle of the bay which is around three miles across. The city was 850 fathoms in length while the seaside town was 400 fathoms in length. Through the middle of town there was a clear river which ships and gale junks could sail into. There is a small tributary of the river extending to the edges of the town. Today, the river is not so large and only small boats can enter. There was a fortress very near to the town whose walls were made of brick and was seven palms wide. There were wooden defense buildings consisting of two levels and armed with good weapons. The middle of the town square was used for military activities and folk art, and as a market in the morning. The king's palace was located on the southern side of the square. Beside the building was an elevated and flat-roofed, called Srimanganti, which was used by the king when meeting the people. To the west of the square was a great mosque.

In the early 17th century, Banten was an important commercial center on international trade routes in Asia. At the time, the administration and governance of port were very supportive of economic growth. Its territory included the area which is now the province of Lampung in southern Sumatra.

When the Dutch arrived in Indonesia the Portuguese had long been in Banten. The English established a representative site in Banten, a "factory", and were followed by the Dutch. In addition, the French and Danes also came to trade in Banten. In the ensuring competition between the European traders, the Dutch emerged as the winners. The Portuguese fled Banten in (1601) after their fleet was destroyed by the Dutch fleet off the coast of Banten. While the coastal areas of Banten came under Dutch influence, the sultanate kept control over the inland region until 1813. In that year, the sultanate was abolished and transformed into a residency of the Dutch East Indies.^[7]

Province of Banten

After Indonesia became independent, Banten was absorbed into the province of West Java. However, separatist sentiment ultimately led to the creation of the province of Banten in 2000.^[7]

Topography

The topography of Banten province at an altitude ranging from 0–1000 m asl. In general topography Banten Province is low land which ranges between 0–200 m above sea level, located in the city of Cilegon, Tangerang City, Pandeglang, and most of the Serang District. The Central Lebak and Pandeglang fraction has a height ranging from 201–2000 m asl and East Lebak area has an altitude 501–2000 m asl located at the summit of Mount Sanggabuana and Mount Halimun.

The topography of a region associated with the surface expression shape or morphology region. Morphology Banten region is generally divided into three groups: the morphology of the plains, hills sloping to moderate (low-medium wavy) and steep hills.

Lowland Morphology are generally found in the northern and southern portion. Plains region is a region which has a height of less than 50 meters asl (above sea level) to the coastal areas which have a height of 0–1 m above sea level. Low Hills Morphology - Medium largely occupied the central part of the study area. Hilly region located in areas that have a minimum height of 50 m above sea level. In the north of the city of Cilegon contained the peak of Mount Gede area that has the level of a maximum of 553 m above sea level, while there are hills in Serang District and the southern region of the District Mancak Waringin Kurung and Pandeglang Regency hilly areas are in the south. In Lebak there are hills in the east bordering Bogor and Sukabumi to the characteristics of lithology lithologic unit occupied by the old sediments intruded by igneous rocks in igneous rocks such as granite, granodiorite, diorite and andesite. Usually the area around the igneous rocks occur terobosaan remineralization process containing a very economical value such as tin and copper ore deposits.

Climate

Climate in the Banten region is strongly influenced by Monsoon wind and La Nina or El Nino Wave . When the rainy season (November - March) the weather is dominated by the West wind (of Sumatra, the Indian Ocean south of India) are joined by winds from Asia passing through the South China Sea. August), the weather is dominated by the East wind which causes Banten harsh drought, especially in the northern part of the coast, especially when ongoing El Nino. Temperatures in coastal areas and hills ranging between 22 °C and 32 °C, while the temperature in the mountains with an altitude of between 400 –1350 m above sea level at between 18 °C -29 °C.

The highest rainfall of 2712–3670 mm in the rainy season months of September to May cover 50% area of Pandeglang west and rainfall 335–453 mm in the month from September to May cover 50% area of Serang Regency North, the entire area of the city of Cilegon, 50% area of Tangerang regency north and the entire area of the city of Tangerang. In the dry season, the highest rainfall of 615–833 mm in April–December cover 50% area of Serang Regency north, the whole area of the city of Cilegon, 50% area of Tangerang District north and the entire area of the city of Tangerang, while the bulk the lowest rainfall in the dry season as much as 360–486 mm in the month of June to September 50% coverage area of Tangerang Regency south and 15% area of southeastern Serang District.

Hydrology

Potential water resources in the province of Banten are found in Lebak Regency, because most of the area is a protected forest area and limited production forest.

Based on the division of Watershed (DAS), Banten Province is divided into six watersheds, namely:

• Ujung Kulon watershed, covering the western part of Pandeglang regency (Taman Uional of Ujung Kulon and surrounding areas);
• Cibaliung-Cibareno watershed, covering the southern part of Pandeglang District and the southern part of Lebak District;
• Ciujung-Cidurian watershed, covering the western part of Pandeglang District;
• Rawadano watershed, covering most of Serang District and Pandeglang District;
• Teluklada watershed, covering the western part of Serang Regency and Cilegon City;
• Cisadane-Ciliwung watershed, covering the Eastern part of Tangerang Regency and Tangerang City.

Surface waterworks for the province of Banten are highly dependent on water resources, especially underground water resources. There are 5 identifiable basins of underground water basin (CABT) that are cross-district and city, including Labuan watershed, Rawadano watershed and Malingping watershed and cross province, covering Serang - Tangerang watershed and Jakarta watershed.

Geology

The geological structure of the Banten area consists of rock formations with a thickness level of each formation ranging from 200 to 800 meters and the overall thickness is estimated to exceed 3,500 meters. The Bojongmanic Formation is the oldest unit of the late Miocene, its rock consisting of an intermediate between sandstone and clay of lime, limestone, tuffstone, conglomerate and andesite breccia, its age presumably the early Pliocene. Next is the Cipacar Formation which consists of tumble floating tuffs with tuff clay, conglomerate and glauconite napal, its age is estimated to be the final Pliocene. Above this formation is the Bojong Formation consisting of the sandstone, clay, cocina and tuff.

The southern part of Banten consists of sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, breakthrough rocks and alluviums from the early Miocene to Resen, the oldest of which is the Eocene Bayah Formation.

Bayah Formation consists of three members namely Conglomerate Members, Lempung Batu and Batu Gamping. Next are Cicaruruep Formation, Cijengkol Formation, Citarate Formation, Cimapang Formation, Sareweh Formation, Bedouin Formation, Cimancuri Formation and Cikotok Formation.

Volcanic rocks can be grouped in volcanic rocks old and young aged Plistosen Old to Holocene. The breakthrough rocks found are arranged andesiot to the basalt. Tuf Cikasungka is Plistocene, Lava Halimun and Quaternary volcano rocks. On the map sheet Leuwidamar presented also metamorphic rock outcrops that allegedly aged Ologo Miocene consists of Sekis, Genes and Amphibolite exposed in the northern part of the body Granodiorit Cihara. Doriter Quartz middle Miocene to the end, Dasit and Andesite end of Miocene and Basal quarter.

The youngest sedimentary rocks are aluium and coastal sediments in the form of gravel, sand, clay, rombakan limestone, coral mixed with molluscs or shellfish shells, beach and coastal slash reefs.

Religion

Most people in Banten embrace Islam with religious fervor is high, but other religions can coexist peacefully.

Potential community and cultural distinctiveness of Banten, among other martial art Pencak Silat, Debus, Rudad, Umbruk, Saman Dance, Mask Dance, Dance Cokek, Dog-dog, Palingtung, and Lojor. In addition, there is also a relic of the heritage include Great Mosque of Banten Lama, Makam Keramat Lama, and many other relics.

In Banten lives the Baduy people. The Baduy are the original Sundanese people who still maintain the tradition of anti-modernization, both how to dress or other living patterns. The Baduy-Rawayan living in the Kendeng Mountains Heritage area of 5101.85 hectares in Kanekes, Leuwidamar subdistrict, Lebak. Baduy villages are generally located in the Ciujung River basin on Kendeng Mountains. This area is known as the area of land inherited from ancestors, which must be maintained, and should not be tampered with.

Languages

The natives who live in Banten Province speak a dialect which is derived from the Old Sundanese language. Dialect is classified as coarse language in modern Sundanese language, which has several levels of the level of fine to coarse level (informal), which was first created in the Sultanate of Mataram occupied Priangan (the eastern part of West Java province). However, in the southern part of Banten such as Lebak and Pandeglang, the local people use of Archaic Sundanese, Modern Sundanese, and Indonesian.; While in the northern part of Banten such as Serang and Cilegon, the local people tend to use the Javanese language as there are many Javanese migrants there. In the northern part of the city of Tangerang, Betawi is also used by Betawi immigrants. In addition to the Sundanese, Javanese and Betawi, Indonesian also used primarily by migrants from other parts of Indonesia.

Traditional weapon

Golok is the traditional weapon in Banten which is the same as the traditional weapon of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta.

Traditional house

The traditional house in Banten called Rumah Panggung with roof thatching, and the floor is made of pounded bamboos split. While the walls were made from the booth (gedek). To buffer stage house is a stone that has been created in such a way that ends shaped beam decreasing as the stone used for pounding rice pedestal. The traditional house is still widely found in areas inhabited by the Kanekes People or the Baduy.

Road

Until 2006, the condition of 249.246 km of national roads were in good condition, 214.314 km under moderate conditions, and as long as 26.840 in damaged condition. Provincial road conditions until the end of 2006 with a total length of 889.01 km roads were in good condition at 203.670 km, 380.020 km moderate condition and the damaged condition of 305.320 km.

National roads in the area of Banten province currently has a traffic volume average of 0.7 which means that the smooth flow of traffic disturbed by the activities of trade, industry, shopping centers along the way as well as the limited capacity for width of the road an average of 7 meters on the national road in North Banten (Tangerang-Merak) and the Ciputat-Jakarta segment.

Performance of service roads on provincial roads are generally quite well with the ratio of traffic volume per average capacity of 0.4. Traffic congestion is generally localized which occur at the local community center.

Public transport

To serve the movement of passengers and goods in the area of Banten province, there is extensive public transportation between cities, with over a hundred routes and thousands of vehicles providing transportation.

Rail

Up to 2005, of the total rail line along the 305.9 kilometer, only 48% is a rail line that still operates with the average amount of movement of passenger trains approximately 22 trains per day, and a freight train as many as 16 trains per day. The decline in the facility services has implications for the declining tendency also on the number of passenger and goods.

The railway network in the province of Banten along 305.90 km majority are 'single track' which consisted of Merak-Tanah Abang, Tangerang-Duri, Cilegon-Cigading along 141.6 km, and disused railways are Rangkasbitung -Labuan, Saketi-Bayah, and Cigading-Anyer along 164.3 km. Currently the Maja - Citeras - Rangkasbitung railway will be electrified and will be part of the KAI Commuter Jabodetabek.

Sea

In Banten province, there are five ports consisting of two cultivated port that is Port Ciwandan and Port Bojonegara and three ports that are not cultivated comprising Port of Karangantu, Port of Labuan, and Port of Bojonegara.

Air

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport nationally is the main airport in Indonesia as the gateway entrance of goods and passengers from within and outside the country. In addition there are also other airports such as Pondok Cabe airport in South Tangerang, Budiarto Airport in Tangerang and Gorda Airport in Serang.

Pondok Cabe Airport is an airport for general aviation activities, Budiarto Airport is the airport used for training flight activity. While Gorda Airport was used as a military airport used by the Indonesian Air Force.

Lippo Village International Circuit

The first international highway circuit in Indonesia located in Karawaci Tangerang will be a stopover international race until 20 years into the future. The 3.2-kilometer circuit will be the A1 and Formula 1 racetrack, and is the second circuit in Indonesia after Sentul Circuit once used in the event. But in reality this circuit is never used at all for the race until finally dismantled and there are some parts used for the activities of Universitas Pelita Harapan